The nose as an air conditioner for the lower airways

Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Supplement

Volumn 54, Issue 57, 1999, Pages 26-30

  Bjermer, L ^a  

^a TRONDHEIM UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FILTER; HEAT EXCHANGE; HUMAN; HUMIDIFIER; LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT; LUNG PERFUSION; LUNG VENTILATION; NOSE; NOSE BREATHING; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

BRONCHI; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; FILTRATION; HEAT; HUMANS; HUMIDITY; NOSE; PERFUSION; RESPIRATION;

EID: 0032721698     PISSN: 01081675     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. 1. James DS, Lwnbert WE, Merrnier CM, Stidley CA, Chick TW, Samet JM. Oronasal distribution of ventilation at different ages. Arch Environ Health 1997;52:118-112.
2. 2. Harber P, Beck J, Luo J. Study of respirator effect on nasal -oral flow partition. Am J Ind Med 1997;32:408-412.
3. 3. Wheatley JR, Amis TC, Engel LA. Nasal and oral airway pressure-flow relationship. J Appl Physiol 1991;71:2317-2324.
4. 4. Petruson B, Theman K. Reduced nocturnal asthma by improved nasal breathing. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1996;116:490-492.
5. 5. Morton AR, King K, Papalia S, Goodman C, Turley KR, Wilmore JH. Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption with oral and nasal breathing. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995;27:51-55.
6. 6. Griffin JW, Hunter G, Ferguson D, Sillers MJ. Physiologic effects of an external nasal dilator. Laryngoscope 1997;107:1235-1238.
7. 7. Aschenbrandt T. Die bedeutung der Nase für die Atmung. Würzturg: Stahelschen Universbuch und Kunsthandel, 1886.
8. 8. Brain JD, Valberg PA. Deposition of aerosol in the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 1979;120:1325-1373.
9. 9. Hänel G, Heyden J. Deposition of hygroscopic athmospheric aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. Staub Reinhalt Luft 1980;40:9-13.
10. 10. Hounan RF, Black A, Walsh M. Deposition of aerosol particles in the nasopharyngeal region of the human respiratory tract. Nature 1969;221:1254-1255.
11. 11. Hounan RF, Black A, Walsh M. The deposition of aerosol particles in the nasopharyngeal region of the human respiratory tract. Aerosol Sci 1971;2:47-61.
12. 12. Becquemin MH, Swift DL, Bouchikhi A, Roy M, Teillac A. Particle deposition and resistance in the noses of adults and children. Eur Respir J 1991;4:694-702.
13. 13. Niinima V, Cole P, Mintz S, Shepard RJ. Oral nasal distribution of respiratory airflow. Respir Physiol 1981;43:69-75.
14. 14. Mangla PK, Menon MP. Effect of nasal and oral breathing on exercise-induced asthma. Clin Allergy 1991;11:433-439.
15. 15. Kirkpatrick MB, Sheppard D, Nadel JA, Boushey HA. Effect of the oronasal breathing route on sulfur dioxide-induced bronchoconstriction in exercising asthmatic subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982;125:627-631.
16. 16. Lehmann G. The dust filtering efficiency of the human nose and its significance in the causation of silicusis. J Industr Hyg 1935;17:37-40.
17. 17. Sarti W, Gomes Monteiro LA, Magalhaes Machado CS. The treatment of allergic rhititis improves the recovery from asthma and upper respiratory infections. Rev Paul Med 1995;113:968-972.
18. 18. Corren J. Allergic rhinitis and asthma: how important is the link? J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;99:S781-S786.
19. 19. Madonini E, Briatico Vangosa O, Pappacoda A, Maccagni G, Cardani A, Saporiti F. Seasonal increase of bronchial reactivity in allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;79:358-363.
20. 20. Sue-Chu M, Larsson L. Bjermer L. Prevalence of asthma in young cross country skiers in central Scandinavia - differences between Norway and Sweden. Respir Med 1996;90:99-105.
21. 21. McFadden Jr ER, Lenner KA, Strohl KP. Postexertional airway rewarming and termally induced asthma. New insights into pathophysiology and possible pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 1986;78:18-25.
22. 22. McFadden Jr ER. Hypothesis: exercise-induced asthma as a vascular phenomenon. Lancet 1990;14:880-883.
23. 23. Fontanari P, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Jammes Y. Changes in airway resistance induced by nasal inhalation of cold dry, dry, or moist air in normal individuals. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:1739-1743.
24. 24. Hogman M, Hjoberg J, Mork AC, Roomans GM, Anderson SD. Dry gas hyperpnea changes airway reactivity and ion content of rabbit tracheal wall. Respir Physiol 1997;109:65-72.
25. 25. Philip G, Jankowski R, Baroody FM, Naclerio RM, Togias AG. Reflex activation of nasal secretion by unilateral inhalation of cold dry air. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1616-1622.
26. 26. Cole P. Respiratory mucosal vascular responses, air conditioning and thermoregulation. J Laryngol 1954;68:613-622.
27. 27. Leclerc J, Doyle WJ, Karnavas WJ. The relationship between the nasal cycle and axillary sweat production. Rhinology 1987;25:249-257.
28. 28. Hernandez M, Fox CL, Garcia-Moro C. Fucguian cranial morphology: the adaptation to a cold, harsh environment. Am J Phys Anthropol 1997;103:103-117.
29. 29. Crognier E. Climate and anthropometric variations in Europe and the Mediterranean area. Ann Hum Biol 1981;8:99-107.
30. 30. Schmidt-Nielsen K, Schroter RC, Shkolnik A, Desaturation of inhaled air in camels. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1981;211:305-319.
31. 31. Langman VA, Maloiy GM, Schmidt-Nielsen K, Schroter RC. Respiratory water and heat loss in camels subjected to dehydration. J Physiol (Lond) 1978;278:35P.
32. 32. Lundberg JO, Farkas-Szallasi T, Weitzberg E, et al. High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses. Nat Med 1995;1:370-373.
33. 33. Lundberg JO, Settergren G, Gelinder S, Lundberg JM, Alving K, Weitzberg E. Inhalation of nasally derived nitric oxide modulates pulmonary function in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1996;158:341-347.
34. 34. Germann P, Ziesche R, Leitner C, et al. Addition of nitric oxide to oxygen improves cardiopulmonary function in patients with severe COPD. Chest 1998;114:29-35.
35. 35. Morton AR, King K, Papalia S, Goodman C, Turley KR, Wilmore JH. Comparison of maximal oxygen consumption with oral and nasal breathing. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995;27:51-55.
36. 36. Singh V, Wisniewski A, Britton J, Tattersfield A. Effect of yoga breathing exercises (pranayamna) on airway reactivity in subjects with asthma. Lancet 1990;335:1381-1383.