Sleep and epilepsy

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 201-217

  Autret, A ^a   De Toffol, B ^a   Corcia, Ph ^a   Hommet, C ^a   Prunier Levilion, C ^a   Lucas, B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF TOURS   (France)

Author keywords

EEG; Epilepsy; Seizure; Sleep; Spike wave; Spindle; Videopolygraphy

Indexed keywords

DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; EPILEPSY; GRAND MAL EPILEPSY; HUMAN; LANDAU KLEFFNER SYNDROME; OSCILLATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SLEEP; SLOW BRAIN WAVE;

EID: 0032720002     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1087-0792(99)90002-3     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy (1989). Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 389-399.
2. Autret A. Sommeil et activités électroencéphalographiques épileptiques intercritiques. Neurophysiol Clin 1995; 25: 263-282.
3. Autret A, Lucas B, Hommet C, Corcia P, de Toffol B. Sleep and the epilepsies. J Neurol 1997; 244: S10-S17.
4. Janz D. Epilepsy and the sleeping-waking cycle. Handbook Clin Neurol 1974; 15: 457-490.
5. Dalla Bernardina B, Beghini G. Rolandic spikes in children with and without epilepsy (20 subjects polygraphically studied during sleep). Epilepsia 1976; 17: 161-167.
6. Billiard M. Epilepsies and the sleep-wake cycle. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passouant P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 269-286.
7. Autret A, Lucas B, Laffont F, Bertrand P, Degiovanni E, de Toffol B. Two distinct classifications of adult epilepsies: by time of seizures and by sensitivity of the interictal paroxysmal activities to sleep and waking. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 66: 211-218.
8. Billard C, Autret A, Markabi S, Lucas D, Bertrand P, Degiovanni E, Santini JJ, de Toffol B. The influence of vigilance states on paroxysmal EEG activities and clinical seizures in children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 75: 127-135.
9. Pierelli F, Chatrian G-E, Erdly WW, Swanson PD. Long-term EEG-Video-Audio Monitoring: detection of partial epileptic seizures and psychogenic episodes by 24-hour EEG record review. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 513-523.
10. Passouant P. Influence des états de vigilance sur les épilepsies. In: Koella WP, Levin P (eds). Sleep 1976. S. Karger, Basel 1977; 57-65.
11. Bazil CW, Walczak TS. Effects of sleep and sleep stage on epileptic and nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsia 1997; 38: 56-62.
12. Lugaresi E, Cirignotta F. Hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia epileptic: seizure or a new syndrome. Sleep 1981; 4: 129-138.
13. Tinuper P, Cerullo A, Cirignotta F, Cortelli P, Lugaresi E, Montagna P. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia with short-lasting attacks: three cases with evidence for an epileptic frontal lobe origin of seizures. Epilepsia 1990; 3: 549-556.
14. Meierkord H, Fish DR, Smith SJM, Scott CA, Shorvon SD, Marsden CD. Is nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia a form of frontal lobe epilepsy? Mov Disord 1992; 7: 38-42.
15. Hirsch E, Maton B, Sellal F, Marescaux C. Les postures et mouvements anormaux dans le sommeil. In: Billiard M (ed). Le sommeil normal et pathologique. Troubles du sommeil et de l'éveil Masson, Paris 1994; 20: 436-442.
16. Hirsch E, Sellal F, Maton B, Rumbach L, Marescaux C. Nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia: a clinical form of focal epilepsy. Neurophysiol Clin 1994; 24: 207-217.
17. Montagna P, Sforza E, Tinuper P, Cirignotta F, Lugaresi E. Paroxysmal arousals during sleep. Neurology 1990.
18. Lucas B, de Toffol B, Corcia P, Henry F, Hommet C, Degiovanni E, Autret A. Somniloquie paroxystique: une épilepsie trompeuse. Neurophysiol Clin 1996; 26: 250-251.
19. Maselli RA, Rosenberg RS, Spire JP. Episodic nocturnal wanderings in non epileptic young patients. Sleep 1988; 11: 156-161.
20. Pedley TA, Guilleminault C. Episodic nocturnal wanderings responsive to anticonvulsivant drug therapy. Ann Neurol 1977; 2: 30-35.
21. Scheffer IE, Bhatia KP, Lopes-Cendes I, Fish DR, Marsden D, Andermann E, et al. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Brain 1995; 118: 61-73.
22. Oldani A, Zucconi M, Ferini-Strambi L, Bizzozero D, Smirne S. Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: electroclinical picture. Epilepsia 1996; 37: 964-976.
23. Steinlein O. Familial noctural frontal lobe epilepsy. Clinical aspects and genetics. Nervenartz 1996; 67: 870-874.
24. Malow BA, Fromes GA, Aldrich MS. Usefulness of polysomnography in epilepsy patients. Neurology 1997; 48: 1389-1394.
25. Wyler AR, Weymuller EA. Epilepsy complicated by sleep apnea. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 403-404.
26. Devinsky O, Ehrenberg B, Barthlen GM, Abramson HS, Luciano D. Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome. Neurology 1994; 44: 2060-2064.
27. Vaughn BV, Dcruz OF, Beach R, Messenheimer JA. Improvement of epileptic seizure control with treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Seizure 1996; 5: 73-78.
28. Barthlen MG, Brown LK, Stacy Ch. Polysomnographic documentation of seizures in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Neurology 1998; 50: 309-310.
29. Dinner DS, Luders HL. Electroencephalogram in the routine evaluation of patients with epilepsy. In: Porter R, Morselli P (eds). The Epilepsies. London: Butterworths, 1985, 142-173.
30. Alarcon G, Guy CN, Binnie CD, Walker SR, Elwes RDC, Polkey CE. Intracerebral propagation of interictal activity in partial epilepsy: implications for source localisation. J Neurol Neurosurg and Psych 1994; 57: 435-449.
31. Sato S, Dreifuss FE, Pentry JK. The effect of sleep on spike-wave discharges in absence seizures. Neurology 1973; 23: 1335-1345.
32. Ross J, Johnson L, Walter R. Spike and wave discharges during stages of sleep. Arch Neurol 1996; 14: 339-407.
33. Kellaway P, Eros JD, Crawley JW. Time modulation of spike and wave activity in generalized epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 491-500.
34. Touchon J. Effect of awakening on epileptic activity in primary generalized myoclonic epilepsy. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passouant P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982: 239-248.
35. Terzano MG, Parrino L, Anelli S, Halasz P. Modulation of generalized spike-and-wave discharges during sleep by cyclic alternating pattern. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 772-781.
36. Gigli GL, Calia E, Marciani MG, Mazza S, Mennuni G, Diomedi M, Terzano MG and Janz. Sleep microstructure and EEG epileptiform activity in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1992 33: 799-804.
37. Devauchelle H. Etude des anomalies paroxystiques intercritiques en fonction des états de vigilance dans l'épilepsie myoclonique juvénile. Thèse de Médecine, 117 p, Tours, France, 1998.
38. Gigli GL, Calia E, Luciani L, Diomedi M, De La Pierre L, Marciani MG, Sasanelli F. Eye closure sensitivity without photosensitivity in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: polysomnographic study of electroencephalographic epileptiform discharge rates. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 677-683.
39. Gastaut H, Batini C, Fressy J, Broughton R, Tassinari CA, Cittini F. Etude électroencéphalographique des phénomènes épisodiques épileptiques au cours du sommeil. In: Le sommeil de nuit normal et pathologique. Paris: Masson, 1965; 237-254.
40. Gibbs EL, Gibbs FA. Diagnostic and localizing value of electroencephalogaphic studies in sleep. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1947; 26: 366-76.
41. Ganshirt H, Vetter K. Schlafelektroencephalogramm und Schlaf-wach-periodik bei epilepsien. Nervenartz 1961; 32: 275-279.
42. Jovanovic UJ. Das Schlafverhalten des epileptikers. II. Elemente des EEGS, vegetativum und motorik. Dtsch Z Nervenheilk 1967; 191: 257-290.
43. Degen R, Degen HE, Hans KA. Contribution to the genetics of febrile seizures: waking and sleep EEG in siblings. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 515-522.
44. Pratt K, Mattson R, Weikers N, Williams R. EEG activation of epileptics following sleep deprivation: a prospective study of 114 cases. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1968; 24: 11-15.
45. Arne-Bes MC, Calvet U, Tiberge M, Arbus L. Effects of sleep deprivation in an EEG study of epileptics. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passount P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 441-452.
46. Touchon J. Effect of awakening on epileptic activity in primary generalized myoclonic epilepsy. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passouant P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 239-248.
47. Ambrosetto G, Gobbi G, Sacquegna T. Rolandic spikes in children with and without epilepsy during sleep. Waking sleeping 1977; 1: 211-215.
48. Clemens B, Majoros E. Sleep studies in benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. II Analysis of discharge frequency and its relation to sleep dynamics. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 24-27.
49. Billard C, Autret A, Lucas B, et al. Are frequent spike-wawes during non-rem sleep in relation with and acquired neuro-psychological deficit in epileptic children? Neurophysiol Clin 1990; 20: 439-453.
50. Dalla Bernardina B, Sgro V, Fontana E, Colamaria V, La Selva L. Les épilepsies partielles idiopathiques de l'enfant. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, Dreifuss FE, Perret A, Wolf P (eds). Les Syndromes Épileptiques de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent 2nd edn. Paris: John Libbey, 1992; 173-188.
51. Aicardi J, Chevrie JJ. Atypical benign partial epilepsy of childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol 1982; 24: 281-292.
52. Morikawa T, Seing M, Osawa T, Yagik. Cinq enfants avec décharges de pointes-ondes continues pendant le sommeil. In: J Roger, C Dravet, M Bureau, FE Dreifuss, P Wolf (eds). Les Syndromes Épileptiques de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent. Paris: John Libbey, 1984; 210-217.
53. Galletti F, Sturniolo MG, Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Brinciotti M. Décharges EEG localisées continues pendant le sommeil chez des enfants sans troubles neuropsychiques. Neurophysiol Clin 1992; 22: 447-457.
54. Sammaritano M, Gigli G, Gotman. Interictal spiking during wakefulness and sleep and the localization of foci in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1991; 41: 290-297.
55. Gloor P, Tsai C, Haddad F. An assessment of the value of sleep-electroencephalography for the diagnosis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1958; 10: 633-648.
56. Billard C, Autret A, Markabi S, et al. The influence of vigilance States on paroxysmal EEG activities and clinical seizures in children. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 75: 127-135.
57. Frost JD, Hrachovy RA, Glaze GG, McCully MI. Sleep modulation of interictal spike configuration in untreated children with partial seizures. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 341-346.
58. Montplaisir J, Laverdière M, Saint-Hilaire JM. Sleep and focal epilepsy: contribution of depth recording. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passouant P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 301-314.
59. Rossi G, Colicchio G, Pola P, Roselli R. Sleep and epileptic activity. In: Degen R, Niedermeyer E (eds). Epilepsy, Sleep and Sleep Deprivation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1974; 35-46.
60. Gibbs EL, Gibbs FA. Diagnostic and localizing value of electroencephalographic studies in sleep. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1947; 26: 366-376.
61. Declerk AC, Sijben-Kiggen R, Wauquier A, Martens W. Diagnosis of epilepsy with the aid of sleep methodology: evaluation of 1,163 cases. In: Sterman M, Shouse M, Passouant P (eds). Sleep and Epilepsy. New York: Academic Press, 1982; 453-460.
62. Touchon J, Baldy, Moulinier M, Billard M, Besset A, Cadilhac J. Sleep organization and epilepsy. In: Degen R, Rodin EA (eds). Epilepsy, Sleep and Sleep Deprivation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1991; Suppl 2: 73-81.
63. Landau W, Kleffner F. Syndrome of acquired aphasia with convulsive disorders in children. Neurology 1957; 7: 523.
64. Beaumanoir A. Le syndrome de Landau-Kleffner. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, Dreifuss FE, Perret A, Wolf P (eds). Les Syndromes Épileptiques de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent. Paris: John Libbey, 1992; 231-244.
65. Kellermann K. Recurrent aphasia with subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus during sleep. Eur J Pediatr 1978; 128: 207-212.
66. Hirsch E, Marescaux C, Maquet P, et al. Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a clinical and EEG study of five cases. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 756-767.
67. Paquier P, Dongen HR, Looenen MCB. The Landau-Kleffner syndrome or acquired aphasia with convulsive disorder. Arch Neurol 1992; 49: 354-359.
68. Roulet E, Deonna T, Gaillard F, Peter-Favre C, Despland PA. Acquired aphasia, dementia, and behavior disorder with epilepsy and continuous spike and waves during sleep in a child. Epilepsia 1991; 32: 495-503.
69. Genton P, Maton B, Ogihara M, et al. Continuous focal spikes during REM sleep in a case of acquired aphasia (Landau Kleffner syndrome). Sleep 1992; 15: 454-460.
70. Morikawa T, Seing M, Yagi K. Evolution à long terme de quatre enfants avec pointes ondes continues pendant le sommeil lent (POCS). In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, Dreifuss FE, Perret A (eds). Les Syndromes Épileptiques de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent. Paris: John Libbey, 1992: 257-265.
71. Rapin I, Mattis S, Rowan A, Golden G. Verbal auditory agnosia in children. Dev Med Child Neurol 1977; 19: 192-207.
72. Perniola T, Margari L, Buttiglione M, Andreula C, Simone II, Santostasi R. A case of Landau-Kleffner syndrome secondary to inflammatory demyelinating disease. Epilepsia 1993; 39: 551-556.
73. Salomon GE, Carson D, Pavlakis S, Fraser R, Labar D. Intracranial EEG monitoring in Landau-Kleffner syndrome associated with left temporal lobe astrocytoma. Epilepsia 1993; 34: 557-560.
74. Otero E, Cordova S, Diaz F, Garcia-Teruel I, Oscar H. Acquired epileptic aphasia (the Landau-Kleffner syndrome) due to neuro-cysti-cercosis. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 569-572.
75. Tassinari CA, Bureau M, Dravet C, Dalla Bernardina B, Roger J. Epilepsie avec pointes ondes continues pendant le sommeil lent. Antérieurement décrite sous le nom d'ESES (épilepsie avec état de mal électro-encéphalographique pendant le sommeil lent). In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C, Dreifuss FE, Perret A, Wolf P (eds). Les Syndromes Épileptiques de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent. London: John Libbey, 1992; 245-256.
76. Calvet U. Epilepsie nocturne de l'enfant: épilepsie bénigne. Thèse Médecine. Toulouse 1978.
77. Patry G, Lyagoubi S, Tassinari CA. Subclinical electrical status epilepticus induced by sleep in children. A clinical EEG study of six cases. Arch Neurol 1971; 24: 242-252.
78. Echenne B, Cheminal R, Rivier F, Negre C, Touchon J, Billiard M. Epileptic electroencephalographic abnormalities and developmental dysphasias: a study of 32 patients. Brain Dev 1992; 14: 216-225.
79. Pelliccia A, Galletti F, Pierantoni R, Gulotta E, Ferrara M, Brinciotti M, Benedetti P. Décharges EEG localisées continues pendant le sommeil chez l'enfant. Neurophysiol Clin 1989; 19: 145-154.
80. Galetti F, Sturniolo, Giannotti F, Cortesi F, Brinciotti M. Décharges EEG localisées continues pendant le sommeil chez des enfants sans troubles neuropsychiques. Neurophysiol Clin 1992; 22: 447-457.
81. Maquet P, Hirsch E, Dive D, Salmon E, Marescaux C, Franck G. Cerebral glucose utilization during sleep in Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a PET study. Epilepsia 1990; 31: 778-783.
82. Gloor P. Certains aspects de la physiologie et de la physiopathologie des fuseaux chez le chat. Rev EEG Neurophysiol Clin 1983; 13: 3-19.
83. Shouse M. Differences between two feline epilepsy models in sleep and waking state disorders, state dependency of seizures and seizure susceptibility: amygdala kinding interferes with systemic penicillin epilepsy. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 399-408.
84. Szymusiak R, Shouse MN, McGinty. Brainstem stimulation during sleep evokes abnormal rhythmic activity in thalamic neurons in feline penicillin epilepsy. Brain Res 1996; 713: 253-260.
85. Lannes B, Micheletti G, Vergnes M, Marescaux C, Depaulis A, Warter JM. Relationship between spike-wave discharges and vigilance levels in rats with spontaneous petit mal-like epilepsy. Neurosci Lett 1988; 94: 187-191.
86. Peeters B, Van-Luijtelaar E, Coenen A. Absence epilepsy in rats is reduced by deprivation of REM sleep. Physiol Behav 1989; 46: 115-119.
87. Drinkenburg W, Coenen A, Vossen J, Van-Luij-telaar E. Spike-wave discharges and sleep-wave states in rats with absence epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 1991; 9: 218-224.
88. Coenen A, Drinkenburg W, Peeters B, Vossen J, Van-Luijtelaar E. Absence epilepsy and the level of vigilance in rats on the Wag/Rij strain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1991; 15: 259-263.
89. Shouse M. Sleep deprivation increases susceptibility to kindled and penicillin seizure events during all waking and sleep stades in cats. Sleep 1988; 11: 162-171.
90. Shouse M, Stroh P, Vreeken T. Anticonvulsivant drugs selectively affect kindled and penicillin epilepsy, especially during seizure-prone sleep or awakening states in cats. Epilepsia 1989; 30: 7-16.
91. Cepeda C, Pacheco MT, Hernandez S, Almanza X. Kainic acid-induced limbic seizures in cats: some reflexions on sleep-epilepsy interactions. Epilepsia 1986; 27: 375-384.
92. Shouse MN, Langer JV, Dittes PR. Spontaneous sleep epilepsy in amygdala-kindled kittens: a preliminary report. Brain Res 1990; 535: 163-168.
93. Steriade M, Contreras D, Amzica F. Synchronized sleep oscillations and their paroxysmal developments. TINS 1994; 17: 199-208.
94. Steriade M. Brain electrical activity and sensory processing during waking and sleep stages. In: Kryger, Roth, Dement (eds). Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, 1994; 105-124.
95. Avoli M, Gloor P. Physiopathogenesis of feline generalized penicillin epilepsy: the rôle of thalamocortical mechanisms. In: Malafosse A, Genton P, Hirsch E, Marescaux C, Broglin D, Bernasconi R (eds). Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects. London: John Libbey, 1994; 111-121.
96. Steriade M, Amzica F. Slow sleep oscillation, rhythmic K-complexes, and their paroxysmal developments. J Sleep Res 1998; 7 (Suppl. 1): 30-35.
97. Niedermeyer A. Awaking epilepsy (Aufwach-Epilepsie) revisited 30 years later. In: Degen R, Niedermeyer E (eds). Epilepsy, Sleep and Sleep Deprivation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1984; 85-94.
98. Halasz P, Devenyi E, Nagydal T. Generalized spike and wave synchronization in the sleep-vigilance system. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1972; 32: 445p.
99. David A, Prince and Barry W Connors. Mechanisms of interictal epileptogenesis. In: Basic mechanisms of the epilepsies: molecular and cellular approaches. Delgado-Escueta AV, Ward JR AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds). Advances in Neurology, vol 44, New York: Raven Press, 1986; 275-299.
100. Jouvet M. The role of monoamines and acetylcholine containing neurons in the regulation of the sleep-waking cycle. Ergeb Physiol 1972; 64: 165-307.
101. Ferrendelli JA. Role of biogenic amines and cyclic nucleotides in seizure mechanisms. In: Basic mechanisms of the epilepsies: molecular and cellular approaches. Delgado AV-Eschueta, Ward AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds). Advances in Neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 393-400.
102. Micheletti G, Warter JM, Marescaux C, Depaulis A, Tranchant C, Rumbach L, Vergnes M. Effects of drugs affecting noradrenergic neurotransmission in rats with spontaneous petitmal seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 135: 397-402.
103. Kleinlogel H. Spontaneous EEG paroxysms in the rat: effects of psychotropic and α-adrenergic agents. Neuropsychobiology 1985; 13: 206-213.
104. Frey HH, Voits M. Effect of psychotropic agents on a model of absence epilepsy in rats. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30: 651-656.
105. Vergnes M, Marescaux C. Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying genetic absence epilepsy in rats. In: Malafosse A, Genton P, Hirsch E, Marescaux C, Broglin D, Bernasconi R (eds). Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical Experimental and Genetic Aspects. London: John Libbey, 1994; 151-168.
106. Noebels JL. Mutational analysis of inherited epilepsies. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Ward AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds). Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies: Molecular and Cellular Approaches. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 97-113.
107. Chauvel P, Trottier S. Rôle of noradrenergic ascending system in extinction of epileptic phenomena. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Ward AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds). Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies: Molecular and Cellular Approaches. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 475-487.
108. Jones BE. The neurophysiology of sleep Wake States. Update on the neurology of sleep. American Academy of Neurology 1994; 443: 49-63.
109. Guberman A, Gloor P. Cholinergic drug studies of generalized penicillin epilepsy in the cat. Brain Res 1974; 78: 203-208.
110. Danober L, Depaulis A, Marescaux C, Vergnes M. Effects of cholinergic drugs on genetic absence seizures in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1993; 234: 263-268.
111. Shouse MN, Siegel JM, Wu MF, Szymusiak R, Morrison AR. Mechanisms of seizure suppression during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep in cats. Brain Res 1989; 505: 271-282.
112. Levine ES, Jacobs BL. Neurochemical afferents controlling the activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Microsci J 1992; 12: 4037-4044.
113. Jasper HH, Khan RT, Elliott KAC. Amino acids released from the cerebral cortex in relation to its state of activation. Science 1965; 147: 1448-1449.
114. Meldrum B, Horton R. Effects of the bicyclic GABA agonists, THIP, on myoclonic and seizure responses in mice and baboons with reflex epilepsy. Eur J Pharmacol 1980; 61: 231-237.
115. Gloor P, Fariello RG. Generalized epilepsy: some of its cellular mechanisms differ from those of focal epilepsy. TINS 1988; 11: 63-68.
116. Peeters B, Sporen W, Luijtelaar E, Coenen A. The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: anticonvulsivant drug evaluation. Neurosci Res Commun 1988; 2: 93-97.
117. Snead OC. III, Depaulis A, Banerjee PK, Hechler V, Vergnes M. The GABA receptor complex in experimental absence seizures in rat: an autoradiographic study. Neurosci Lett 1992; 140: 9-12.
118. Roberts E. Failure of gabaergic inhibition: a key to local and global seizures. In: Delgado-Escueta A, Ward A, Woodbury D, Porter R (eds). Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies: Molecular and Cellular AApproaches. New York: Raven Press, 1986; 319-341.
119. Lloyd KG, Bossi L, Morselli PL, Munari C, Rougier M, Loiseau H. Alterations of Gaba Mediated synaptic transmission in human epilepsy. In: Delgado-Escueta AV, Ward AA, Woodbury DM, Porter RJ (eds). Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies: Molecular and Cellular Approaches. New Yk: Raven Press, 1986; 1033-1044.
120. Menini C, Brailowsky S, Silva-Barrat C, Riche D, Naquet R. Cortical gabaergic control of epilepsy in photosensitive baboons. In: Chauvel P, Delgado-Escueta AV, Halgren E, Bandaud J (eds). Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies: Molecular and Cellular Approaches. New York: Raven Press, 1992; 571-578.
121. Sallanon M, Denoyer M, Kitahama K, Aubert C, Jouvet M. Long-lasting insomnia induced by preoptic neuron lesions and its transient reversal by muscimol injection into the posterior hypothalamus in the cat. Neuroscience 1989; 32: 669-683.
122. Snead OC, III. Pathophysiological mechanisms of experimental generalized absence seizures in rats. In: Malafosse A, Genton P, Hirsch E, Marescaux C, Broglin D, Bernasconi R (eds). Idiopathic Generalized: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects. London: John Libbey, 1994; 133-150.
123. Browning R. Anatomy of generalized convulsive seizures. In: Malafosse A, Genton P, Hirsch E, Marescaux C, Broglin D, Bernasconi R (eds). Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies: Clinical, Experimental and Genetic Aspects. London: John Libbey, 1994; 399-413.