An experimental study of positive leaders initiating rocket-triggered lightning

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 189-219

  Willett, J C ^a   Davis, D A ^b   Laroche, P ^c  

^a AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^c NONE

Author keywords

Experimental; Positive leader; Rocket triggered lightning

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; LIGHTNING;

EID: 0032716213     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0169-8095(99)00008-3     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Allen N.L., Ghaffar A. The conditions required for the propagation of a cathode-directed positive streamer in air. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 28:1995;331-337.
2. Barret, L., 1986. 1986 RTLP Lightning Campaign - Kennedy Space Centre, FL, USA (in French). Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble, STT/ASP 86-12/LB-mA.
3. Blanchet, B., Laroche, P., Barret, L., 1994. Expérience FRAME 94 - Compte rendu de campagne. ONERA report RT3/6254.
4. Bondiou A., Gallimberti I. Theoretical modeling of the development of the positive spark in long gaps. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 27:1994;1252-1266.
5. Bondiou, A., Laroche, P., Gallimberti, I., 1994. Theoretical modeling of the positive leader in rocket-triggered lightning. 16th International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity (ICOLSE), Mannheim.
6. Boulay, J.L., Moreau, J.P., Asselineau, A., Rustan, P.L., 1988. Analysis of recent in-flight lightning measurements on different aircraft. Aerospace and Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Oklahoma City.
7. Brook M., Armstrong G., Winder R.P.H., Vonnegut B., Moore C.B. Artificial initiation of lightning discharges. J. Geophys. Res. 66:1961;3967-3969.
8. Chauzy S., Médale J.-C., Prieur S., Soula S. Multilevel measurement of the electric field underneath a thundercloud: 1. A new system and the associated data processing. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;22319-22326.
9. Dawson G.A., Winn W.P. A model for streamer propagation. Z. Für Physik. 183:1965;159-171.
10. Goelian N., Lalande P., Bondiou-Clergerie A., Bacchiega G.L., Gazzani A., Gallimberti I. A simplified model for the simulation of positive-spark development in long air gaps. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 30:1997;2441-2452.
11. Idone V.P. The luminous development of Florida-triggered lightning. Res. Lett. Atmos. Electr. 12:1992;23-28.
12. Idone V.P., Orville R.E. Channel tortuosity variations in Florida-triggered lightning. Geophys. Res. Lett. 15:1988;645-648.
13. Jeans, J., 1951. The Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism, 5th edn. The University Press, Cambridge, 652 pp.
14. Jones J.J., Winn W.P., Han F. Electric field measurements with an airplane: problems caused by emitted charge. J. Geophys. Res. 98:1993;5235-5244.
15. Jonsson H.H. Possible sources of error in electrical measurements made in thunderclouds with balloon-borne instrumentation. J. Geophys. Res. 95:1990;22539-22545.
16. King, L.A., 1961. The voltage gradient of the free-burning arc in air or nitrogen. British Electrical and Allied Industries Research Association Report G/XT172, Letherhead, Surrey, England.
17. Kitigawa N., Brook M. A comparison of intracloud and cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. J. Geophys. Res. 65:1960;1189-1201.
18. Kito Y., Horii K., Higashiyama Y., Nakamura K. Optical aspects of winter lightning discharges triggered by the rocket-wire technique in Hokuriku district of Japan. J. Geophys. Res. 90:1985;6147-6157.
19. Lalande, P., Bondiou-Clergerie, A., Laroche, P., Bacchiega, G.L., Bonamy, A., Gallimberti, I., Eybert-Bérard, A., Berlandis, J.P., Bador, B., 1996. Modeling of the lightning connection process to a ground structure. 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Florence.
20. Lalande, P., Bondiou-Clergerie, A., Laroche, P., Gallimberti, I., Bonamy, A., 1997. New concept for the description of lightning connection to ground. European Test and Telemetry Conference, Toulouse.
21. Lalande P., Bondiou-Clergerie A., Laroche P., Eybert-Bérard A., Berlandis J.P., Bador B., Bonamy A., Uman M.A., Rakov V.A. Leader properties determined with triggered lightning techniques. J. Geophys. Res. 103:1998;14109-14115.
22. Laroche, P., Eybert-Bérard, A., Barret, L., Berlandis, J.P., 1988. Observations of preliminary discharges initiating flashes triggered by the rocket and wire technique. 8th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity, Uppsala.
23. Laroche, P., Delannoy, A., Le Court de Béru, H., 1989. Electrostatic field conditions on an aircraft stricken by lightning. International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, University of Bath, UK.
24. Laroche, P., Bondiou, A., Eybert-Bérard, A., Barret, L., Berlandis, J.P., Terrier, G., Jafferis, W., 1989. Lightning flashes triggered in altitude by the rocket and wire technique. International Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, University of Bath, UK.
25. Latham, D.J., 1974. Atmospheric electrical effects of and on tethered balloon systems. Report 2176, Advanced Research Projects Agency, Arlington, VA 22209.
26. Les Renardières Group Positive discharges in long air gaps at Les Renardières: 1975 results and conclusions. Electra. 53:1977;33-153.
27. Marshall T.C., Rison W., Rust W.D., Stolzenburg M., Willett J.C., Winn W.P. Rocket and balloon observations of electric field in two thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 100:1995;20815-20828.
28. Mazur V. Triggered lightning strikes to aircraft and natural intracloud discharges. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1989;3311-3325.
29. Mazur V. A physical model of lightning initiation on aircraft in thunderstorms. J. Geophys. Res. 94:1989;3326-3340.
30. Mrázek, J., 1997. The breakdown voltage of the positive and negative lightning. Third International Workshop on Physics of Lightning, Saint Jean de Luz, France.
31. Mrázek, J., Vokálek, J., Kocis, L., Aschenbrenner, V., 1996. A theoretical and experimental study of the similarities of very long sparks to some forms of lightning discharge. 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Florence.
32. Newman, M.M., 1958. Lightning discharge channel characteristics and related atmospherics. In: Smith, L.G. (Ed.), Recent Advances in Atmospheric Electricity. Pergamon, New York.
33. Newman M.M., Stahmann J.R., Robb J.D., Lewis E.A., Martin S.G., Zinn S.V. Triggered lightning strokes at very close range. J. Geophys. Res. 72:1967;4761-4764.
34. Phelps C.T., Griffiths R.F. Dependence of positive corona streamer propagation on air pressure and water vapor content. J. Appl. Phys. 47:1976;2929-2934.
35. Pierce, E.T., 1971. Triggered lightning and some unsuspected lightning hazards. 138th Annual Meeting of the AAAS, Philadelphia.
36. Pigere, J., 1979. Fusees paragrele instrumentees en vue de declenchement d'eclairs en altitude (in French). ONERA report RTS 44/7154 PY, Annexe III, pp. 172-193.
37. Pigini, A., Rizzi, G., Brambilla, R., Garbagnati, E., 1979. Switching impulse strength of very large air caps. Third International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Milan.
38. Proctor D.E. VHF radio pictures of cloud flashes. J. Geophys. Res. 86:1981;4041-4071.
39. Proctor D.E. VHF radio pictures of lightning flashes to ground. J. Geophys. Res. 93:1988;12683-12727.
40. Ruhnke, L.H., 1971. A rocket-borne instrument to measure electric fields inside electrified clouds. NOAA TR ERL 206-APCL 20, Boulder.
41. Smythe, W.R., 1968. Static and Dynamic Electricity, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, 623 pp.
42. Soula S., Chauzy S. Multilevel measurement of the electric field underneath a thundercloud: 2. Dynamical evolution of a ground space charge layer. J. Geophys. Res. 96:1991;22327-22366.
43. Standler, R.B., 1975. The response of elevated conductors to lightning. Master's Thesis, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 194 pp.
44. Standler R.B., Winn W.P. Effects of coronae on electric fields beneath thunderstorms. Q. J. R. Met. Soc. 105:1979;285-302.
45. St. Privat D'Allier Group, 1985. Artificially triggered lightning in France. Applications, possibilities, limitations. 6th Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zurich.
46. Tatsuoka, K., Nakamura, K., Minowa, M., Horii, K., 1991. Electric field measurement by rocket under the thunderclouds. 7th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, Dresden.
47. Uman, M.A., 1987. The Lightning Discharge. Academic Press, Orlando, 377 pp.
48. Uman M.A., Rakov V.A., Rambo K.J., Vaught T.W., Fernandez M.I., Cordier D.J., Chandler R.M., Bernstein R., Golden C. Triggered-lightning experiments at Camp Blanding, Florida (1993-1995). T. IEE Japan. 117B:1997;446-452.
49. Willett, J.C., Curtis, D.C., Driesman, A.R., Longstreth, R.K., Rison, W., Winn, W.P., Jones, J.J., 1992. The rocket electric field sounding (REFS) program: prototype design and successful first launch. PL-TR-92-2015, Phillips Laboratory, Directorate of Geophysics, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731.
50. Willett, J.C., Curtis, D.C., Jumper, G.Y., Jr., Thorn, W.F., 1993. Flights into thunderstorms with the revised rocket electric field sounding (REFS) payload. PL-TR-93-2182, Phillips Laboratory, Directorate of Geophysics, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731.
51. Winn W.P. Aircraft measurement of electric field: self-calibration. J. Geophys. Res. 98:1993;7351-7365.