Workers, citizens and the Argentine nation: Party politics and the working class in Rosario, 1912-3

Journal of Latin American Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 589-616

  Karush, Matthew B ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CITIZENSHIP; NATION STATE; PARTY POLITICS; POLITICAL HISTORY;

ARGENTINA;

EID: 0032714994     PISSN: 0022216X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0022216X9900543X     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. D. Canton, Elecciones y partidos politicos en la Argentina. Historia, interpretación y balance: 1910-1966 (Buenos Aires, 1973), p. 45.
2. Hilda Sábato has uncovered significant, non-electoral forms of political participation in the period before 1912. H. Sábato, 'Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s-1880s', Past and Present, vol. 136 (1992), pp. 139-63. For a partially dissenting view, see P. Alonso, 'Politics and Elections in Buenos Aires, 1890-1898: The Performance of the Radical Party', Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 25, no. 3 (1993), pp. 465-487. Analyses of political practices in the post-1912 period have tended to emphasise the persistence of clientelist techniques even after the application of electoral reform. See G. Vidal, 'Los partidos politicos y el fenómeno clientelistico luego de la aplicatión de la ley Sáenz Peña: la Unión Cívica Radical de la Provincia de Córdoba, 1912-1930', in F. Devoto et al. (eds.), La construcción de las democracias rioplatenses: proyectos institucionales y prácticas politicas, 1900-1930 (Buenos Aires, 1994), pp. 195-209.
3. Hilda Sábato has uncovered significant, non-electoral forms of political participation in the period before 1912. H. Sábato, 'Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s-1880s', Past and Present, vol. 136 (1992), pp. 139-63. For a partially dissenting view, see P. Alonso, 'Politics and Elections in Buenos Aires, 1890-1898: The Performance of the Radical Party', Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 25, no. 3 (1993), pp. 465-487. Analyses of political practices in the post-1912 period have tended to emphasise the persistence of clientelist techniques even after the application of electoral reform. See G. Vidal, 'Los partidos politicos y el fenómeno clientelistico luego de la aplicatión de la ley Sáenz Peña: la Unión Cívica Radical de la Provincia de Córdoba, 1912-1930', in F. Devoto et al. (eds.), La construcción de las democracias rioplatenses: proyectos institucionales y prácticas politicas, 1900-1930 (Buenos Aires, 1994), pp. 195-209.
4. Hilda Sábato has uncovered significant, non-electoral forms of political participation in the period before 1912. H. Sábato, 'Citizenship, Political Participation and the Formation of the Public Sphere in Buenos Aires 1850s-1880s', Past and Present, vol. 136 (1992), pp. 139-63. For a partially dissenting view, see P. Alonso, 'Politics and Elections in Buenos Aires, 1890-1898: The Performance of the Radical Party', Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 25, no. 3 (1993), pp. 465-487. Analyses of political practices in the post-1912 period have tended to emphasise the persistence of clientelist techniques even after the application of electoral reform. See G. Vidal, 'Los partidos politicos y el fenómeno clientelistico luego de la aplicatión de la ley Sáenz Peña: la Unión Cívica Radical de la Provincia de Córdoba, 1912-1930', in F. Devoto et al. (eds.), La construcción de las democracias rioplatenses: proyectos institucionales y prácticas politicas, 1900-1930 (Buenos Aires, 1994), pp. 195-209.
5. J. McGaire, 'Political Parties and Democracy in Argentina', in S. Mainwaring et al. (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, 1995), 200-8. R. and D. Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, 1991), pp. 129-49. See also J. Adelman, 'The Political Economy of Labour in Argentina, 1870-1930', in Essays in Argentine Labour History (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 23-28. On workers' decisions to shun parties and join anarchist unions, see R. Falcón, ' Izquierdas, régimen ́tico, cuestión étnica y cuestión social eo Argentina 1890-1912', Anuario, Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, vol. 12 (1987), pp. 378-87.
6. J. McGaire, 'Political Parties and Democracy in Argentina', in S. Mainwaring et al. (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, 1995), 200-8. R. and D. Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, 1991), pp. 129-49. See also J. Adelman, 'The Political Economy of Labour in Argentina, 1870-1930', in Essays in Argentine Labour History (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 23-28. On workers' decisions to shun parties and join anarchist unions, see R. Falcón, ' Izquierdas, régimen ́tico, cuestión étnica y cuestión social eo Argentina 1890-1912', Anuario, Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, vol. 12 (1987), pp. 378-87.
7. J. McGaire, 'Political Parties and Democracy in Argentina', in S. Mainwaring et al. (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, 1995), 200-8. R. and D. Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, 1991), pp. 129-49. See also J. Adelman, 'The Political Economy of Labour in Argentina, 1870-1930', in Essays in Argentine Labour History (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 23-28. On workers' decisions to shun parties and join anarchist unions, see R. Falcón, ' Izquierdas, régimen ́tico, cuestión étnica y cuestión social eo Argentina 1890-1912', Anuario, Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, vol. 12 (1987), pp. 378-87.
8. J. McGaire, 'Political Parties and Democracy in Argentina', in S. Mainwaring et al. (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford, 1995), 200-8. R. and D. Collier, Shaping the Political Arena (Princeton, 1991), pp. 129-49. See also J. Adelman, 'The Political Economy of Labour in Argentina, 1870-1930', in Essays in Argentine Labour History (Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 23-28. On workers' decisions to shun parties and join anarchist unions, see R. Falcón, ' Izquierdas, régimen ́tico, cuestión étnica y cuestión social eo Argentina 1890-1912', Anuario, Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, vol. 12 (1987), pp. 378-87.
9. R. Walter, 'Elections in the City of Buenos Aires during the First Yrigoyen Administration: Social Class and Political Preferences', Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. 58, no. 4 (1978), pp. 595-624.
10. D. Rock, Politics in Argentina, 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism(London, 1975). Also instrumental in establishing the connection between the UCR and the 'middle sectors' was E. Gallo and S. Sigal, 'La formación de los partidos políticos contemporáneos : La U.C.R. (1890-1916),' in Di Tella et al. (eds.), Argentina, sociedad de masas (Buenos Aires, 1965).
11. D. Rock, Politics in Argentina, 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism(London, 1975). Also instrumental in establishing the connection between the UCR and the 'middle sectors' was E. Gallo and S. Sigal, 'La formación de los partidos políticos contemporáneos : La U.C.R. (1890-1916),' in Di Tella et al. (eds.), Argentina, sociedad de masas (Buenos Aires, 1965).
12. A. Viguera, 'Participación electoral y prácticas políticas de los sectores populares en Buenos Aires, 1912-22', Entrepasados vol. 1, no. 1 (1991), PP. 5-33. J. Suriano, 'Ideas y prácticas "políticas" del anarquisnio argentino', Entrepasados, vol. V, no. 8 (1995), pp. 21-50. For an insightful study of the changing forms of citizenship in Santa Fe province following the Sáenz Peña Law, see M. Bonaudo, 'Entre la movilización y los partidos. Continuidade y rupturas en la crítica coyuntura santafesina de 1912', in J. Melón Pirro et al. (eds.), Los caminos de la democracia. Altenativas y prácticas políticas, 1900-1943 (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 77-100.
13. A. Viguera, 'Participación electoral y prácticas políticas de los sectores populares en Buenos Aires, 1912-22', Entrepasados vol. 1, no. 1 (1991), PP. 5-33. J. Suriano, 'Ideas y prácticas "políticas" del anarquisnio argentino', Entrepasados, vol. V, no. 8 (1995), pp. 21-50. For an insightful study of the changing forms of citizenship in Santa Fe province following the Sáenz Peña Law, see M. Bonaudo, 'Entre la movilización y los partidos. Continuidade y rupturas en la crítica coyuntura santafesina de 1912', in J. Melón Pirro et al. (eds.), Los caminos de la democracia. Altenativas y prácticas políticas, 1900-1943 (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 77-100.
14. A. Viguera, 'Participación electoral y prácticas políticas de los sectores populares en Buenos Aires, 1912-22', Entrepasados vol. 1, no. 1 (1991), PP. 5-33. J. Suriano, 'Ideas y prácticas "políticas" del anarquisnio argentino', Entrepasados, vol. V, no. 8 (1995), pp. 21-50. For an insightful study of the changing forms of citizenship in Santa Fe province following the Sáenz Peña Law, see M. Bonaudo, 'Entre la movilización y los partidos. Continuidade y rupturas en la crítica coyuntura santafesina de 1912', in J. Melón Pirro et al. (eds.), Los caminos de la democracia. Altenativas y prácticas políticas, 1900-1943 (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 77-100.
15. For this interpretation of the interwar period, see L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares en las ciudades latinoamericanas del siglo XIX: La cuestión de la identidad', Desarrollo Económico, vol. 27, no. 106 (July-Sept 1987), pp. 214-9. L. Gutiérrez and L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares y el movimiento obrero en Argentina: Un estado de la cuestión', Boletin del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ' Dr. Emilio Ravignani', vol. 3, no. 3 (1991), pp. 109-22. See also D. James, 'Uncertain Legitimacy: The Social and Political Restraints Underlying the Emergence of Democracy, in Argentina, 1890-1930', in G. Andrews et al. (eds.), The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990 (New York, 1995), pp. 62-5. For a critique of the notion that a willingness to negotiate with the state made syndicalist labour leaders less radical, see J. Adelman, 'State and Labour in Argentina: The Portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910-1921 ', Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 25, no. 1 (1993), pp. 73-102.
16. For this interpretation of the interwar period, see L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares en las ciudades latinoamericanas del siglo XIX: La cuestión de la identidad', Desarrollo Económico, vol. 27, no. 106 (July-Sept 1987), pp. 214-9. L. Gutiérrez and L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares y el movimiento obrero en Argentina: Un estado de la cuestión', Boletin del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ' Dr. Emilio Ravignani', vol. 3, no. 3 (1991), pp. 109-22. See also D. James, 'Uncertain Legitimacy: The Social and Political Restraints Underlying the Emergence of Democracy, in Argentina, 1890-1930', in G. Andrews et al. (eds.), The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990 (New York, 1995), pp. 62-5. For a critique of the notion that a willingness to negotiate with the state made syndicalist labour leaders less radical, see J. Adelman, 'State and Labour in Argentina: The Portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910-1921 ', Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 25, no. 1 (1993), pp. 73-102.
17. For this interpretation of the interwar period, see L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares en las ciudades latinoamericanas del siglo XIX: La cuestión de la identidad', Desarrollo Económico, vol. 27, no. 106 (July-Sept 1987), pp. 214-9. L. Gutiérrez and L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares y el movimiento obrero en Argentina: Un estado de la cuestión', Boletin del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ' Dr. Emilio Ravignani', vol. 3, no. 3 (1991), pp. 109-22. See also D. James, 'Uncertain Legitimacy: The Social and Political Restraints Underlying the Emergence of Democracy, in Argentina, 1890-1930', in G. Andrews et al. (eds.), The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990 (New York, 1995), pp. 62-5. For a critique of the notion that a willingness to negotiate with the state made syndicalist labour leaders less radical, see J. Adelman, 'State and Labour in Argentina: The Portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910-1921 ', Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 25, no. 1 (1993), pp. 73-102.
18. For this interpretation of the interwar period, see L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares en las ciudades latinoamericanas del siglo XIX: La cuestión de la identidad', Desarrollo Económico, vol. 27, no. 106 (July-Sept 1987), pp. 214-9. L. Gutiérrez and L. Romero, 'Los sectores populares y el movimiento obrero en Argentina: Un estado de la cuestión', Boletin del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana ' Dr. Emilio Ravignani', vol. 3, no. 3 (1991), pp. 109-22. See also D. James, 'Uncertain Legitimacy: The Social and Political Restraints Underlying the Emergence of Democracy, in Argentina, 1890-1930', in G. Andrews et al. (eds.), The Social Construction of Democracy, 1870-1990 (New York, 1995), pp. 62-5. For a critique of the notion that a willingness to negotiate with the state made syndicalist labour leaders less radical, see J. Adelman, 'State and Labour in Argentina: The Portworkers of Buenos Aires, 1910-1921 ', Journal of Latin American Studies, vol. 25, no. 1 (1993), pp. 73-102.
19. This view of politics in general, and electoral politics in particular, as a crucial site for the creation of collective identities and the articulation of affiliations such as class, follows Pierre Bourdieu. See P. Bourdieu, 'Social Space and the Genesis of Classes', and 'Political Representation : Elements for a Theory of the Political Field ', in Language and Symbolic Power (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 229-51, 171-202,
20. E, Gallo, La pampa gringa : La colonizacíon agrícola en Santa Fe (1870-1895) (Buenos Aires, 1984), pp. 211-2.
21. The city's population was 22,439 in 869 and 192,278 in 1910, Gallo, Pampa gringa, 288. Tercer censo municipal del Rosarióo de Santa Fe (Rosario, 1910), p. 29.
22. The city's population was 22,439 in 869 and 192,278 in 1910, Gallo, Pampa gringa, 288. Tercer censo municipal del Rosarióo de Santa Fe (Rosario, 1910), p. 29.
23. Tercer censo, p. 29, Out of the total population of 192,278, the census listed 97,895 as Argentine, while 85,883 were foreign. For an additional 8,500, the census-takers gathered no information, on nationality.
24. M, Monserrat, 'Orígenes y consolidación del anarquismo en Rosario 1888-1910', unpubl. manuscript, CONICET, 1989.
25. Santa Fe, Anuario de la Dirección General de Estadística de la Provincia de Santa Fé Correspondiente al año 1912 (Rosario, 1913), pp. 435-7.
26. 4,824 men voted in the department of Rosario in the provincial election of 1911. One year later, the turnout in the department was 15,828. Within the municipality of Rosario, 13,229 voted in 1912. See El Municipio (3/7/11) and La Capital (4/1/12), p. 6.
27. 4,824 men voted in the department of Rosario in the provincial election of 1911. One year later, the turnout in the department was 15,828. Within the municipality of Rosario, 13,229 voted in 1912. See El Municipio (3/7/11) and La Capital (4/1/12), p, 6.
28. Tercer censo, p. CIV.
29. The provincial statistics department identified 39,613 adult, male workers ('obreros') in the Department of Rosario in 1912, although it did not break this number down according to nationality. Given that the turnout in the election of that year was only 15,828, workers must have comprised a significant sector within the electorate, Santa Fe, Anuario, p. 433.
30. M. Bonaudo, 'Los actores Frente a la política: de la movilización social a la participación ciudadana (Santa Fe, 1890-1909)', unpubl. manuscript, n.d., pp. 37-49. A. Liebscher, 'Commercial Expansion and Political Change: Santa Fe Province, 1897-1916', unpubl. PhD diss., Indiana University, 1975, ch. 3.
31. M. Bonaudo, 'Los actores Frente a la política: de la movilización social a la participación ciudadana (Santa Fe, 1890-1909)', unpubl. manuscript, n.d., pp. 37-49. A. Liebscher, 'Commercial Expansion and Political Change: Santa Fe Province, 1897-1916', unpubl. PhD diss., Indiana University, 1975, ch. 3.
32. Monos y Monadas (7/2/11).
33. La Capital (3/13/12), p. 6.
34. La Capital(7/31/11) P. 6. Agustina Prieto refers to residents of Refinería participating in the Club Leandro N. Alem. See A, Prieto, 'Ciudad y barrio obrero. Un analisis Comparado de la vida cotidiana de los trabajadores de Rosario', unpubl. manuscript, CONICET, n.d., 12.
35. La Capital(7/31/11) P. 6. Agustina Prieto refers to residents of Refinería participating in the Club Leandro N. Alem. See A, Prieto, 'Ciudad y barrio obrero. Un analisis Comparado de la vida cotidiana de los trabajadores de Rosario', unpubl. manuscript, CONICET, n.d., 12.
36. The Caballeristas' success among workers cannot be attributed to their own class backgrounds, since they were not a particularly plebeian group. Caballero's most loyal Political allies included such men as Francisco Capmany, a wealthy real estate dealer and member of both the Bolsa de Cormercio and the Jockey Club, and Julio Bello, a civil engineer and the director of Rosario's business school (Escuela Nacional de Comercio). Moreover, Caballero himself was an established physician, a medical school professor and a long-time member of the Jockey Club.
37. La Capital (1/7/04), p. 6. Appearing with Caballero at this event was the famous reformer Juan Bialet Massé.
38. R. Caballero, 'Sangre Proletaria', in R, Ortelli, (ed.), Discursos parlamentarios y discursos politicos del Doctor Ricardo Caballero (Buenos Aires, 1929), pp. 391-92.
39. For the Radicals' efforts to attract Rosarino workers during the 1905 revolt, see R. Falcón, 'Elites urbanas, rol del Estado y cuestión obrera (Rosario, 1900-12)', Estudios Sociales vol. 3 (1992), p, 92. For Caballero's role, see R. Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen y la revolución radical de de 1905 (Buenos Aires,1975), pp. 1-83.
40. For the Radicals' efforts to attract Rosarino workers during the 1905 revolt, see R. Falcón, 'Elites urbanas, rol del Estado y cuestión obrera (Rosario, 1900-12)', Estudios Sociales vol. 3 (1992), p, 92. For Caballero's role, see R. Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen y la revolución radical de de 1905 (Buenos Aires,1975), pp. 1-83.
41. Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 84-90.
42. The text of the speech is found in : Caballero, Discursos, pp. 400-7. The occasion is described in Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 89-90.
43. The text of the speech is found in : Caballero, Discursos, pp. 400-7. The occasion is described in Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 89-90.
44. Nostalgic visions of the rural past were quite common in the Argentine literature of the early decades of the twentieth century, with perhaps the most famous example being Ricardo Güiraldes' 1926 novel, Don Segundo Sombra, Caballero's political use of this criollista nostalgia is far less well known, On the literary Utopias, see B. Sarlo, Una modernidad periférica: Buenos-Aires 1920 y 1930 (Buenos Aires, 1988), pp. 31-43; C. Leland, The Last Hapfy Men : The Generation of 1922, Fiction, and the Argentine Reality (Syracuse, 1986), pp. 119-47.
45. Nostalgic visions of the rural past were quite common in the Argentine literature of the early decades of the twentieth century, with perhaps the most famous example being Ricardo Güiraldes' 1926 novel, Don Segundo Sombra, Caballero's political use of this criollista nostalgia is far less well known, On the literary Utopias, see B. Sarlo, Una modernidad periférica: Buenos-Aires 1920 y 1930 (Buenos Aires, 1988), pp. 31-43; C. Leland, The Last Hapfy Men : The Generation of 1922, Fiction, and the Argentine Reality (Syracuse, 1986), pp. 119-47.
46. Caballero, Discursos, p. 405.
47. Caballero, Discursos, pp 409-16.
48. La Capital (2/16/12), p, 6.
49. La Capital (3/9/12), p. 6; (3/10/12), p. 6.
50. M. Bonaudo, 'Entre la movilización y los partidos. Continuidades y rupturas en la coyuntura santafesina de 1912', in J. Melóa Pirro et al, (eds.) Los caminos de la democracia: Alternativas y practicas politicas, 1900-1943, (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 90-1. see also Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 137-53.
51. M. Bonaudo, 'Entre la movilización y los partidos. Continuidades y rupturas en la coyuntura santafesina de 1912', in J. Melóa Pirro et al, (eds.) Los caminos de la democracia: Alternativas y practicas politicas, 1900-1943, (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 90-1. see also Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 137-53.
52. Caballero, Discursos, pp. 426-36. The Socialists denied that they had made any such, alliance. See La Vanguardia (1/25/12), p. 3.
53. Caballero, Discursos, pp. 426-36. The Socialists denied that they had made any such, alliance. See La Vanguardia (1/25/12), p. 3.
54. Caballero, Discursos, pp. 432-3.
55. La Capital (3/2/12), p. 6.
56. Caballero, Discursos, pp. 432-3.
57. Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, p. 140.
58. J. Bialet Massé, El estado de las clases obreras argentinas a comienzos del siglo (Córdoba, 1968 [1904]), ch. 1.
59. M. Johns, 'The Making of an Urban Elite: The Case of Rosario, Argentina, 1880-1920', Journal of Urban Histaty vol. 20, no, 2 (Feb. 1994), p. 167. For the contrasting case of Buenos Aires, see M. Johns, 'The Antinomies of Ruling Class Culture: The Buenos Aires Elite, 1880-1910', Journal of Historical Sociology vol. 6, no. 1 (1993), pp. 74-101. See also J. Sábato, La clase dominante en la Argentina moderna: Formación y características (Buenos Aires, 1991).
60. M. Johns, 'The Making of an Urban Elite: The Case of Rosario, Argentina, 1880-1920', Journal of Urban Histaty vol. 20, no, 2 (Feb. 1994), p. 167. For the contrasting case of Buenos Aires, see M. Johns, 'The Antinomies of Ruling Class Culture: The Buenos Aires Elite, 1880-1910', Journal of Historical Sociology vol. 6, no. 1 (1993), pp. 74-101. See also J. Sábato, La clase dominante en la Argentina moderna: Formación y características (Buenos Aires, 1991).
61. M. Johns, 'The Making of an Urban Elite: The Case of Rosario, Argentina, 1880-1920', Journal of Urban Histaty vol. 20, no, 2 (Feb. 1994), p. 167. For the contrasting case of Buenos Aires, see M. Johns, 'The Antinomies of Ruling Class Culture: The Buenos Aires Elite, 1880-1910', Journal of Historical Sociology vol. 6, no. 1 (1993), pp. 74-101. See also J. Sábato, La clase dominante en la Argentina moderna: Formación y características (Buenos Aires, 1991).
62. For the figures on real estate owners, see Tercr censo, p. CIV. For the Jockey Club membership lists, see Jockey Club Rosario, Memoria 1913 (Rosario, 1913), pp. 25-32.
63. For the figures on real estate owners, see Tercr censo, p. CIV. For the Jockey Club membership lists, see Jockey Club Rosario, Memoria 1913 (Rosario, 1913), pp. 25-32.
64. M. Johns, 'The Urbanisation of a Secondary City The Case of Rosario, Argentina, 1870-1920', Journal of Latin American Studies vol. 23 (1991), p. 511.
65. La Capital (3/5/12), p. 6.
66. A Prieto, 'Condiciones de vida en el barrio Refinería de Rosario : La vivienda de los trabajadores (1890-1914)', .Anuario, Escuela de Historia, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, vol, 14 (1989-90), p. 169.
67. R. Falcón and A. Monserrat, 'Estado provincial, partidos políticos y sectores populares (El caso de Rosario; Las elecciones de 1912 y los conflictos sociales)', Cuadernos del Ciesal, vol. 1, no. 1 (1993), pp. 21-36, esp. pp. 28-30, Aníbal Viguera also supports the convention that criollista language within Radical political rhetoric excluded foreigners: Viguera, 'Participacion electoral', p. 17.
68. R. Falcón and A. Monserrat, 'Estado provincial, partidos políticos y sectores populares (El caso de Rosario; Las elecciones de 1912 y los conflictos sociales)', Cuadernos del Ciesal, vol. 1, no. 1 (1993), pp. 21-36, esp. pp. 28-30, Aníbal Viguera also supports the convention that criollista language within Radical political rhetoric excluded foreigners: Viguera, 'Participacion electoral', p. 17.
69. Tercer censo, p. 72.
70. Bialet Massé, las clases obreras, p, 51. On the widespread diffusion of racial language and ideas in early twentieth-century Argentina, see E. Zimmermann, 'Racial Ideas and Social Reform: Argentina, 1890-1916', Hispanic American Historical Review vol. 72, no. 1 (1992), pp. 23-46.
71. Bialet Massé, las clases obreras, p, 51. On the widespread diffusion of racial language and ideas in early twentieth-century Argentina, see E. Zimmermann, 'Racial Ideas and Social Reform: Argentina, 1890-1916', Hispanic American Historical Review vol. 72, no. 1 (1992), pp. 23-46.
72. See for example: Caballero, Hipólito Yrigoyen, pp. 93.
73. See R. Slattt, Gauchos and the Vanishing, Frontier (Linclon, 1983).
74. On gauchesque literature, see J. Ludrner, El género gauchesco. Un tratado sobre la patria (Buenos Aires, 1988); N, Shumway, The Invention of Argentina (Berkeley, 1991), pp. 67-80, 261-78. Both, Ludmer and Shumway focus on this literature's depiction of the so-called 'patriot gaucho, ' its use of the gaucho as a symbol for the Argentine national spirit.
75. On gauchesque literature, see J. Ludrner, El género gauchesco. Un tratado sobre la patria (Buenos Aires, 1988); N, Shumway, The Invention of Argentina (Berkeley, 1991), pp. 67-80, 261-78. Both, Ludmer and Shumway focus on this literature's depiction of the so-called 'patriot gaucho, ' its use of the gaucho as a symbol for the Argentine national spirit.
76. A. Prieto, El discurso criollista en la formación de la Argentina moderna (Buenos Aires, 1988), p. 97. Prieto's work is a groundbreaking analysis of the role of criollista literature in the construction of Argentine nationality.
77. Prieto, discurso criollista, p. 80, n. 54. The Communist Party activist Francisco Monaco worked at Longo and Argento as a youth. In his memoirs, he recalls that the firm was famous in the city and throughout the province for its 'gauchesque pamphlets'. See L. Monaco, Volver a vivir (Buenos Aires, n.d.). 22.
78. Prieto, discurso criollista, p. 80, n. 54. The Communist Party activist Francisco Monaco worked at Longo and Argento as a youth. In his memoirs, he recalls that the firm was famous in the city and throughout the province for its 'gauchesque pamphlets'. See L. Monaco, Volver a vivir (Buenos Aires, n.d.). 22.
79. E, García Velloso, 'José Podestá y Juan Moreira, ' Revista de Historia de Rosario, vol, IX, no. 21-2 (1971), pp. 43-58. On Rosario's criollo circuses, see O. Ensinck, 'El teatro en Rosario', in Historia de las instituciones de la provincia de Santa Fe, v. V (Santa Fe, 1973), pp. 341-2. For a description of some of Rosario's payadores, see H. Zinni, El Rosario de Satanás, v. 1 (Rosario, 1992), pp. 84-93.
80. E, García Velloso, 'José Podestá y Juan Moreira, ' Revista de Historia de Rosario, vol, IX, no. 21-2 (1971), pp. 43-58. On Rosario's criollo circuses, see O. Ensinck, 'El teatro en Rosario', in Historia de las instituciones de la provincia de Santa Fe, v. V (Santa Fe, 1973), pp. 341-2. For a description of some of Rosario's payadores, see H. Zinni, El Rosario de Satanás, v. 1 (Rosario, 1992), pp. 84-93.
81. E, García Velloso, 'José Podestá y Juan Moreira, ' Revista de Historia de Rosario, vol, IX, no. 21-2 (1971), pp. 43-58. On Rosario's criollo circuses, see O. Ensinck, 'El teatro en Rosario', in Historia de las instituciones de la provincia de Santa Fe, v. V (Santa Fe, 1973), pp. 341-2. For a description of some of Rosario's payadores, see H. Zinni, El Rosario de Satanás, v. 1 (Rosario, 1992), pp. 84-93.
82. For one description, see La Capital (2/10/12), pp. 6-7.
83. See El Censor (2/21/25).
84. Prieto, discurso criollista, 131. On Pampa Soul and the Rosariao Brothers, see La Capital (2/4/18), p. 5 and (2/6/18), p, 6, respectively. Italian last names were even common among the most celebtrated payadores, such as Rosario's Francisco N. Bianco.
85. Prieto, discurso criollista, 131. On Pampa Soul and the Rosariao Brothers, see La Capital (2/4/18), p. 5 and (2/6/18), p, 6, respectively. Italian last names were even common among the most celebtrated payadores, such as Rosario's Francisco N. Bianco.
86. Prieto, discurso criollista, pp. 98-9, 151-2.
87. R. Aguirre, El tigre del desierto, 3rd ed. (Rosario, n.d.), p. 20. Aguirre prefaced his poem by declaring his commitment to 'the national stock.'
88. Prieto, discurso criollista, pp. 66, 155-6.
89. A. Amante, Los Hermanos Barrientos, 4th ed. (Rosario, n.d.), p. 11.
90. Amante, Los Hermanos, pp. 21-2.
91. Aguirre, El tigre, p. 6.
92. Caballero, Discursos, pp. 435-6.
93. Many social scientists have recently argued for the Importance of narrative in the process of identity-formation. See, for example: M. Somers, 'The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach', Theory and Society vol. 23 (1994), pp. 605-49; G. Steinmetz, 'Reflections on the Role of Social Narratives in Working-Class Formation: Narrative Theory in the Social Sciences', Social Science History vol. 16, no. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 489-516.
94. Many social scientists have recently argued for the Importance of narrative in the process of identity-formation. See, for example: M. Somers, 'The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach', Theory and Society vol. 23 (1994), pp. 605-49; G. Steinmetz, 'Reflections on the Role of Social Narratives in Working-Class Formation: Narrative Theory in the Social Sciences', Social Science History vol. 16, no. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 489-516.
95. M. Karush, ' Workers or Citizens : The Construction of Political Identities in Democratic Argentina (Rosario, 1912-1930)', unpubl. PhD diss., University. of Chicago, 1997, pp. 24-36.
96. La Capital (2/1/14), P-6. See also La Vanguardia (3/21/12), p. 1.
97. La Capital (2/1/14), P-6. See also La Vanguardia (3/21/12), p. 1.
98. La Capital (7/31/11), p. 6.
99. La Capital (3/29/12), 6. Cited in: Carlos Malamud, 'Los partidos políticos en la Argentina (1890-1914): Programas y plataformas políticas. El caso de la Liga del Sur', unpubl. manuscript, n.d.
100. La Capital (3/29/12), 6, Cited in: Carlos Malamud, 'Los partidos políticos en la Argentina (1890-1914): Programas y plataformas políticas. El caso de la Liga del Sur', unpubl. manuscript, n.d.
101. Editor's note in Garcfa Velloso, 'José Podestá', pp. 44-5.
102. In the 1910s and 1920s, certain conservative intellectuals in Argentina - most notably, Leopoldo Lagones and Ricardo Rojas - pointed to Martín Fierro as the embodiment of national identity. But even for these thinkers, moreirismo -the popular literature and cultural practices celebrating gauchos like Juan Moreira - was to be resisted as the Symbol of crime, immorality and revolutionary unrest. See P. Funes, 'Nación, patria, argentinidad. La reflexión intelectual sobre la nación en la década de 1920', in W. Ansadi (ed.), Representaciones inconclusas. Las clases, los actores y los discursos de la memoria, 1912-1946 (Buenos Aires, 1995), p. 133; D. Viñas, Literatura argentina y política. De Lugones a Walsh (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 63-4; Likewise, Adolfo Prieto analyzes the efforts of Rafael Obligado and other poets to transform the gauchos of texts like ]uan Moreira into characters worthy of civilized high culture: Prieto, discurso criollista, pp. 113-34.
103. In the 1910s and 1920s, certain conservative intellectuals in Argentina - most notably, Leopoldo Lagones and Ricardo Rojas - pointed to Martín Fierro as the embodiment of national identity. But even for these thinkers, moreirismo -the popular literature and cultural practices celebrating gauchos like Juan Moreira - was to be resisted as the Symbol of crime, immorality and revolutionary unrest. See P. Funes, 'Nación, patria, argentinidad. La reflexión intelectual sobre la nación en la década de 1920', in W. Ansadi (ed.), Representaciones inconclusas. Las clases, los actores y los discursos de la memoria, 1912-1946 (Buenos Aires, 1995), p. 133; D. Viñas, Literatura argentina y política. De Lugones a Walsh (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 63-4; Likewise, Adolfo Prieto analyzes the efforts of Rafael Obligado and other poets to transform the gauchos of texts like ]uan Moreira into characters worthy of civilized high culture: Prieto, discurso criollista, pp. 113-34.
104. In the 1910s and 1920s, certain conservative intellectuals in Argentina - most notably, Leopoldo Lagones and Ricardo Rojas - pointed to Martín Fierro as the embodiment of national identity. But even for these thinkers, moreirismo -the popular literature and cultural practices celebrating gauchos like Juan Moreira - was to be resisted as the Symbol of crime, immorality and revolutionary unrest. See P. Funes, 'Nación, patria, argentinidad. La reflexión intelectual sobre la nación en la década de 1920', in W. Ansadi (ed.), Representaciones inconclusas. Las clases, los actores y los discursos de la memoria, 1912-1946 (Buenos Aires, 1995), p. 133; D. Viñas, Literatura argentina y política. De Lugones a Walsh (Buenos Aires, 1996), pp. 63-4; Likewise, Adolfo Prieto analyzes the efforts of Rafael Obligado and other poets to transform the gauchos of texts like ]uan Moreira into characters worthy of civilized high culture: Prieto, discurso criollista, pp. 113-34.
105. La Capital (1/3/18), p. 6.
106. 'Alcides Greca, 'El nuevo patriotistmo', in Laureles del pantano (Buenos Aires, 1915), p. 71.
107. See La Capital (2/6/11), p. 6; (2/8/14), P. 6.
108. La Capital (4/1/12), p. 6. Falcón and Monserrat also argue that the Radicals recieved significant working-class support. Falcón and Monserrat, 'Estado provincial', pp. 25-27.
109. La Capital (4/1/12), p. 6. Falcón and Monserrat also argue that the Radicals recieved significant working-class support. Falcón and Monserrat, 'Estado provincial', pp. 25-27.
110. J. Hardoy, 'La vivienda obrera en una ciudad en expansion. Rosario entre 1858 y 1910,' in J. Hardoy et al. (eds.), Culture urbana latinoamericana (Buenos Aires, 1985), pp. 63-93.
111. For the results of the 1914, 1916 and 1918 elections, see La Capital (3/2/14), p. 6; (2/7/16), p. 6; (3/23/18), p. 5; (2/4/18), p. 4. On the schism within the Santa Fe Radical party, see Karush, 'Workers or Citizens', pp. 165-70.
112. For the results of the 1914, 1916 and 1918 elections, see La Capital (3/2/14), p. 6; (2/7/16), p. 6; (3/23/18), p. 5; (2/4/18), p. 4. On the schism within the Santa Fe Radical party, see Karush, 'Workers or Citizens', pp. 165-70.
113. La Capital (1/29/16), p. 6.
114. La Vanguardia (4/5/12), p. 2.
115. These estimates are drawn from: Santa Fe. Cámara de Senadores, Diario de Sesiones [SFCS] (1913), p, 150; La Rebelión (6/8/13), P. 1.
116. These estimates are drawn from: Santa Fe. Cámara de Senadores, Diario de Sesiones [SFCS] (1913), p, 150; La Rebelión (6/8/13), P. 1.
117. SFCS (1913), p. 172.
118. On Caballero's decline during the 1918-22 period, see Karush, Warkers or Citizens, pp. 204-32 On his activities as Rosario's police chief during the labour unrest of 1928, see R. Korzeniewicz, 'The Labor Politics of Radicalism: The Santa Fe Crisis of 1928', Hispanic American Historicai Review vol. 73, no. 1 (1993), pp. 1-32.
119. On Caballero's decline during the 1918-22 period, see Karush, Warkers or Citizens, pp. 204-32 On his activities as Rosario's police chief during the labour unrest of 1928, see R. Korzeniewicz, 'The Labor Politics of Radicalism: The Santa Fe Crisis of 1928', Hispanic American Historicai Review vol. 73, no. 1 (1993), pp. 1-32.
120. The most rigorous attempt to trace this process is Vigueras, 'Participación electotal'.
121. Ernesto Laclau's classic essay on populism suggests the need for just this sort of analysis. Ernesto Laclau, 'Towards a Theory of Populism', in Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory (London, 1977), pp. 143-98.