Two decades of rural reform in China: An overview and assessment

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 159, 1999, Pages 616-628

  Oi, Jean C ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL REFORM; LAND REFORM; RURAL ECONOMY;

CHINA;

EID: 0032712503     PISSN: 00094439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000003374     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. I would like to thank the participants of the workshop held in conjunction with this volume at the Centro De Estudos Asiáticos, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, for their helpful comments. Special thanks go to Scott Rozelle for his critical reading of an earlier draft of this paper. I also want to thank Cai Yongshun for research assistance.
2. Scott Rozelle, Albert Park, Vincent Benziger and Changqing Ren, "Targeted poverty investments and economic growth in China," World Development, Vol. 26, No. 12 (December 1998) pp. 2137-51.
3. Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1998 (China Statistical Yearbook 1998), p. 345.
4. Albert Nyberg and Scott Rozelle, "Accelerating China's rural transformation," World Bank Working Paper Series, Washington, D.C., forthcoming.
5. See, for example, articles in Andrew Walder (ed.), China's Transitional Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
6. Nyberg and Rozelle, "Accelerating."
7. See Joan Nelson, "The politics of economic transformation: is Third World experience relevant in Eastern Europe?" World Politics, Vol. 45, No. 3 (April 1993), pp. 433-463.
8. Nyberg and Rozelle, "Accelerating."
9. See, for example, Roy Prosterman, Tim Hanstad and Li Ping, "Can China feed itself?" Scientific American, November 1996, pp. 90-95.
10. See Office of Fixed Investigation Points in Pural China (Nongcun guding guancna dian bangongshi), "Dui dier lun tudi chengbao gongzuo de guancha fenxi" ("An observation and analysis of the second round of land contracting"), Jingji yanjiu cankao (Reference of Economic Research), No. 73 (1997), pp. 32-42; and Office of Fixed Investigation Points in Rural China, "Dangqian nongcun tudi chengbao jingying guanli de xianzhuang ji wenti" ("The current situation and problems of the management of land contracting in the countryside"), Nongcun jingji yanjiu cankao (A Reference for the Study of the Rural Economy), No. 5 (1998), pp. 28-30.
11. See Office of Fixed Investigation Points in Pural China (Nongcun guding guancna dian bangongshi), "Dui dier lun tudi chengbao gongzuo de guancha fenxi" ("An observation and analysis of the second round of land contracting"), Jingji yanjiu cankao (Reference of Economic Research), No. 73 (1997), pp. 32-42; and Office of Fixed Investigation Points in Rural China, "Dangqian nongcun tudi chengbao jingying guanli de xianzhuang ji wenti" ("The current situation and problems of the management of land contracting in the countryside"), Nongcun jingji yanjiu cankao (A Reference for the Study of the Rural Economy), No. 5 (1998), pp. 28-30.
12. Kung and Liu, for example, note that some "villagers prefer short-term contracts ... because off-farm employment remains unstable and farming therefore serves as the last resort should these more lucrative alternatives become suddenly unavailable." James Kai-sing Kung and Shouying Liu, "Farmers' preferences regarding ownership and land tenure in post-Mao China: unexpected evidence from eight counties," China Journal, No. 38 (July 1997), pp. 33-64.
13. Cai Yongshun, "Peasant and farmland use in five Chinese villages," M. Phil. thesis, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Social Science, 1997.
14. See Chen Xiwen, "Ba-wu nongye" ("Agriculture in the Eighth Five-Year Plan") in Zhongguo nongye nianjian 1996 (China Agricultural Yearbook 1996), pp. 19-20.
15. James Kung, "Equal entitlement versus tenure security under a regime of collective property rights: peasants' preference for institutions in post-reform Chinese agriculture," Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1995), pp. 82-111; Kung and Liu, "Farmers' preferences regarding ownership."
16. James Kung, "Equal entitlement versus tenure security under a regime of collective property rights: peasants' preference for institutions in post-reform Chinese agriculture," Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1995), pp. 82-111; Kung and Liu, "Farmers' preferences regarding ownership."
17. Gao Youqing, "Taiping xiang bufen nongmin weihe gandang hei hukou" ("Why were some peasants in Taiping town willing to have a black household registration"), Neican xuanbian (A Compilation of Selected Internal Materials), No. 21 (1998), pp. 16-17.
18. Lu Nan, "1980-1996 nian nongye shengchan chengben he nongye laodong shengchanlü wenti" ("Issues of agricultural costs and the rate of agricultural labour productivity between 1980 and 1996), Jiage lilun yu shijian (Theory and Practice of Price), No. 9 (1997), pp. 23-28.
19. Chu Yelai, "Neimenggu xuduo nongmin qigen waichu dailai xin wenti" ("New problems arise because peasants leave land for off-farm work in Inner Mongolia"), Neican xuanbian, No. 27 (1998), pp. 21-22.
20. The 135 million represents a 46% increase in jobs from 1990 alone. Zhongguo tongji nianjian 1997, p. 6.
21. See Solinger in this volume and Elisabeth J. Croll and Huang Ping, "Migration for and against agriculture in eight Chinese villages," The China Quarterly, No. 149 (March 1997), pp. 128-146.
22. Lin Zhaomu and Shao Ning, Kua shiji de fazhan silu yanjiu (Research on Thoughts on Development at the Turn of the Century) (Beijing: Zhongguo jihua chubanshe, 1995), p. 59.
23. Agricultural Investigation Group of the State Statistical Bureau, "Nongchanpin shengchan bodong dui nongmin shouru de yingxiang" ("The impact of fluctuations in agricultural production on peasant income"), Jingji gongzuothe xuexi ziliao (Study Materials for Economic Workers), No. 31 (1998), pp. 6-18.
24. See Albert Park, "Reforming state-market relations in rural China," Economics of Transition, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1998), pp. 461-480, and Terry Sicular, "Establishing markets: the process of commercialization in agriculture," in Andrew Walder (ed.), Zouping in Transition: The Process of Reform in Rural North China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 115-157.
25. See Albert Park, "Reforming state-market relations in rural China," Economics of Transition, Vol. 6, No. 2 (1998), pp. 461-480, and Terry Sicular, "Establishing markets: the process of commercialization in agriculture," in Andrew Walder (ed.), Zouping in Transition: The Process of Reform in Rural North China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), pp. 115-157.
26. See "Liangshi liutong tizhi gaige de yuanze" ("Principles for reforming the grain circulation system"), Neican xuanbian, No. 22 (1998), pp. 7-11.
27. See Scott Rozelle, "Grain marketing brief," unpublished ms., 19 September 1998.
28. See, for example, Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, "Selective policy implementation in rural China," Comparative Politics, Vol. 31, No. 2 (January 1999), pp. 167-186.
29. For an elaboration of points made in this section see Jean Oi, Rural China Takes Off: Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform (Berkeley: University of California Press 1999).
30. See James Kung, "The evolution of property rights in village enterprises: the case of Wuxi county," in Jean C. Oi and Andrew G. Walder (eds.), Property Rights and China's Economic Reforms (Stanford: Stanford University Press, forthcoming, 1999).
31. Eduard Vermeer, "The development of the shareholding cooperative system: a property rights analysis," in Oi and Walder, Property Rights and China's Economic Reforms.
32. Chen Jianguang, "Dangqian xiangzhen qiye fazhan qingkuang ji duice jianyi" ("The current development of TVEs and some suggestions"), Jingii gongzuozhe xuexi ziliao, No. 27 (1998), pp. 36-47.
33. See Jean Oi, "The evolution of local state corporatism," in Walder, Zouping in Transition, pp. 35-62.
34. See David Wank, Commodifying Communism: Business, Trust, and Politics in a Chinese City (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
35. See Kung, "The evolution of property rights in village enterprises."
36. Jean Oi, "The fate of the collective after the commune," in Deborah Davis and Ezra Vogel (eds.), Chinese Society on the Eve of Tiananmen: The Impact of Reform (Cambridge, MA: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University, 1990), pp. 15-36.
37. See Jean Oi, State and Peasant: The Political Economy of Village Government (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), ch. 5.
38. For a detailed discussion and examples, see Thomas Bernstein, "Instability in rural China," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Is China Unstable? Assessing the Factors (Washington, D.C.: Sigur Center for Asian Studies, July 1998), pp. 93-110. Also see Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, "Villagers and popular resistance in contemporary China," Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 1 (January 1996), pp. 28-61.
39. For a detailed discussion and examples, see Thomas Bernstein, "Instability in rural China," in David Shambaugh (ed.), Is China Unstable? Assessing the Factors (Washington, D.C.: Sigur Center for Asian Studies, July 1998), pp. 93-110. Also see Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, "Villagers and popular resistance in contemporary China," Modern China, Vol. 22, No. 1 (January 1996), pp. 28-61.
40. See Bernstein, "Instability in rural China."
41. Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, "The politics of lodging complaints in rural China," The China Quarterly, No. 143 (September 1995), pp. 756-783. Also Kevin O'Brien, "Rightful resistance," World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 1 (October 1996), pp. 31-55.
42. Kevin O'Brien and Lianjiang Li, "The politics of lodging complaints in rural China," The China Quarterly, No. 143 (September 1995), pp. 756-783. Also Kevin O'Brien, "Rightful resistance," World Politics, Vol. 49, No. 1 (October 1996), pp. 31-55.
43. See, for example, Wang Qinglin and Fan Wenke, "Jiaqiang nongcun jiceng dang zuzhi jianshe shi dangwuzhiji" ("Strengthening the construction of rural Party organization at the grass roots is a pressing task"), Hebei nongcun gongzuo (Hebei Rural Work), No. 12 (1994), pp. 7-8.
44. See, for example, Zhang Guoqing, Fan Zhiyong, and Yan Xinge, "Zhuazhu san ge huanjie, gaohao cunji ganbu guifanhua guanli" ("Seize the three links, manage the standards of village-level cadres well"), Hebei nongcun gongzuo, No. 5 (1994) p. 42.
45. On village elections and their role in village politics see Jean C. Oi and Scott Rozelle, "Elections and power: the locus of decision making in Chinese villages," paper presented at the conference "Elections in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mainland China: Does Limited Democracy Lead to Democracy?" Hoover Institution, Stanford University, 5-6 March 1999.
46. Ibid.