Interpersonal trust, political trust and non-institutionalised political participation in Western Europe

West European Politics

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 1-21

  Kaase, Max ^a  

^a WZB BERLIN SOCIAL SCIENCE CENTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION;

(WEST); EUROPE;

EID: 0032707961     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389908425313     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. M. Kaase and K. Newton, Beliefs in Government. Beliefs in Government Series, Vol. 5 (Oxford: OUP 1995) pp.17-39.
2. For a summary description of these trends see e.g. S.M. Lipset and W. Schneider, The Confidence Gap. Business, Labor and Government in the Public Mind, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1987); St.C. Craig, The Malevolent Leaders. Popular Discontent in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); J.R. Hibbing and E. Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy. Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions (Cambridge: CUP 1995); Kaiser Family Foundation, Why Don't Americans Trust The Government? (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Fdn 1996); J.S. Nye Jr, Ph.D. Zelikow and D.C. King (eds.) Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP 1997).
3. For a summary description of these trends see e.g. S.M. Lipset and W. Schneider, The Confidence Gap. Business, Labor and Government in the Public Mind, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1987); St.C. Craig, The Malevolent Leaders. Popular Discontent in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); J.R. Hibbing and E. Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy. Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions (Cambridge: CUP 1995); Kaiser Family Foundation, Why Don't Americans Trust The Government? (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Fdn 1996); J.S. Nye Jr, Ph.D. Zelikow and D.C. King (eds.) Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP 1997).
4. For a summary description of these trends see e.g. S.M. Lipset and W. Schneider, The Confidence Gap. Business, Labor and Government in the Public Mind, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1987); St.C. Craig, The Malevolent Leaders. Popular Discontent in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); J.R. Hibbing and E. Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy. Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions (Cambridge: CUP 1995); Kaiser Family Foundation, Why Don't Americans Trust The Government? (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Fdn 1996); J.S. Nye Jr, Ph.D. Zelikow and D.C. King (eds.) Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP 1997).
5. For a summary description of these trends see e.g. S.M. Lipset and W. Schneider, The Confidence Gap. Business, Labor and Government in the Public Mind, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1987); St.C. Craig, The Malevolent Leaders. Popular Discontent in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); J.R. Hibbing and E. Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy. Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions (Cambridge: CUP 1995); Kaiser Family Foundation, Why Don't Americans Trust The Government? (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Fdn 1996); J.S. Nye Jr, Ph.D. Zelikow and D.C. King (eds.) Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP 1997).
6. For a summary description of these trends see e.g. S.M. Lipset and W. Schneider, The Confidence Gap. Business, Labor and Government in the Public Mind, rev. ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP 1987); St.C. Craig, The Malevolent Leaders. Popular Discontent in America (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1993); J.R. Hibbing and E. Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy. Public Attitudes Toward American Political Institutions (Cambridge: CUP 1995); Kaiser Family Foundation, Why Don't Americans Trust The Government? (Washington, DC: Kaiser Family Fdn 1996); J.S. Nye Jr, Ph.D. Zelikow and D.C. King (eds.) Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge. MA: Harvard UP 1997).
7. P.M. Sniderman, A Question of Loyalty (Berkeley: U. of California Press 1981) pp.139, 41.
8. Ph.C. Schmitter, 'Democracy's Future: More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal?', Journal of Democracy 6/1 (Jan. 1995) pp. 15-22. M. Kaase, 'Demokratie im Spannungsfeld von politischer Kultur und politischer Struktur', in W. Link, E. Schütt-Wetschky and G. Schwan (eds.) Jahrbuch für Politik, 5, Vol. 2 (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1995).
9. Ph.C. Schmitter, 'Democracy's Future: More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal?', Journal of Democracy 6/1 (Jan. 1995) pp. 15-22. M. Kaase, 'Demokratie im Spannungsfeld von politischer Kultur und politischer Struktur', in W. Link, E. Schütt-Wetschky and G. Schwan (eds.) Jahrbuch für Politik, 5, Vol. 2 (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1995).
10. R.D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); idem, 'Bowling Alone. America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy 6/1 (Jan. 1995) pp.65-80; idem, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', PS - Political Science & Studies 28 (1995) pp.664-83.
11. R.D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); idem, 'Bowling Alone. America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy 6/1 (Jan. 1995) pp.65-80; idem, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', PS - Political Science & Studies 28 (1995) pp.664-83.
12. R.D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work. Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton UP 1993); idem, 'Bowling Alone. America's Declining Social Capital', Journal of Democracy 6/1 (Jan. 1995) pp.65-80; idem, 'Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America', PS - Political Science & Studies 28 (1995) pp.664-83.
13. See e.g. T. Parsons, Politics and Social Structure (NY: The Free Press 1969).
14. Kaase and Newton (note 1 ); P. Preisendörfer, 'Vertrauen als soziologische Kategorie. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen entscheidungstheoretischer Fundierung des Vertrauenskonzepts', Zeitschrift für Soziologie 24 (1995) pp.263-72; F. Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (NY: Free Press 1995); M. Kaase, 'Conflict, Consensus and Democracy', German Politics 6/2 (Aug. 1997) pp.1-28; D. Bell, Communitarianism and its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993).
15. Kaase and Newton (note 1 ); P. Preisendörfer, 'Vertrauen als soziologische Kategorie. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen entscheidungstheoretischer Fundierung des Vertrauenskonzepts', Zeitschrift für Soziologie 24 (1995) pp.263-72; F. Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (NY: Free Press 1995); M. Kaase, 'Conflict, Consensus and Democracy', German Politics 6/2 (Aug. 1997) pp.1-28; D. Bell, Communitarianism and its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993).
16. Kaase and Newton (note 1 ); P. Preisendörfer, 'Vertrauen als soziologische Kategorie. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen entscheidungstheoretischer Fundierung des Vertrauenskonzepts', Zeitschrift für Soziologie 24 (1995) pp.263-72; F. Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (NY: Free Press 1995); M. Kaase, 'Conflict, Consensus and Democracy', German Politics 6/2 (Aug. 1997) pp.1-28; D. Bell, Communitarianism and its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993).
17. Kaase and Newton (note 1 ); P. Preisendörfer, 'Vertrauen als soziologische Kategorie. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen entscheidungstheoretischer Fundierung des Vertrauenskonzepts', Zeitschrift für Soziologie 24 (1995) pp.263-72; F. Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (NY: Free Press 1995); M. Kaase, 'Conflict, Consensus and Democracy', German Politics 6/2 (Aug. 1997) pp.1-28; D. Bell, Communitarianism and its Critics (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1993).
18. N. Luhmann, 'Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives', in D. Gambetta (ed.) Trust. Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (Oxford and NY: Basil Blackwell 1988) pp.99-101; idem, Vertrauen. Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, 3rd rev. edition (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke 1989).
19. N. Luhmann, 'Familiarity, Confidence, Trust: Problems and Alternatives', in D. Gambetta (ed.) Trust. Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations (Oxford and NY: Basil Blackwell 1988) pp.99-101; idem, Vertrauen. Ein Mechanismus der Reduktion sozialer Komplexität, 3rd rev. edition (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke 1989).
20. Gambetta (note 8); B. Misztal, Trust in Modern Societies (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press 1996).
21. Gambetta (note 9) p.217; see also Preisendörfer (note 7) p.263; I. Borg and M. Braun, 'Trust in organizations' in J.J. Hox, G.J. Mellenbergh and PG. Swanborn (eds.) Facet Theory. Analysis and Design (Zeist: SETOS 1995) p.47; Misztal (note 9) pp. 16-21.
22. These considerations are developed in detail by Luhmann (1989, note 8); see also Misztal (note 9) p.199.
23. Luhmann (1989, note 8) p.64.
24. Putnam (1993, note 5).
25. J.S. Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard UP 1990) p.304.
26. Putnam, 'Bowling Alone' (note 5).
27. Putnam, 'Tuning in' (note 5).
28. A. Greeley, 'The Strange Reappearance of Civic America: Religion and Volunteering' (Chicago: unpub. MS 1996); P. Norris, 'Does Television Erode Social Capital? A Reply to Putnam', PS: Political Science & Politics 29 (1996) pp.474-80.
29. A. Greeley, 'The Strange Reappearance of Civic America: Religion and Volunteering' (Chicago: unpub. MS 1996); P. Norris, 'Does Television Erode Social Capital? A Reply to Putnam', PS: Political Science & Politics 29 (1996) pp.474-80.
30. G.A. Almond and S. Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton UP 1963) pp.227-31; citations are from the 1965 Little Brown paperback ed.
31. R. Inglehart, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society (Princeton UP 1990) p.23.
32. Ibid. pp.43-4; see also R. Rose, 'Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust', Journal of Democracy 5/1 (Jan. 1994) pp.18-30.
33. Ibid. pp.43-4; see also R. Rose, 'Postcommunism and the Problem of Trust', Journal of Democracy 5/1 (Jan. 1994) pp.18-30.
34. J. Granato, R. Inglehart and D. Leblang, 'The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses, and Some Empirical Tests', American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996) pp.607-31; idem, 'Cultural Values, Stable Democracy, and Economic Development: A Reply', ibid. pp.680-96: R.W. Jackman and R.A. Miller, 'A Rennaissance of Political Culture?', ibid. pp.632-59; idem, 'The Poverty of Political Culture', ibid. pp.697-716.
35. J. Granato, R. Inglehart and D. Leblang, 'The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses, and Some Empirical Tests', American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996) pp.607-31; idem, 'Cultural Values, Stable Democracy, and Economic Development: A Reply', ibid. pp.680-96: R.W. Jackman and R.A. Miller, 'A Rennaissance of Political Culture?', ibid. pp.632-59; idem, 'The Poverty of Political Culture', ibid. pp.697-716.
36. J. Granato, R. Inglehart and D. Leblang, 'The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses, and Some Empirical Tests', American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996) pp.607-31; idem, 'Cultural Values, Stable Democracy, and Economic Development: A Reply', ibid. pp.680-96: R.W. Jackman and R.A. Miller, 'A Rennaissance of Political Culture?', ibid. pp.632-59; idem, 'The Poverty of Political Culture', ibid. pp.697-716.
37. J. Granato, R. Inglehart and D. Leblang, 'The Effect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hypotheses, and Some Empirical Tests', American Journal of Political Science 40 (1996) pp.607-31; idem, 'Cultural Values, Stable Democracy, and Economic Development: A Reply', ibid. pp.680-96: R.W. Jackman and R.A. Miller, 'A Rennaissance of Political Culture?', ibid. pp.632-59; idem, 'The Poverty of Political Culture', ibid. pp.697-716.
38. E.E. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (Glencoe: Free Press 1958).
39. For the West German case, see also the analyses by D.P. Conradt, 'The Changing German Political Culture' in G.A. Almond and S. Verba (eds.) The Civic Culture Revisited (Boston: Little Brown 1980), and E. Noelle-Neumann and R. Köcher (eds.) Allensbacher Jahrbuch der Demoskopie 1993-1997, Vol.10 (Munich: K.G. Saur; Allensbach am Bodensee: Verlag für Demoskopie 1997) pp.572-4.
40. For the West German case, see also the analyses by D.P. Conradt, 'The Changing German Political Culture' in G.A. Almond and S. Verba (eds.) The Civic Culture Revisited (Boston: Little Brown 1980), and E. Noelle-Neumann and R. Köcher (eds.) Allensbacher Jahrbuch der Demoskopie 1993-1997, Vol.10 (Munich: K.G. Saur; Allensbach am Bodensee: Verlag für Demoskopie 1997) pp.572-4.
41. J.D. Wright, The Dissent of the Governed (NY: Academic Press 1976) pp.104-10.
42. Misztal (note 9) p.200; see also Craig (note 2) p.27.
43. D. Easton, 'A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support', British Journal of Political Science 5 (1975) pp.435-57.
44. See e.g. D. Fuchs, Die Unterstützung des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Opladen: Westdeutscher 1989); B. Westle, Politische Legitimität - Theorien, Konzepte, empirische Befunde (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1989); idem, Kollektive Identität im vereinten Deutschland. Nation und Demokratie in der Wahrnehmung der Deutschen (Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1999).
45. See e.g. D. Fuchs, Die Unterstützung des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Opladen: Westdeutscher 1989); B. Westle, Politische Legitimität - Theorien, Konzepte, empirische Befunde (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1989); idem, Kollektive Identität im vereinten Deutschland. Nation und Demokratie in der Wahrnehmung der Deutschen (Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1999).
46. See e.g. D. Fuchs, Die Unterstützung des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Opladen: Westdeutscher 1989); B. Westle, Politische Legitimität - Theorien, Konzepte, empirische Befunde (Baden-Baden: Nomos 1989); idem, Kollektive Identität im vereinten Deutschland. Nation und Demokratie in der Wahrnehmung der Deutschen (Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1999).
47. D. Fuchs, G. Guidorossi and P. Svensson, 'Support for the Democratic System', in H.-D. Klingemann and D. Fuchs (eds.) Citizens and the State. Beliefs in Government Series, Vol.1 (Oxford: OUP 1995).
48. Ibid. pp.350-2.
49. O. Listhaug and M. Wiberg, 'Confidence in Political and Private Institutions', in Klingemann and Fuchs (note 28); O. Listhaug, 'The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians', ibid.
50. O. Listhaug and M. Wiberg, 'Confidence in Political and Private Institutions', in Klingemann and Fuchs (note 28); O. Listhaug, 'The Dynamics of Trust in Politicians', ibid.
51. Lipset and Schneider; Craig; Hibbing and Thiess-Mors; Nye, Zelikow and King (all note 2).
52. For West Germany these trends are reliably documented by H. Meulemann, Werte und Wertewandel. Zur Identität einer geteilten und wieder vereinten Nation (Weinheim/ München: Juventa 1996).
53. Sniderman (note 3), pp.15-22.
54. Listhaug and Wiberg (note 30) p.320.
55. Luhmann (note 8).
56. Statistisches Bundesamt (ed.) Datenreport 1994. Zahlen und Fakten über die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Bonn: Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung 1994) p.441.
57. U. Gleich and M. Burst, 'Parasoziale Beziehungen von Fernsehzuschauern mit Personen auf dem Bildschirm', Medienpsychologie 8 (1996) pp.182-200.
58. For empirical evidence see R. Topf, 'Electoral Participation', in Klingemann and Fuchs (note 28); idem, 'Beyond Electoral Participation', ibid.; for a British example see G. Parry, G. Moyser and N. Day, Political Participation and Democracy in Britain (Cambridge: CUP 1992) pp.39-62.
59. For empirical evidence see R. Topf, 'Electoral Participation', in Klingemann and Fuchs (note 28); idem, 'Beyond Electoral Participation', ibid.; for a British example see G. Parry, G. Moyser and N. Day, Political Participation and Democracy in Britain (Cambridge: CUP 1992) pp.39-62.
60. For empirical evidence see R. Topf, 'Electoral Participation', in Klingemann and Fuchs (note 28); idem, 'Beyond Electoral Participation', ibid.; for a British example see G. Parry, G. Moyser and N. Day, Political Participation and Democracy in Britain (Cambridge: CUP 1992) pp.39-62.
61. R. Inglehart, 'The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies', American Political Science Review 65 (1971) pp.991-1017; idem. The Silent Revolution (Princeton UP 1977); idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (ibid. 1997); idem (note 19); E. Roller, and B. Wessels, 'Contexts of Political Protest in Western Democracies: Political Organization and Modernity', in F.D. Weil (ed.) Extremism, Protest, Social Movements and Democracy. Vol.III of Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich: JAI-Press 1996) pp.113-25; R.J. Dalton, Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1996).
62. R. Inglehart, 'The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies', American Political Science Review 65 (1971) pp.991-1017; idem. The Silent Revolution (Princeton UP 1977); idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (ibid. 1997); idem (note 19); E. Roller, and B. Wessels, 'Contexts of Political Protest in Western Democracies: Political Organization and Modernity', in F.D. Weil (ed.) Extremism, Protest, Social Movements and Democracy. Vol.III of Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich: JAI-Press 1996) pp.113-25; R.J. Dalton, Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1996).
63. R. Inglehart, 'The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies', American Political Science Review 65 (1971) pp.991-1017; idem. The Silent Revolution (Princeton UP 1977); idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (ibid. 1997); idem (note 19); E. Roller, and B. Wessels, 'Contexts of Political Protest in Western Democracies: Political Organization and Modernity', in F.D. Weil (ed.) Extremism, Protest, Social Movements and Democracy. Vol.III of Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich: JAI-Press 1996) pp.113-25; R.J. Dalton, Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1996).
64. R. Inglehart, 'The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies', American Political Science Review 65 (1971) pp.991-1017; idem. The Silent Revolution (Princeton UP 1977); idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (ibid. 1997); idem (note 19); E. Roller, and B. Wessels, 'Contexts of Political Protest in Western Democracies: Political Organization and Modernity', in F.D. Weil (ed.) Extremism, Protest, Social Movements and Democracy. Vol.III of Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich: JAI-Press 1996) pp.113-25; R.J. Dalton, Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1996).
65. R. Inglehart, 'The Silent Revolution in Europe: Intergenerational Change in Post-Industrial Societies', American Political Science Review 65 (1971) pp.991-1017; idem. The Silent Revolution (Princeton UP 1977); idem, Modernization and Postmodernization. Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (ibid. 1997); idem (note 19); E. Roller, and B. Wessels, 'Contexts of Political Protest in Western Democracies: Political Organization and Modernity', in F.D. Weil (ed.) Extremism, Protest, Social Movements and Democracy. Vol.III of Research on Democracy and Society (Greenwich: JAI-Press 1996) pp.113-25; R.J. Dalton, Citizen Politics. Public Opinion and Political Parties in Advanced Western Democracies. Second Edition (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House 1996).
66. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, Vol.1 of the International Social Movement Research (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1988); R.J. Dalton and M. Küchler (eds.) Challenging the Political Order (Oxford: OUP/Polity Press 1990); H. Kriesi, Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Avebury 1993); D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/NY: Campus 1994); R. Koopmans, 'New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe', West European Politics 19/1 (Jan. 1996) pp.28-50.
67. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, Vol.1 of the International Social Movement Research (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1988); R.J. Dalton and M. Küchler (eds.) Challenging the Political Order (Oxford: OUP/Polity Press 1990); H. Kriesi, Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Avebury 1993); D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/NY: Campus 1994); R. Koopmans, 'New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe', West European Politics 19/1 (Jan. 1996) pp.28-50.
68. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, Vol.1 of the International Social Movement Research (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1988); R.J. Dalton and M. Küchler (eds.) Challenging the Political Order (Oxford: OUP/Polity Press 1990); H. Kriesi, Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Avebury 1993); D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/NY: Campus 1994); R. Koopmans, 'New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe', West European Politics 19/1 (Jan. 1996) pp.28-50.
69. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, Vol.1 of the International Social Movement Research (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1988); R.J. Dalton and M. Küchler (eds.) Challenging the Political Order (Oxford: OUP/Polity Press 1990); H. Kriesi, Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Avebury 1993); D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/NY: Campus 1994); R. Koopmans, 'New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe', West European Politics 19/1 (Jan. 1996) pp.28-50.
70. B. Klandermans, H. Kriesi and S. Tarrow (eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, Vol.1 of the International Social Movement Research (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press 1988); R.J. Dalton and M. Küchler (eds.) Challenging the Political Order (Oxford: OUP/Polity Press 1990); H. Kriesi, Political Mobilization and Social Change. The Dutch Case in Comparative Perspective (Aldershot: Avebury 1993); D. Rucht, Modernisierung und neue soziale Bewegungen (Frankfurt/NY: Campus 1994); R. Koopmans, 'New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe', West European Politics 19/1 (Jan. 1996) pp.28-50.
71. M. Kaase, 'Partizipatorische Revolution - Ende der Parteien?', in J. Raschke (ed.) Bürger und Parteien. Ansichten und Analysen einer schwierigen Beziehung (Opladen: Westdeutscher 1982) pp.173-89.
72. See M. Kaase, 'Mass Participation', in M.K. Jennings, J.W. van Deth et al. Continuities in Political Action. A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies (Berlin/NY: Walter de Gruyter 1990).
73. Craig (note 2) p.52.