Management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome

American Family Physician

Volumn 60, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 1468-1476

  Matz, Robert ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOSE; MAGNESIUM; PHOSPHATE; POTASSIUM; THIAMINE; VITAMIN B COMPLEX;

ARTICLE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONSCIOUSNESS DISORDER; CRYSTALLOID; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FLUID INTAKE; FLUID THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPEROSMOLARITY; KETOACIDOSIS; REHYDRATION; VITAMIN DEFICIENCY;

FLUID THERAPY; HUMANS; HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC COMA; KIDNEY; WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE;

EID: 0032706416     PISSN: 0002838X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Fishbein H, Palumbo PJ. Acute metabolic complications in diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group, eds. Diabetes in America. 2d ed. Washington, D.C.: National Institutes of Health, 1995:283-91.
2. Carroll P, Matz R. Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in adults: experience in treating diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar nonketotic coma with low-dose insulin and a uniform treatment regimen. Diabetes Care 1983;6:579-85.
3. Ennis ED, Stahl EJ, Kreisberg RA. The hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome. Diabetes Rev 1994; 2:115-26.
4. Matz R. Hyperosmolar nonacidotic diabetes (HNAD). In: Porte D, Sherwin RS, Ellenberg M, Rifkin H, eds. Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes mellitus. 5th ed. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1997:845-60.
5. Matz R, Drapkin A. Hyperosmolar coma in diabetes [Letter]. Lancet 1966;1:1101.
6. Brodsky WA, Rapaport S, West CD. The mechanism of glycosuric diuresis in diabetic man. J Clin Invest 1950;29:1021-32.
7. Umpierrez GE, Kelly JP, Navarette JE, Casals MM, Kitabchi AE. Hyperglycemic crises in urban blacks. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:669-75.
8. Siperstein M. Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1992;21:415-32.
9. Haapenen E. Hyperosmolar coma in diabetes [Letter]. Lancet 1966;1:1154.
10. Matz R. How big is the risk of cerebral edema in adults with DKA? J Crit Illn 1996;11:768-72.
11. Arieff Al, Carroll HJ. Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma with hyperglycemia: abnormalities of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolism 1971;20:529-38.
12. Waldhausl W, Kleinberger G, Korn A, Dudczak R, Bratusch-Marrain P, Nowotny P. Severe hyperglycemia: effects of rehydration on endocrine derangements and blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 1979;28:577-84.
13. Ennis ED, Stahl EJ, Kreisberg RA. Diabetic ketoacidosis. In: Porte D, Sherwin RS, Ellenberg M, Rifkin H, eds. Ellenberg and Rifkin's Diabetes mellitus: theory and practice. 5th ed. Stamford, Conn.: Appleton & Lange, 1997:827-44.
14. Androgue HJ, Wilson H, Boyd AE 3d, Suki WN, Eknoyan G. Plasma acid-base patterns in diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1603-10.
15. Androgue HJ, Eknoyan G, Suki WK. Diabetic ketoacidosis: role of the kidney in acid-base homeostasis re-evaluated. Kidney Int 1984;25:591-8.
16. Androgue HJ, Barrero J, Eknoyan G. Salutary effects of modest fluid replacement in the treatment of adults with diabetic ketoacidosis. Use in patients without extreme volume deficit. JAMA 1989;262:2108-13.
17. Hiller TA, Abbot D, Barrett EJ. Hyponatremia: evaluating the correction factor for hyperglycemia. Am J Med 1999;106:399-403.
18. Matz R. Parallels between treated uncontrolled diabetes and the refeeding syndrome with emphasis on fluid and electrolyte abnormalities. Diabetes Care 1994;17:1209-13.
19. Halperin ML, Goldstein MB. Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base emergencies. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1988:212-4.
20. Fisher JN, Kitabchi AE. A randomized study of phosphate therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57:177-80.
21. Zipf WB, Bacon GE, Spencer ML, Kelch RP, Hopwood NJ, Hawker CD. Hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and transient hypoparathyroidism during therapy with potassium phosphate in diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care 1979;2:265-8.
22. Keller U, Berger W. Prevention of hypophosphatemia by phosphate infusion during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar coma. Diabetes 1980;29:87-95.
23. Bohannon NJ. Large phosphate shifts with treatment for hyperglycemia. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:1423-5.
24. Solomon SM, Kirby DF. The refeeding syndrome: a review. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1990;14:90-7.
25. Matz R. Magnesium: deficiencies and therapeutic uses. Hosp Pract [Off Ed] 1993;28(4A):79-82,85-7,91-2.
26. Saudek CD, Boulter PR, Knopp RH, Arky RA. Sodium retention accompanying insulin treatment of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1974;23:240-6.
27. Blumenthal SA. Observation on sodium retention related to insulin treatment of experimental diabetes. Diabetes 1975;24:645-9.