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2 on 125 μm Nafion Dupont membranes. The conditions for the reaction using the commercial catalyst are quite different and not comparable to experiments performed here. Commercial carbon electrodes are three-phase electrodes: gas, liquid, and solid. They typically contain a hydrophobic membrane or binder attached to the carbon electrode. Due to the limited solubility of oxygen in the medium the output current will not be high as compared to the reduction on the carbon nanotube or carbon paste electrodes as reported here, where direct molecular oxygen approach is possible. This will result in differences in the charge transfer rates and exchange current density values. The value for the commercial catalyst is merely to show the acceptable limits for operation of a commercial cell.
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The 3D local density of states is computed within an energy window of 0.8 V where we collect information from the states close to the Fermi level that are relevant for the reduction process studied here.
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The curvature- (to a lesser extent) and defect-induced metallization and the edge-free structure could explain the improved charge transfer and catalysis of nanotubes, compared to other carbons.
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