Computers seeing people

AI Magazine

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 69-82

  Essa, Irfan A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER SIMULATION; COMPUTER VISION; HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION; INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS; MARKOV PROCESSES; PATTERN RECOGNITION; USER INTERFACES;

ACTIVITY RECOGNITION; FACE RECOGNITION; GESTURE RECOGNITION;

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE;

EID: 0032673113     PISSN: 07384602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Azarbayejani, A.; Horowitz, B.; and Pentland, A. 1993. Recursive Estimation of Structure and Motion Using the Relative Orientation Constraint. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 15-17/June, New York.
2. Azarbayejani, A.; Starner, T.; Horowitz, B.; and Pentland, A. P. 1993. Visually Controlled Graphics. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis 15(6): 602-605.
3. Baumberg, A., and Hogg, D. 1994. An Efficient Method for Contour Tracking Using Active Shape Models, TR-94.11, School of Computer Studies, University of Leeds.
4. Black, M. J., and Jepson, A. D. 1996. EigenTracking: Robust Matching and Tracking of Articulated Objects Using a View-Based Representation. International Journal of Computer Vision 26(1): 3-84.
5. Black, M. J., and Yacoob, Y. 1995. Tracking and Recognizing Rigid and Non-Rigid Facial Motions Using Local Parametric Model of Image Motion. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, 374-381. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
6. Bobick, A. F. 1996. Computers Seeing Action. Technical Report, 394, Media Laboratory, Perceptual Computing Section, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
7. Bobick, A. F., and Wilson, A. D. 1995. A State-Based Technique for the Summarization and Recognition of Gesture. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
8. Bobick, A.; Intille, S.; Davis, J.; Baird, F.; Pinhanez, C.; Campbell, L.; Ivanov, Y.; Schutte, A.; and Wilson, A. 1997. The KIDSROOM: A Perceptually Based Interactive and Immersive Story Environment. Technical Report, 398, Media Laboratory, Perceptual Computing Section, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
9. Brand, M., and Essa, I. 1995. Causal Analysis for Visual Gesture Understanding. Paper presented at the AAAI Fall Symposium on Computational Models for Integrating Language and Vision, 10-12 November, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
10. Bregler, C. 1997. Learning and Recognizing Human Dynamics in Video Sequences. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 568-574. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
11. Bregler, C., and Malik, J. 1998. Tracking People with Twists and Exponential Maps. In Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 8-15. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
12. Bruce, V. 1988. Recognizing Faces. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
13. Brunelli, R., and Poggio, T. 1993. Face Recognition: Features versus Templates. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 15(10): 1042-1052.
14. Buxton, H., and Gong, S. 1995. Advanced Visual Surveillance Using Bayesian Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Context-Based Vision. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
15. Cassell, J., and McNeill, D. 1990. Gesture and Ground. In Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, eds. K. Hall, J.-P. Keonig, M. Meachman, S. Reinman, and L. Sutton, 57-68. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
16. Cedras, C., and Shah, M. 1995. Motion-Based Recognition: A Survey. Image and Vision Computing 13(2): 129-155.
17. Chellappa, R.; Wilson, C. L.; and Sirohey, S. 1995. Human and Machine Recognition of Faces: A Survey. Proceedings of IEEE 83(5): 705-740.
18. Colmenarez, A. J., and Huang, T. S. 1997. Face Detection with Information-Based Maximum Discrimination. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference 1997, 782-787. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
19. Darrell, T.; Essa, I.; and Pentland, A. 1996. Task-Specific Gesture Analysis in Real Time Using Interpolated Views. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18(12): 1236-1242.
20. Darrell, T.; Gordon, G.; Harville, M.; and Woodfill, J. 1998. Multi-Modal Person Detection and Identification for Interactive Systems. In Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern-Recognition Conference. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
21. Efron, D. 1941. Gesture and Environment. New York: King's Crown.
22. Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. 1969. The Repertoire of Nonverbal Behavioral Categories - Origins, Usage, and Coding. Semiotica 1:49-98.
23. Ekman, P., and Friesen, W. V. 1978. Facial Action Coding System. Palo Alto, Calif.: Consulting Psychologists Press.
24. Ekman, P.; T. Huang, T.; Sejnowski, T.; and Hager, J., eds. 1993. Final Report to NSF of the Planning Workshop on Facial Expression Understanding. Technical report, National Science Foundation, Human Interaction Lab, University of California at San Francisco.
25. Ellis, H. D.; Jeeves, M. A.; Newcombe, F.; and Young, A., eds. 1986. Aspects of Face Processing. Zoetermeer, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.
26. Essa, I., and Pentland, A. 1995. Facial Expression Recognition Using a Dynamic Model and Motion Energy. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, 360-367. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
27. Essa, I., and Pentland, A. 1994. A Vision System for Observing and Extracting Facial Action Parameters. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 76-83. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
28. Essa, I.; Darrell, T.; and Pentland, A. 1994. Tracking Facial Motion. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Motion of Nonrigid and Articulated Objects, 36-42. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
29. Essa, I.; Basu, S.; Darrell, T.; and Pentland, A. 1996. Modeling, Tracking, and Interactive Animation of Faces and Heads Using Input from Video. In Proceedings of Computer Animation Conference 1996, 68-79. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
30. Etemad, K., and Chellappa, R. 1994. Face Recognition Using Discriminant Eigenvectors. Paper presented at the International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 19-22 April, Adelaide, Australia.
31. Face Recognition. 1999. Face Recognition Web Page. Available at www.cs.rug.nl/~peterkr/FACE/face.html.
32. Gavrila, D. M., and Davis, L. S. 1996. 3-D Model-Based Tracking of Humans in Action: A Multi-View Approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 73-80. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
33. Hodgins, J. 1998. Animating Human Motion. Scientific American 276(3).
34. Kakadiaris, I.; Metaxas, D.; and Bajcsy, R. 1994. Active Part-Decomposition, Shape, and Motion Estimation of Articulated Objects: A Physics-Based Approach. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 980-984. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
35. Kanade, T. 1977. Computer Recognition of Human Faces. Cambridge, Mass.: Birkhauser Verlag.
36. Kendon, A. 1974. Movement Coordination in Social Interaction: Some Examples Described. In Nonverbal Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
37. Kirby, M., and Sirovich, L. 1990. Application of the Karhunen-Loeve Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 12(1): 103-108.
38. Krauss, R.; Morrel-Samules, P.; and Colasante, C. 1991. Do Conversational Hand Gestures Communicate? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61(5): 743-754.
39. Kruger, N.; Potzsch, M.; and von der Malsburg, C. 1997. Determination of Face Position and Pose with a Learned Representation Based on Labeled Graphs. Image and Vision Computing 15(8): 665-673.
40. Kruizinga, P. 1999. Face-Recognition Web Page. Available at www.cs.rug.nl/peterkr/ FACE/face.html/.
41. Landes, B.; Vorbruggen, C.C.; Buhmann, J.; Lange, J.; von der Malsburg, C.; Wurtz, R. P.; and Konen, W. 1993. Distortion Invariant Object Recognition in the Dynamic Link Architecture. IEEE Transactions on Computers 42(3): 300-311.
42. Lakoff, G., and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
43. Leung, T.; Burl, M.; and Perona, P. 1995. Finding Faces in Cluttered Scenes Using Labelled Random Graph Matching. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision, 637-644. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
44. McNeill, D. 1992. Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
45. Manjunath, B. S.; Chellappa, R.; and von der Malsburg, C. 1992. A Feature-Based Approach to Face Recognition. In Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 373-378. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
46. Mase, P. 1993a ALIVE: An Artificial Life Interactive Video Environment. In ACM SIG-GRAPH Visual Proceedings, 189. New York: Association of Computing Machinery.
47. Mase, K. 1993b. Recognition of Facial Expressions for Optical Flow. IEICE Transactions (Special Issue on Computer Vision and Its Applications) E74(10).
48. Moghaddam, B., and Pentland, A. 1995. Probabilistic Visual Learning for Object Detection. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
49. Moore, D.; Essa, I.; and Hayes, M. 1999. Context Management for Human Activity Recognition. Paper presented at the Audio-Vision-Based Person Authentication Conference, 22-23 March, Washington, D.C.
50. MPEG. 1999. Moving Picture Experts Group Web Page. Available at www.mpeg. org/.
51. Nalwa, V. 1993. A Guided Tour of Computer Vision. Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley.
52. Oliver, N.; Pentland, A. P.; and Berard, F. 1997. LAFTER: Lips and Face Real-Time Tracker. In Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 123-129. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
53. Pelachaud, C.; Badler, N.; and Viaud, M. 1994. Final Report to NSF of the Standards for Facial Animation Workshop. Technical Report, National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
54. Pentland, A. 1996. Smart Rooms. Scientific American 274(4): 68-76.
55. Pentland, A.; Moghaddam, B.; and Starner, T. 1994. View-Based and Modular Eigenspaces for Face Recognition. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 84-91. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
56. Phillips, P. J.; Moon, H. J.; Rauss, P.; and Rizvi, S. A. 1997. The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms. In Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 137-143. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
57. Phillips, P. J.; Wechsler, H.; Huang, J.; and Rauss, P. J. 1998. The FERET Database and Evaluation Procedure for Face-Recognition Algorithms. Image and Vision Computing 16(5): 295-306.
58. Picard, R. 1998. Affective Computing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
59. Polana, R., and Nelson, R. 1993. Detecting Activities. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2-7. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
60. Rehg, J. M., and Kanade, T. 1994. Visual Tracking of High DOF Articulated Structures: An Application to Human Hand Tracking. Paper presented at the Third European Conference on Computer Vision, 2-6 May, Stockholm, Sweden.
61. Rowley, H. A.; Baluja, S.; and Kanade, T. 1998a. Neural Network-Based Face Detection. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 20(1): 23-38.
62. Rowley, H. A.; Baluja, S.; and Kanade, T. 1998b. Rotation Invariant Neural Network-Based Face Detection. In Proceedings of Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
63. Samal, A., and Iyengar, P. A. 1992. Automatic Recognition and Analysis of Human Faces and Facial Expressions: A Survey. Pattern Recognition 25(1): 65-77.
64. Seitz, S., and Dyer, C. 1997. View-Invariant Analysis of Cyclic Motion. International Journal of Computer Vision 25(3).
65. Sirovich, L., and Kirby, M. 1987. Low-Dimensional Procedure for the Characterization of Human Faces. Journal of the Optical Society of America 4(3): 519-524.
66. Starner, T. 1995. The MIT Wearable Computing Web Page. Available at wearables. www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/.
67. Starner, T.; Weaver, J.; and Pentland, A. 1998. Real-Time American Sign Language Recognition Using Desk and Wearable Computer-Based Videos. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Vision 20(12): 1371-1375.
68. Stillman, S.; Tanawongsuwan, R.; and Essa, I. 1999. A System for Tracking and Recognizing Multiple People with Multiple Cameras. Paper presented at the Audio- and Vision-Based Person Authentication Conference, 22-23 March, Washington, D.C.
69. Swets, D. L., and Weng, J. J. 1996. Using Discriminant Eigenfeatures for Image Retrieval. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 18(8): 831-836.
70. Turk, M., and Pentland, A. 1991. Eigenfaces for Recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3(1): 71-86.
71. Visionics. 1997. FACEIT Developer Kit Version 2.0. Visionics Corporation. Available at www.visionics.com.
72. Wiskott, L.; Fellous, J. M.; Kruger, N.; and von der Malsburg, C. 1997. Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph Matching. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19(7): 775-779.
73. Wren, C; Azarbayejani, A.; Darrell, T.; and Pentland, A. 1997. PFINDER: Real-Time Tracking of the Human Body. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 19(7): 780-785.
74. Yacoob, Y., and Davis, L. 1994. Computing Spatio-Temporal Representations of Human Faces. In Proceedings of the Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Conference, 70-75. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
75. Yamato, J.; Ohya, J.; and Ishii, K. 1994. Recognizing Human Action in Time-Sequential Images Using a Hidden Markov Model. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 379-385. Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
76. Wearable Computing. 1999. Wearable Computing Web Page. Available at wearables, www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables.