Untrained eye: How languages for software specification support understanding in untrained users

Human-Computer Interaction

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 191-244

  Britton, Carol ^a   Jones, Sara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES; INTERACTIVE COMPUTER SYSTEMS; KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION; SOFTWARE ENGINEERING;

UNTRAINED EYES;

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION;

EID: 0032662450     PISSN: 07370024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327051hci1401&2_6     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Admiral Training Ltd. (1995). Multimedia design - A newcomer's guide. Sheffield, England: Department of Employment.
2. Bauer, M., & Johnson-Laird, P. (1993). How diagrams can improve reasoning. Psychological Science, 4, 372-378.
3. Blackburn, S. (1984). Spreading the word: Groundings in the philosophy of language. Oxford, England: Clarendon.
4. Britton, C., & Doake, J. (1996). Software system development: A gentle introduction. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill.
5. Britton, C., Jones, S., & Lam, W. (1998). Separating the system interface from its internal state: An alternative structure for Z specifications. Proceedings of Formal Aspects of the Human Computer Interaction, BCS-FACS Workshop, 87-102. Sheffield, UK: Sheffield Hallam University.
6. Britton, C., Jones, S., Myers, M., & Sharif, M. (1997). A survey of current practice in multimedia system development. Information and Software Technology, 39, 695-705.
7. Brooks, F. (1987, April). No silver bullet: Essence and accidents of software engineering. Computer, pp. 10-19.
8. Brun, P., & Beaudouin-Lafon, M. (1995). A taxonomy and evaluation of formalisms for the specification of interactive systems. People and Computers X, Proceedings of HCI'95, 197-212. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
9. Burger, J. (1993). The desktop multimedia bible. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
10. Christel, N., & Kang, K. (1992). Issues in requirements elicitation (Technical Report CMU/SEI-92-TR-12). Hanscom AFO, MA: Software Engineering Institute.
11. Cox, R., & Brna, P. (1993). Analytical reasoning with external representations. Proceedings of the AI-ED 93 Workshop on Graphical Representations, Reasoning and Communication, 33-36. Edinburgh, Scotland: University of Edinburgh.
12. Davis, A. (1988). A comparison of techniques for the specification of external system behavior. Communications of the ACM, 31, 1098-1115.
13. Davis, A. (1993). Software requirements: Objects, functions and states. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
14. Davis, A., Overmyer, S., Jordan, K., Caruso, J., Dandashi, F., Dinh, A., Kincaid, G., Ledeboer, G., Reynolds, P., Sitaram, P., Ta, A., & Theofanos, M. (1993). Identifying and measuring quality in a software requirements specification. Proceedings of the First International Software Metrics Symposium, 141-152. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
15. Department for Trade and Industry & National Computing Centre. (1987). The STARTS guide (2nd ed., Vol. 1). Manchester, UK: NCC Publications.
16. Eysenck, M., & Keane, M. (1990). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
17. Farbey, B. (1993). Software quality metrics: Considerations about requirements and requirement specifications. In R. Thayer & A. McGetterick (Eds.), Software engineering: A European perspective (pp. 138-142). Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
18. Fenton, N., & Hill, G. (1993). Systems construction and analysis: A mathematical and logical framework. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw-Hill.
19. Fertuck, L. (1992). Systems analysis and design. Dubuque, IA: Brown.
20. Garzotto, F., Mainetti, L., & Paolini, P. (1995). Hypermedia design, analysis and evaluation issues. Communications of the ACM, 38, 74-86.
21. Green, T. (1980). Programming as a cognitive activity. In H. Smith & T. Green (Eds.), Human interaction with computers (pp. 271-320). London: Academic.
22. Green, T. (1983). Learning big and little programming languages. In A. Wilkinson (Ed.), Classroom computers and cognitive science (pp. 71-93). New York: Academic.
23. Green, T. (1989). Cognitive dimensions of notations. People and Computers V, Proceedings of HCI'89, 443-459. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
24. Green, T. (1991). Describing information artefacts with cognitive dimensions and structure maps. People and Computers VI, Proceedings of HCI'91, 297-317. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
25. Green, T., & Blackwell, A. (1996). Thinking about visual programs. In Thinking with diagrams (IEE Colloquium Digest No: 96/010; pp. 5/1-5/4). London: Institution of Electrical Engineers.
26. Green, T., Petre, M., & Bellamy, R. (1991). Comprehensibility of visual and textual programs: A test of superlativism against the "match mismatch" conjecture. In J. Koenemann-Belliveau, T. Moher, & S. Robertson (Eds.), Empirical studies of programmers (pp. 121-146). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
27. Haywood, E., & Dart, P. (1996) Analysis of software system requirements models. Proceedings of Australian Software Engineering Conference, 131-138. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
28. Jackson, M. (1995). Software requirements and specifications: A lexicon of practice, principles and prejudices. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
29. Johnson, C., McCarthy J., & Wright, P. (1995). Using a formal language to support natural language in accident reports. Ergonomics, 38, 1264-1282.
30. Jones, C. (1986). Systematic software development using VDM. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
31. Kaposi, A., & Myers, M. (1994). Systems, models and measures. London: Springer Verlag.
32. Kendall, K. E., & Kendall, J. E. (1998). Systems analysis and design (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
33. Kitchenham, B. (1994). DESMET guidelines for evaluation method selection (DESMET Workpackage 2, DES/WP2.2/7). Manchester, UK: NCC Services Ltd.
34. Kotonya, G., & Sommerville, I. (1998). Requirements engineering processes and techniques. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
35. Larkin, J., & Simon, H. (1987). Why a diagram is (sometimes) worth ten thousand words. Cognitive Science, 11, 65-99.
36. Macaulay, L. (1996). Requirements for requirements engineering techniques. Proceedings of ICRE96, The Second International Conference on Requirements Engineering, 157-164. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press.
37. Mackinlay, J. (1986). Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 5, 110-141.
38. Maguire, M. (1997). RESPECT user requirements framework handbook (Version 2.2) [Computer software manual]. Loughborough, UK: HUSAT Research Institute.
39. McCluskey, T., Porteous, J., Naik, Y., Taylor, C., & Jones, S. (1995). A requirements capture method and its use in an air traffic control application. Software Practice and Experience, 25, 47-73.
40. Modugno, F., Green, T., & Myers, B. (1994). Visual programming in a visual domain: A case study of cognitive dimensions. People and Computers IX, Proceedings of HCI'94, 91-109. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
41. Myers, M., Britton, C., Jones, S., & Sharif, M. (1997). An investigation into measurement of notations used in software modelling. Proceedings of the 8th European Software Control and Metrics Conference, 124-128. Reading, UK: ESCOM.
42. O'Neill, E., Johnson, P., & Johnson, H. (1997). Representations in co-operative software development: An initial framework. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Representations in Software Development, 33-42. London: University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College.
43. Patching, D. (1990). Practical soft systems analysis. London: Pitman.
44. Petre, M. (1995). Why looking isn't always seeing: Readership skills and graphical programming. Communications of the ACM, 38, 33-44.
45. Roast, C. (1997). Formally comparing and informing notation design. People and Computers XII, Proceedings of HCI'97, 315-336. London: Springer-Verlag.
46. Rumbaugh, J., Blaha, M., Premerlani, W., Eddy, F., & Lorensen, W. (1991) Object-oriented modeling and design. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
47. Sampson, G. (1985). Writing systems. London: Hutchinson.
48. Scaife, M., & Rogers, Y. (1996). External cognition: How do graphical representations work? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 45, 185-213.
49. Sengler, H. (1983). A model of the understanding of a program and its impact on the design of the programming language GRADE. In T. Green, S. Payne., & G. van der Veer (Eds.), The psychology of computer use (pp. 91-107). London: Academic.
50. Shum, S. (1991). Cognitive dimensions of design rationale. People and Computers VI, Proceedings of HCI'91, 331-344. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
51. Simon, H. (1995). Forward. In J. Glasgow, N. Nari Narayanan, & B. Chandrasekaran (Eds.), Diagrammatic reasoning: Cognitive and computational perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
52. Sommerville, I. (1995). Software engineering (5th ed). Wokingham, UK: Addison-Wesley.
53. Sommerville, I., & Sawyer, P. (1997). Requirements engineering: A good practice guide. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
54. Spivey, J. (1989). The Z notation: A reference manual. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
55. Stacey, M. (1995). Distorting design: Unevenness as a cognitive dimension of designing tools. In G. Allen, J. Wilkinson, & P. Wright (Eds.), Adjunct Proceedings of HCI'95, 1-6. Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield School of Computing and Mathematics.
56. Stenning, K., & Oberlander, J. (1995). A cognitive theory of graphical and linguistic reasoning: Logic and implementation. Cognitive Science, 19, 97-140.
57. Sutcliffe, A., Maiden, N., & Bright, B. (1997). An evaluation framework for representations in requirements engineering. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Representations in Software Development, 16-32. London: University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College.
58. Triesman, A. (1988). Features and objects (The fourteenth Bartlett Memorial Lecture). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Experimental Psychology, 40a, 201-239.
59. Tufte, E. (1983). The visual display of quantitative information. Cheshire, CT: Graphics Press.
60. Turski, W., & Maibaum, T. (1987). The specification of computer programs. Wokingham, UK: Addison-Wesley.
61. Williams, R. (1994). The non-designer's design book. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit.
62. Winn, W. (1993). An account of how readers search for information in diagrams. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 18, 162-185.
63. Yang, S., Burnett, M., DeKoven, E., & Zloof, M. (1997). Representation design benchmarks: A design-time aid for VPL navigable static representations. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 8, 563-599.
64. Yourdon, E. (1989). Modern structured analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.