On the history of far-infrared (FIR) gas lasers: Thirty-five years of research and application

Infrared Physics and Technology

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 127-139

  Dodel, G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HISTORY; INFRARED DEVICES; OPTICAL PUMPING;

FAR-INFRARED (FIR) GAS LASERS;

GAS LASERS;

EID: 0032657340     PISSN: 13504495     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4495(99)00005-5     Document Type: Article

References (137)

1. Crocker A., Gebbie H.A., Kimmitt M.F., Mathias L.E.S. Stimulated emission in the far infra-red. Nature. 201:1964;250-251.
2. Faust W.L., McFarlane R.A., Patel C.K.N., Garrett C.G.B. Noble gas optical maser lines at wavelengths between 2 and 35 μ Phys. Rev. 133A:1964;1476-1486. The manuscript of this article was received 20 August 1963 and the authors had presented papers on this topic at the 3rd Int. Conf. on Quantum Electronics, Paris (1963).
3. Coleman P.D. Far-infrared molecular lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 9:1973;130-138.
4. Chang T.Y. Optically pumped submillimeter-wave sources. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT 22:1974;983-988.
5. Coleman P.D. Present and future problems concerning lasers in the far-infrared spectral region. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67:1977;894-901.
6. Yamanaka M. Optically pumped waveguide lasers. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 67:1977;952-958.
7. T.Y. Chang, Optical pumping in gases, in: Y.-R. Shen (Ed.), Nonlinear Infrared Generation, Springer, Berlin, 1977, pp. 215-272.
8. Hodges D.T. A review of advances in optically pumped far-infrared lasers. Infrared Phys. 18:1978;375-384.
9. T.A. DeTemple, Pulsed optically pumped far infrared lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 1, Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 129-184.
10. F.K. Kneubühl, Ch. Sturzenegger, Electrically excited submillimeter-wave lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 3, Academic Press, New York, 1980, pp. 219-274.
11. F.K. Kneubühl, E. Affolter, Distributed-feedback gas lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 5, Part I, Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 305-337.
12. J.O. Henningson, Molecular spectroscopy by far-infrared laser emission, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 5, Part I, Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 29-128.
13. F. Strumia, M. Inguscio, Stark spectroscopy and frequency tuning in optically pumped far-infrared molecular lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 5, Part I, Academic Press, New York, 1982, pp. 129-213.
14. T.A. DeTemple, E.J. Danielewicz, Continuous-wave optically pumped lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 7, Part II, Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 1-41.
15. K. Walzer, On the optimization of optically pumped far-infrared lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 7, Part II, Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 119-163.
16. J.P. Pichamuthu, Submillimeter lasers with electrical, chemical, and incoherent optical excitation, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 7, Part II, Academic Press, New York, 1983, pp. 165-244.
17. B.G. Danly, S.G. Evangelides, R.J. Temkin, B. Lax, Frequency tuning and efficiency enhancement of high power far-infrared lasers, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 12, Part II, Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 195-278.
18. K.J. Button, M. Inguscio, F. Strumia (Eds.), Optically pumped far-infrared lasers, Reviews of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 2, Plenum, New York, 1984.
19. Tobin M.S. A review of optically pumped NMMW lasers. Proc. IEEE. 73:1985;61-85.
20. Jacobsson S. Review. Optically pumped far infrared lasers. Infrared Phys. 29:1989;853-874.
21. N.G. Douglas, Millimetre and submillimetre wavelength lasers, in: H. Walther (Ed.), Springer Series in Optical Sciences, Vol. 61, Springer, Berlin, 1989.
22. Bakos J.S. Kinetics of the CW optically pumped far-infrared lasers. Infrared Phys. 32:1991;13-24.
23. Lang P.T. Generation of tunable high power far-infrared radiation by stimulated Raman scattering in gaseous methylhalides. Infrared Phys. 33:1992;237-262.
24. Gebbie H.A., Stone N.W.B., Findlay F.D. A stimulated emission source at 0.34 millimetre wave-length. Nature. 202:1964;685.
25. Witteman W.J., Bleekrode R. Pulsed and continuous molecular far infra-red gas laser. Phys. Lett. 13:1964;126-127.
26. Hocker L.O., Javan A., Ramachandra Rao D., Frenkel L., Sullivan T. Absolute frequency measurement and spectroscopy of gas laser transitions in the far infrared. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10:1967;147-149.
27. Lide D.R. Jr., Maki A.G. On the explanation of the so-called CN laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 11:1967;62-64.
28. Schwaller P., Steffen H., Moser J.F., Kneubühl F.K. Interferometry of resonator modes in submillimeter wave lasers. Appl. Opt. 6:1967;827-829.
29. Steffen H., Kneubühl F.K. Resonator interferometry of pulsed submillimeter-wave lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 4:1968;992-1008.
30. Benedict W.S., Pollack M.A., Tomlinson W.J. III The water-vapor laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 5:1969;108-124.
31. 3F. Opt. Commun. 1:1970;423-426.
32. Chang T.Y., Bridges T.J., Burkhardt E.G. CW laser action at 81.5 and 263.4 μm in optically pumped ammonia gas. Appl. Phys. Lett. 17:1970;357-358.
33. Belland P., Véron D. A compact CW HCN laser with high stability and power output. Opt. Commun. 9:1973;146-148.
34. Belland P., Véron D., Whitbourn L.B. Mode study, beam characteristics, and output power of a cw 337 μm HCN waveguide laser. J. Phys. D. 8:1975;2113-2122.
35. Marcatili E.A.J., Schmeltzer R.A. Hollow metallic and dielectric waveguides for long distance optical transmission and lasers. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 43:1964;1783-1809.
36. Belland P., Véron D., Whitbourn L.B. Scaling laws for cw 337-μm HCN waveguide lasers. Appl. Opt. 15:1976;3047-3053.
37. Bruneau J.L., Belland P., Véron D. A CW DCN waveguide laser of high volumetric efficiency. Opt. Commun. 24:1978;259-264.
38. Véron D., Belland P., Beccaria M.J. Continuous 250 mW gas discharge DCN laser at 195 μm. Infrared Phys. 18:1978;465-468.
39. 2O laser. Appl. Phys. B. 27:1982;123-128.
40. Belland P. High power operation of a CW 28 μm water vapor laser. Opt. Commun. 44:1983;388-392.
41. Kawahata K., Haba K., Fujita J., Okajima S. Multichannel HCN laser interferometer for electron density measurements of the JIPP T-IIU tokamak. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60:1989;3734-3738.
42. 2 lasers. Appl. Phys. Lett. 16:1970;504-505.
43. Sturzenegger Ch., Vetsch H., Kneubühl F. Transversely excited double discharge HCN laser. Infrared Phys. 19:1979;277-296.
44. Skatrud D.D., DeLucia F.C. Dynamics of the HCN discharge laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 46:1985;631-633.
45. 3 laser. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 13:1974;843-850.
46. J.R. Tucker, Theory of an FIR gas laser, International Conference on Submillimeter Waves and their Applications, Atlanta, Georgia, Conference Booklet, 1974, 17-18.
47. Henningsen J.O., Jensen H.G. The optically pumped far-infrared laser: rate equations and diagnostic experiments. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 11:1975;248-252.
48. 3F waveguide laser at 496 μm: theory and experiment. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 12:1976;40-47.
49. Temkin R.J., Cohn D.R. Rate equations for an optically-pumped far infrared laser. Opt. Commun. 16:1976;213-217.
50. 3F lasers. Opt. Commun. 16:1976;209-212.
51. Koepf G.A., Smith K. The CW-496 μm methylfluoride laser: review and theoretical predictions. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 14:1978;333-338.
52. Evans D.E., Sharp L.E., James B.W., Peebles W.A. Far-infrared superradiant laser action in methyl fluoride. Appl. Phys. Lett. 26:1975;630-632.
53. 3 lasers. Opt. Commun. 22:1977;17-21.
54. 2 laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 23:1973;252-253.
55. Röser H.P., Yamanaka M., Wattenbach R., Schultz G.V. Investigations of optically pumped submillimeter wave laser modes. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 3:1982;839-868.
56. Danielewicz E.J., Plant T.K., DeTemple T.A. Hybrid output mirror for optically pumped far infrared lasers. Opt. Commun. 13:1975;366-369.
57. 2 laser with uniform coupler. Opt. Commun. 38:1981;294-298.
58. Crenn J.P., Véron D., Belland P. Theory of the transmission of metal strip gratings on a dielectric substrate: application to submillimeter laser coupling. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 7:1986;1747-1767.
59. Véron D., Whitbourn L.B. Strip gratings on dielectric substrates as output couplers for submillimeter lasers. Appl. Opt. 25:1986;619-628.
60. Bowden M.D., James B.W., Falconer I.S., Dawes D.H., Krug P.A., Macfarlane J.C., Wright W., Whitbourn L.B. Annular slot array output couplers for submillimetre lasers. Opt. Commun. 89:1992;419-422.
61. Densing R., Erstling A., Gogolewski M., Gemünd H.-P., Lundershausen G., Gatesman A. Effective far infrared laser operation with mesh couplers. Infrared Phys. 33:1992;219-226.
62. 3F FIR laser. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 66:1976;362-369.
63. Hodges D.T., Foote F.B., Reel R.D. High power operation and scaling behavior of CW optically pumped FIR waveguide lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 13:1977;491-494.
64. 3OH. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 6:1985;867-876.
65. Farhoomand J., Pickett H.M. Stable 1.25 watts CW far infrared laser radiation at the 119 μm methanol line. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 8:1987;441-447.
66. Everitt H.O., Skatrud D.D., DeLucia F.C. Dynamics and tunability of a small optically pumped CW far-infrared laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 49:1986;995-997.
67. 3 submillimeter wave laser. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 19:1998;621-639.
68. Chin G. Optically pumped submillimeter gas lasers and the prospects for constructing space-qualifiable LO systems. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 8:1987;1219-1234.
69. Röser H.-P. Heterodyne spectroscopy for submillimeter and far-infrared wavelengths from 100 μm to 500 μm. Infrared Phys. 32:1991;385-407.
70. D. Véron, Submillimeter interferometry of high-density plasmas, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York, 1979, pp. 67-135.
71. Luhmann N.C., Peebles W.A. Instrumentation for magnetically confined fusion plasma diagnostics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 55:1984;279-331.
72. Allmendinger A., Platz R., Dodel G. Megahertz far-infrared frequency shifting via multiple diffraction by a rotating grating. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 64:1993;1705-1713.
73. Wolfe S.M., Button K.J., Waldman J., Cohn D.R. Modulated submillimeter laser interferometer system for plasma density measurements. Appl. Opt. 15:1976;2645-2648.
74. 3OH laser for plasma diagnostics. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 1:1980;57-76.
75. Lehecka T., Savage R., Dworak R., Peebles W.A., Luhmann N.C. Jr., Semet A. High power, twin-frequency FIR lasers for plasma diagnostic applications. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 57:1986;1986-1988.
76. Mansfield D.K., Park H.K., Johnson L.C., Anderson H.M., Chouinard R., Foote V.S., Ma C.H., Clifton B.J. Multichannel far-infrared laser interferometer for electron density measurements on the tokamak fusion test reactor. Appl. Opt. 26:1987;4469-4474.
77. 3OH waveguide laser for large tokamak diagnostics. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 60:1989;1080-1085.
78. Kawahata K., Ejiri A., Tanaka K., Ito Y., Okajima S. Design and construction of a far infrared laser interferometer for the LHD. Fusion Engineering and Design. 34/35:1997;393-397.
79. 2 laser and the submillimeter laser. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 8:1987;307-316.
80. Heppner J., Weiss C.O. Far-infrared ring laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 33:1978;590-592.
81. Michael E., Stutzki J. A compact FIR ring laser with open resonator and variable output coupling. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 17:1996;1301-1319.
82. Plant T.K., Newman L.A., Danielewitz E.J., DeTemple T.A., Coleman P.D. High power optically pumped far infrared lasers. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT 22:1974;988-990.
83. Evans D.E., Katzenstein J. Laser light scattering in laboratory plasmas. Rep. Prog. Phys. 32:1969;207-271.
84. 2-laser scattering from thermal fluctuations in a plasma with two ion components. Phys. Rev. A. 27:1983;1737-1740.
85. 3F laser. Nucl. Fusion. 14:1974;745-747.
86. 2O laser collective Thomson scattering ion temperature diagnostic, in: S. Methfessel, G. Thomas (Eds.), Proc. 11th Eur. Conf. on Contr. Fusion and Plasma Physics, Part II, Aachen, 1983, EPS Geneva 7 D, 1983, 81-84.
87. 2O laser radiation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62:1989;2833-2836.
88. 2O. Appl. Phys. Lett. 26:1975;19-22.
89. 2O submillimeter laser for plasma diagnostics. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 4:1983;231-316.
90. Fetterman H.R., Schlossberg H.R., Waldman J. Submillimeter lasers optically pumped off resonance. Opt. Commun. 6:1972;156-159.
91. 2O. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 19:1983;797-798.
92. 2O, in: K.J. Button, M. Inguscio, F. Strumia (Eds.), Reviews of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Lasers, Vol. 2, Plenum, New York, 1984, pp. 337-358.
93. 3 laser operating in the 83-223 μm region, in: K.J. Button, M. Inguscio, F. Strumia (Eds.), Reviews of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Optically Pumped Far-Infrared Lasers, Vol. 2, Plenum, New York, 1984, pp. 383-427.
94. Gross C.T., Kiess J., Mayer A., Keilmann F. Pulsed high power far-infrared gas lasers: performance and spectral survey. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 23:1987;377-384.
95. Panock R.L., Temkin R.J. Interaction of two laser fields with a three-level molecular system. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 13:1977;425-434.
96. Wiggins J.D., Drozdowicz Z., Temkin R.J. Two-photon transitions in optically pumped submillimeter lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 14:1978;23-30.
97. Drozdowicz Z., Lax B., Temkin R.J. Gain spectrum of a pulsed laser-pumped submillimeter laser. Appl. Phys. Lett. 33:1978;154-156.
98. Petuchowski S.J., Rosenberger A.T., DeTemple T.A. Stimulated Raman emission in infrared excited gases. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 13:1977;476-481.
99. 3F Raman FIR laser. Opt. Lett. 4:1979;381-383.
100. 3F Raman far-infrared laser. Opt. Lett. 6:1981;369-371.
101. Danly B.G., Evangelides S.G., Temkin R.J., Lax B. A tunable far infrared laser. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 20:1984;834-837.
102. 3F double Raman lasers. Infrared Phys. 34:1993;513-523.
103. Schatz W. Generation of tunable far-infrared radiation by optical pumping molecular gases. Infrared Phys. Technol. 36:1995;387-393.
104. 3F Raman laser pumped by a line-narrowed (<0.5 GHz) high pressure continuously tunable laser. Infrared Phys. Technol. 40:1999;41-47.
105. Frey R., Pradere F., Ducuing J. Tunable far-infrared Raman generation. Opt. Commun. 23:1977;65-68.
106. Lee S.H., Petuchowski S.J., Rosenberger A.T., DeTemple T.A. Synchronous, mode-locked pumping of gas lasers. Opt. Lett. 4:1979;6-8.
107. Lemley W., Nurmikko A.V., Clifton B.J. Generation of ultrashort pulses in synchronous pumping of near-millimeter wave lasers. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 1:1980;85-94.
108. 2 optical pulse generation: application to optically pumped far-infrared lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 20:1984;523-532.
109. 2O. Infrared Phys. 34:1993;339-344.
110. Skribanowitz N., Feld M.S., Francke R.E., Kelly M.J., Javan A. Possibility of a unidirectional laser amplifier produced by monochromatic optical pumping of a coupled Doppler-broadened transition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 19:1971;161-164.
111. Seligson D., Ducloy M., Leite J.R.R., Sanchez A., Feld M.S. Quantum mechanical features of optically pumped CW FIR lasers. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 13:1977;468-472.
112. Skribanowitz N., Herman I.P., Osgood R.M. Jr., Feld M.S., Javan A. Anisotropic ultrahigh gain emission observed in rotational transitions in optically pumped HF gas. Appl. Phys. Lett. 20:1972;428-431.
113. Heppner J., Weiss C.O. Anisotropic gain in an optically pumped CW FIR laser. Opt. Commun. 21:1977;324-326.
114. Heppner J., Weiss C.O., Hübner U., Schinn G. Gain in CW laser pumped FIR laser gases. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE 16:1980;392-401.
115. Pidgeon C.R., Firth W.J., Wood R.A., Vass A., Davis B.W. Two-photon light shift and Autler-Townes splitting in optically-pumped FIR lasers. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 2:1981;207-214.
116. Skribanowitz N., Herman I.P., MacGillivray J.C., Feld M.S. Observation of Dicke superradiance in optically pumped HF gas. Phys. Rev. Lett. 30:1973;309-312.
117. Rosenberger A.T., DeTemple T.A. Far-infrared superradiance in methyl fluoride. Phys. Rev. A. 24:1981;868-882.
118. 2 pump radiation: a connection with the angular dependence of Dicke superradiance? Opt. Commun. 28:1979;383-388.
119. Bakos J.S., Scherrer D.P., Kneubühl F.K. Observation of two-photon noise-initiated fluctuations in far-infrared Dicke's superradiance. Phys. Rev. A. 46:1992;410-413.
120. Scherrer D.P., Knittel J., Moix D.B., Baumgartner M.O., Kneubühl F.K. New phenomena in pulsed FIR gas lasers. Infrared Phys. Technol. 36:1995;395-400.
121. Baumgartner M.O., Scherrer D.P., Kneubühl F.K. Stimulated Raman scattering and spontaneous Raman solitons in ammonia. Infrared Phys. Technol. 39:1998;457-472.
122. Haken H. Analogy between higher instabilities in fluids and lasers. Phys. Lett. 53A:1975;77-78.
123. Weiss C.O., Klische W. On observability of Lorenz instabilities in lasers. Opt. Commun. 51:1984;47-48.
124. 3 ring laser. Opt. Commun. 52:1985;405-408.
125. Weiss C.O., Brock J. Evidence for Lorenz-type chaos in a laser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57:1986;2804-2806.
126. 3-FIR lasers. Infrared Phys. Technol. 36:1995;489-512.
127. Dykstra R., Malos J.T., Heckenberg N.R., McDuff R.G. Metastable chaos in the ammonia ring laser. Phys. Rev. A. 56:1997;3180-3186.
128. S. Gnepf, F.K. Kneubühl, Theory on distributed feedback lasers with weak and strong modulations, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 16, Part III, Academic Press, New York, 1986, pp. 35-76.
129. D. Fishlock, The widening spectrum of lasers, New Scientist No. 377 (1964) 326-327.
130. P.K. Cheo, Far-infrared laser scanner for high-voltage cable inspection, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 12, Academic Press, New York, 1984, pp. 279-314.
131. Boulay R., Gagnon R., Rochette D., Izatt J.R. Paper sheet moisture measurements in the far infrared. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 5:1984;1221-1234.
132. W.A. Peebles, D. Brower, Y. Jiang, L. Zeng, P. Pribyl, P. King, Compact, turn-key, terahertz, laser systems for fusion plasma diagnostics, 23rd Int. Conf. Infrared Millimeter Waves, Colchester, Essex, UK, Conf. Digest, 1998, pp. 284-286.
133. Idehara T., Nishida N., Yoshida K., Ogawa I., Tatsukawa T., Wagner D., Gantenbein G., Kasparek W., Thumm M. High frequency and high mode purity operations of gyrotron FU IVA. Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves. 19:1998;919-930.
134. A.A. Andronov, Population inversion and far-infrared emission of hot electrons in semiconductors, in: K.J. Button (Ed.), Infrared and Millimeter Waves, Vol. 16, Part III, Academic Press, New York, 1986, pp. 150-188.
135. Bründermann E., Röser H.P. First operation of a far-infrared p-germanium laser in a standard closed-cycle machine at 15 K. Infrared Phys. Technol. 38:1997;201-203.
136. Urata J., Goldstein M., Kimmitt M.F., Naumov A., Platt C., Walsh J.E. Superradiant Smith-Purcell emission. Phys. Rev. Lett. 80:1998;516-519.
137. Temkin R. Scanning with ease through the far infrared. Science. 280:1998;854.