Comparative study of managerial features between public and private R&D organizations in Korea: Managerial and policy implications for public R&D organizations

International Journal of Technology Management

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 281-311

  Kim, Youngbae ^a,c,d   Lee, Byungheon ^a,e,f,g,h   Lim, Yooncheol ^a,b,i  

^a Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)   (South Korea)

^b Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI)   (South Korea)

^c MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^d ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Thailand)

^e Yonsei University   (South Korea)

^f R and D Institutes   (South Korea)

^g R and D Institutes   (Indonesia)

^h Hanaro Telecom Inc   (South Korea)

ⁱ Korean National R and D Programs   (South Korea)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT; PROJECT MANAGEMENT; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIETIES AND INSTITUTIONS; SUPERVISORY PERSONNEL;

GOVERNMENT-SPONSORED RESEARCH INSTITUTES (GSRI); NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS;

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0032638620     PISSN: 02675730     EISSN: None     Source Type: None    
DOI: 10.1504/IJTM.1999.002717     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Science and Technology Policy: Review and Outlook, (OECD, Paris, 1994).
2. Science and Technology Policy Institute, Review of National Science and Technology Policy in Republic of Korea, Background report to OECD, (STEPI, Seoul, 1995).
3. Science and Technology Policy Institute, Review of Science and Technology Policy for Industrial Competitiveness in Korea, Basic Research Project for Supporting the Establishment of S&T Policy and R&D Management System in the ASEAN (ASEAN-ROK Cooperation Project) (STEPI, Seoul, 1995).
4. Lee, D. Bae, Z. and Lee, J. (1991) 'Performance and adaptive roles of the government-sponsored research institute in South Korea', World Development, Vol. 19, No. 10, pp.1421-1440.
5. Rush, H., Hobday, M., Bessant, J. and Arnold, E. (1995) 'Strategies for best practice in research and technology institutes: an overview of a benchmarking exercise', R&D Management, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 17-31.
6. Institutes established during that period and their founding years are: Korea Atomic Research Institutes (1973), Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science (1975), Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals (1976), Korea Research Institute of Shipbuilding (1976), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (1976), Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials (1976), Korea Electronics Technology Institute (1976), Korea Telecommunications Research Institute (1976), and Korea Electric Research Institute (1977).
7. Choi, H.S. (1984) Industrial Research in Less Developed Countries, (ESCAP, Regional Center for Technology Transfer, Bangalore, India).
8. Lee, J. and Rubenstein, A.H. (1980) 'An analysis of factors influencing the utilization of contract research in a developing country, Korea', Research Policy, 9, pp. 174-196.
9. 'Nature, What road ahead for Korean Science and Technology?', Nature 364 (1993) p.373.
10. Shin, T. and Kim, H. (1994) 'Research foresight activities and technological development in Korea: science and technology policies in national R&D programs'. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 45, pp.31-45.
11. Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), '94 Annual Report on Science and Technology in Korea (Korean), Ministry of Science and Technology, Seoul, 1995.
12. Kim, L. and Dahlman, C.J. (1992) Technology policy for industrialization: an integrative framework and Korea's experience, Research Policy, 21, pp.437-452.
13. Bell, R.M. (1992) 'Integrating R&D with industrial production and technological change: strengthening linkages and changing structures', Workshop on Integration of Science and Technology in the Development Planning and Management Process (United Nations Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, Amman-Jordan).
14. Bozeman, B. and Pandy, S. (1994) 'Cooperative R&D in government laboratories: comparing the US and Japan', Technovation, Vol. 14, No. 3 pp.145-159.
15. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, The Changing Roles of Government Research Laboratories, (OECD, Paris, 1989).
16. Perry, J.L. and Rainey, H.G. (1988) 'The public and private distinction in organization theory: a critique and research strategy', Academy of Management Review, 13, pp.182-201.
17. Rainey, H.G. (1989) 'Public management: recent research on the political contexts and managerial roles, structures and behaviors', Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.229-250.
18. Golembiewski, R.T. (1987) 'Public-sector management today: advanced differentiation and early institutionalization', Yearly Review of Management of the Journal of Management, 13, pp.323-338.
19. Kraemer, K.L. and Perry, J.L. (1989) 'Institutional requirements for research in public administration', Public Administration Review, 49, pp.9-16.
20. Bozeman, B. and Loveless, S. (1987) 'Sector context and performance: a comparison of industrial and government research units'. Administration and Society, 19, pp. 197-235.
21. Crow, M. and Bozeman, B. (1987) 'R&D laboratory classification and public policy: the effects of environmental context on laboratory behavior', Research Policy, 16, pp.229-258.
22. Kono, T. (1988) 'Factors affecting the creativity of organizations - an approach from the analysis of new product development', in: U. Child and Kagono (Eds.), Innovation & Management: International Comparison (Walter de Gruyter) pp. 105-144.
23. Alder, P.S. and Ferdows, K. (1990) 'The Chief Technology Officer', California Management Review, 32, pp.55-62.
24. Maidique, M.A. (1980) 'Entrepreneurs, champions and technological innovation', Sloan Management Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp.59-76.
25. Kanter, R.M. (1988) 'When a thousand flowers bloom: structural, collective and social conditions for innovation in organization', in: B.M. Staw and L.L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, pp. 169-221.
26. Fryxell, G.E. (1990) 'Managing the culture of innovation: the synthesis of multiple dialectics', in: L.R. Gomez-Mejia and M.W. Lawless (Eds.), Organizational Issues in High Technology Management, (JAI Press, London), pp.37-55.
27. O'Reilly, C.A. (1989) 'Corporations, culture, and commitment: motivation and social control in organizations', California Management Review, 31: Summer, pp.9-25.
28. Quinn, J.B. (1985) 'Managing innovations: controlled chaos', Harvard Business Review, 63: May-June, pp.73-84.
29. Lachman, R. (1985) 'Public and private sector differences: CEO's perceptions of their role environments', Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.671-680.
30. Bass, B.M. and B.J. Avolio, B.J. (1990) 'The implications of transformational and transactional leadership for individual, team, and organizational development', Research in Organizational Change and Development, 4, pp.231-272.
31. Daft, R.L. (1978) 'A dual-core model of organizational innovation'. Academy of Management Journal, 21, pp.193-210.
32. Damanpour, F. (1991) 'Organizational innovation: a meta-analysis of effects of determinants and moderators', Academy of Management Journal, 34, pp.555-590.
33. Angle, H.L. (1989) 'Psychology and organizational innovation', in: A.H. Van de Ven, H.L. Angle, and M. S. Poole (Eds.), Research on the Management of Innovation: The Minnesota Studies, Harper & Row, New York, pp. 135-170.
34. Hage, J. and R. Dewer, R. (1973) 'Elite values versus organizational structure in predicting innovation', Administrative Science Quarterly, 18, pp.279-290.
35. Twiss, B. (1980) Managing Technological Innovation (Longman, London).
36. Imai, K., Ikujiro, N. and Takeuchi, H. (1985) 'Managing the new product development process: how Japanese companies learn and unlearn', in: R.H. Hayes, K. Clark, and Lorenz (Eds.), The Uneasy Alliance: Managing the Productivity-Technology Dilemma (Harvard Business School Press, Boston) pp.337-375.
37. Gupta, A.K. and Wilemon, D.L. (1990) 'Accelerating the development of technology-based new products', California Management Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp.24-44.
38. Champion, D.J. (1975) The Sociology of Organizations (New York, McGraw-Hill).
39. Van de Van, H. and Ferry, D.L. (1980) Measuring and Assessing Organizations (John Wiley and Sons, New York).
40. Kim, L. (1980) 'Organizational innovation and structure', Journal of Business Research, 8, pp.225-245.
41. Kimberly, J.R. and Evanisko, H. (1981) 'Organizational innovation: the influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations'. Academy of Management Journal, 24, pp.689-713.
42. Mintzberg, H. (1979) The Structuring of Organizations, (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
43. Hage, J. and Aiken, M. (1969) 'Relationship of centralization to other structural properties', Administrative Science Quarterly, 14, pp.72-92.
44. Prichard, R.D. and Karasick, B.W. (1973) 'The effect of organizational climate on managerial job performance and job satisfaction', Organization Behavior and Human Performance, 9, pp.126-146.
45. Souder, W.F. (1987) Managing New Product Innovations (Lexington Books, Massachusetts).
46. Abbey, A. and Dickson, J.W. (1983) 'R&D work climate and innovation in semiconductors', Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp.363-368.
47. Pelz, D.C. and Andrews, F.M. (1966) Scientists in Organizations: Productive Climates for Research and Development (John Wiley & Sons, New York).
48. Koys, D.J. and DeCotiis, T.A. (1991) 'Inductive measures of psychological climate', Human Relations, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp.265-285.
49. Cook, J. and Wall, T. (1980) 'New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need nonfulfillment'. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, pp.39-52.
50. Emmert, M. and Crow, M. (1987) 'Public-private cooperation and hybrid organizations', Journal of Management, 13, pp.55-67.
51. Kusunoki, K. 'Dynamic network and bureaucracy: a comparative analysis of Japanese basic research organizations', Paper presented at the MIT-Japan Science and Technology Conference on Science and Technology Policy into the Next Century.
52. Solomon, E.E. (1986) 'Private and public sector managers: an empirical investigation of job characteristics and organizational climate', Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp.147-259.
53. Ashforth, B.E. (1985) 'Climate formation: issues and extensions', Academy of Management Review, Vol. 10, No. 4 pp.837-847.
54. The average team member's tenure inGSRIs in this study was 46 months, significantly longer than that of private R&D groups (35 months) (p<0.01).
55. Kim, Y. and Lee, B. (1995) 'R&D project team climate and team performance in Korea: a multidimensional approach', R&D Management, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp.179-196.
56. Buchanan, B. (1975) 'Red-tape and service ethics: some unexpected differences between public and private managers', Administration and Society, 6, pp.423-438.
57. Lawler, E.E. Pay and Organizational Effectiveness: A Psychological View (McGraw-Hill, New York).
58. Rainey, H.G., Backoff, R.W. and Levine, C.L. (1976) 'Comparing public and private organizations', Public Administration Review, 36, pp.233-246.
59. Since the restructuring of GSRIs in 1980, MOST has taken the whole responsibility of satisfying the technological needs of every industry. To meet these demands, MOST initiated the National R&D Program (NRDP) as a government research and endowment funding system in 1982 [2]. NRDP comprises several types of projects such as 'public purpose R&D' funded by the government, 'industrial R&D' co-funded by the government and participating companies, and 'basic research' initiated by GSRIs (see STEPI [3] for more details).
60. The different expectations between EPB and MOST about the roles of GSRIs and the priorities of NRDP made some changes in Korea's national system of innovation a few years later: a new GSRI and NRDP has been introduced under the Ministry of Trade and Industry [61].
61. Park, Y., Lim, Y., Bae, Z. and Lee, J. (1996) 'Formulating and managing the HAN projects in Korea: lessons and policy implications for other developing countries'. Science and Public Policy.
62. Before the introduction of NRDP, each agency of the Korean government made a contractual agreement with GSRIs for every research project, creating a sense of participation and responsibility between GSRIs and the government clients without any elaborate planning and evaluation systems. The NRDP, which could not clearly define the marekt of R&D outputs however, required an articulated system to plan and evaluate individual R&D projects. MOST adopted a 'bottom-up system' to plan and evaluate all of NRDP projects performed by GSRIs. Under the NRDP systems all GSRI's projects proposed by researchers and sponsored by the government are initially screened by an internal peer review committee and finally evaluated by an external expert panel. Then, the government makes a lump-sum contract with each GSRI for the selected project. These processes lead GSRIs to try to increase the total amount of research funds rather than to carefully select valuable projects (see Lee et al. [63] for more details).
63. Lee, M., Son, B. and Om, K. (1996) 'Evaluation of national R&D projects in Korea', Research Policy, 25, pp.805-818.
64. Thompson, J.D. (1967) Organization in Action (McGraw-Hill, New York).
65. Galbraith, J.R. (1982) 'Designing the innovative organization', Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 10,No. 3, pp.5-25.
66. Tushman, M.L. and Nadler, D.A. (1978) 'Information processing and as an integrating concept in organizational design', Academy of Management Review, 3, pp.613-624.
67. Tushman, M.L. and Nadler, D.A. (1986) 'Organizing for innovation', California Management Review, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.74-92.
68. Millett (1990) 'The strategic management of technological R&D in ideal process for the 1990s', International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.153-163.
69. Brown, M.A. and Berry, L.G. (1991) 'Guidelines for successfully transferring government-sponsored innovations'. Research Policy, 20, pp.121-143.
70. Fennell, M.L. and Alexander, J.A. (1989) 'Governing boards and profound organizational change in hospitals', Medical Care Review, 46, pp. 157-189.
71. Goodstein, J. and Boeker, W. (1991) 'Turbulence at the top : a new perspective on governance structure changes and strategic changes'. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp.306-330.