Mental imagery in program design and visual programming

International Journal of Human Computer Studies

Volumn 51, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 7-30

  Petre, Marian ^a   Blackwell, Alan F ^b  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS; COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES; COMPUTER SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING;

VISUAL PROGRAMMING;

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING;

EID: 0032631940     PISSN: 10715819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/ijhc.1999.0267     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. ANDERSON R. E., HELSTRUP T. Visual discovery in mind and on paper. Memory and Cognition. 21:1993;283-293.
2. ARNHEIM R. Visual Thinking. 1969;University of California Press, California.
3. BARTLETT F. C. The relevance of visual imagery to thinking. British Journal of Psychology. 18:1927;23-29.
4. BISIACH E., LUZATTI C. Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex. 14:1978;129-133.
5. BLACKWELL A. F. Bottom-up design and this thing called an 'object'. EXE Magazine. 8:1993;28-32.
6. BLACKWELL A. F. Metacognitive theories of visual programming: what do we think we are doing? Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop of Visual Languages, VL'96. 1996a.
7. BLACKWELL A. F. Do programmers agree with computer scientists on the value of visual programming? BLANDFORD A., THIMBLEBY H. Adjunct Proceedings of the 11th British Computer Society Annual Conference of Human Computer Interaction, HCI'96. 1996b;44-47.
8. BROOKS L. R. The suppression of visualization in reading. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 19:1967;289-299.
9. BROOKS L. R. Spatial and verbal components of the act of recall. Canadian Journal of Psychology. 22:1968;349-368.
10. BYRNE B. Item concreteness vs. spatial organization as predictors of visual imagery. Memory and Cognition. 2:1974;53-59.
11. CHAMBERS D., REISBERG D. Can mental images be ambiguous? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance. 11:1985;318-328.
12. CHECHILE R. A., ANDERSON J. E., KRAFCZEK S. A., COLEY S. L. A syntactic complexity effect with visual patterns: evidence for the syntactic nature of the memory representation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory & Cognition. 22:1996;654-669.
13. CHI M. T. H., BASSOK M., LEWIS M. W., REIMANN P., GLASER R. Self explanations: how students study and use examples in learning to solve problems. Cognitive Science. 13:1989;145-182.
14. COX R. Analytical reasoning with multiple external representations. 1996;University of Edinburgh.
15. COX R., BRNA P. Supporting the use of external representations in problem solving: the need for flexible learning environments. Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. 6:1995;239-302.
16. DAVIES S. P. Display-based problem solving strategies in computer programming. GRAY W. D., BOEHM-DAVIS D. A. Empiricial Studies of Programmers: 6th Workshop. 1996;59-76 Ablex, Norwood.
17. DENIS M. Imagery and thinking. CORNOLDI C., MCDANIEL M. A. Imagery and Cognition. 1991;Springer-Verlag, New York.
18. DREISTADT R. An analysis of the use of analogies and metaphors in science. The Journal of Psychology. 68:1968;97-116.
19. ERICSSON K. A., SIMON H. A. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. 1985;MIT Press, Cambridge.
20. ERNEST C. H. Imagery ability and cognition: a critical review. Journal of Mental Imagery. 1:1977;181-216.
21. FARAH M. J., HAMMOND K. M., LEVINE D. N., CALVANIO R. Visual and spatial mental imagery: dissociable systems of representation. Cognitive Psychology. 20:1988;439-462.
22. FERGUSON E. S. Engineering in the Mind's Eye. 1992;MIT Press, Cambridge.
23. FINKE R. A., PINKER S., FARAH M. J. Reinterpreting visual patterns in mental imagery. Cognitive Science. 13:1989;51-78.
24. FINKE R. A., SLAYTON K. Explorations of creative visual synthesis in mental imagery. Memory and Cognition. 16:1988;252-257.
25. FISH J., SCRIVENER S. Amplifying the mind's eye: sketching and visual cognition. Leonardo. 23:1990;117-126.
26. FRANKLIN N., TVERSKY B. Searching imagined environments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 119:1990;63-76.
27. GILMORE D. J., GREEN T. R. G. Comprehension and recall of miniature programs. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 21:1984;31-48.
28. GOEL V. Sketches of Thought. 1995;MIT Press, Cambridge.
29. GOLDSCHMIDT G. The dialectics of sketching. Creativity Research Journal. 4:1991;123-143.
30. GOLDSCHMIDT G. On visual design thinking: the vis kids of architecture. Design Studies. 15:1994;158-174.
31. GREEN T. R. G., PETRE M. Usability analysis of visual programming environments: a 'cognitive dimensions' approach. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. 7:1996;131-174.
32. GREEN T. R. G., PETRE M., BELLAMY R. K. E. Comprehensibility of visual and textual programs: a test of superlativism against the 'match-mismatch' conjecture. KOENEMANN-BELLIVEAU J., MOHER T. G., ROBERTSON S. P. Empirical Studies of Programmers: 4th Workshop. 1991;121-146 Ablex, Norwood.
33. HEWSON R. Marking and making: a characterisation of sketching for typographic design. 1994;Open University.
34. HISHITANI S. Imagery experts: how do expert abacus operator process imagery? Applied Cognitive Psychology. 4:1990;33-46.
35. HITCH G. J., BRANDIMONTE M. A., WALKER P. Two types of representation in visual memory: evidence from the effects of stimulus contrast on image combination. Memory and Cognition. 23:1995;147-154.
36. KATZ A. N. What does it mean to be a high imager? YUILLE J. C. Imagery, Memory and Cognition: Essays in Honor of Allan Paivio. 1983;Erlbaum, Hillsadale.
37. KAUFMANN G. Visual Imagery and its Relation to Problem Solving. 1979;Universitetsforlaget, Oslo.
38. KOSSLYN S. M. Image and the Brain: The Resolution of the Imagery Debate. 1994;MIT Press, Cambridge.
39. KOSSLYN S. M., BALL T. M., REISER B. J. Visual images preserve metric spatial information: evidence from studies of image scanning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception of Performance. 4:1978;47-60.
40. LAMMERS S. Programmers at Work. 1986;Microsoft Press, Redmond.
41. LINDSAY R. K. Images and inference. Cognition. 29:1988;229-250.
42. LOGIE R. H., MARCHETTI C. Visuo-spatial working memory: visual, spatial or central executive? LOGIE R. H., DENIS M. Mental Images in Human Cognition. 1991;105-115 Elsevier, Amsterdam.
43. MANI K., JOHNSON-LAIRD P. N. The mental representations of spatial descriptions. Memory and Cognition. 10:1982;181-187.
44. MILLER A. I. Imagery in Scientific Thought: Creating 20th-Century Physics. 1984;MIT Press, Cambridge.
45. MILLER G. A. Images and models, similes and metaphors. ORTONY A. Metaphor and Thought. 1993;357-400 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
46. NAVARRO-PRIETO R. The role of imagery in program comprehension: visual programming languages. 1998;University of Granada.
47. PAYNE S. J. Memory for mental models of spatial descriptions: an episodic-construction- trace hypothesis. Memory and Cognition. 21:1993;591-603.
48. PETRE M. Finding a basis for matching programming languages to programming tasks. 1989;University Colleage London.
49. PETRE M. What experts want from programming languages. Ergonomics (Special Issue on Cognitive Ergonomics). 34:1991;1113-1127.
50. PETRE M. Why looking isn't always seeing: readership skills and graphical programming. Communications of the ACM. 38:1995;33-44.
51. PETRE M. Programming paradigms and culture: Implications of expert practice. WOODMAN M. Programming Language Choice: Practice and Experience. 1996;29-62 Chapman & Hall, London.
52. PETRE M., WINDER R. L. Issues governing the suitability of programming languages for programming tasks. People and Computers IV: Proceedings of HCI'88. 1988;Cambridge University Press, Cambrdige.
53. PYLYSHYN Z. What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain. Psychological Bulletin. 80:1973;1-24.
54. SCAIFE M., ROGERS Y. External cognition: how do graphical representations work? International Journal of Human Computer Studies. 45:1996;185-214.
55. SCHENK P. The role of drawing in the graphic design process. Design Studies. 12:1991;168-181.
56. SCHOOLER J. W., OHLSSON S., BROOKS K. Thoughts behind words: when langauage overshadows insight. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 122:1993;166-183.
57. SCHWARTZ D. L., BLACK J. B. Analog imagery in mental model reasoning. Cognitive Psychology. 30:1996;154-219.
58. SHUREN J. E., GREER D., HEILMAN K. M. The use of hemi-imagery for studying brain asymmetries in image generation. Neuropsychologia. 34:1996;491-492.
59. SIMS V. K., HEGARTY M. Mental animation in the visuospatial sketchpad: evidence from dual-task studies. Memory & Cognition. 25:1997;321-332.
60. SUWA M., TVERSKY B. What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis. Design Studies. 18:1997;385-403.
61. WAISEL, L. WALLACE, W. A. WILLEMAIN, T. R. 1997, Using diagrammatic representations in mathematical modeling: the sketches of expert modelers, M. ANDERSON, Reasoning with Diagrammatic Representations II: Papers from the AAAI 1997 Fall Symposium, FS-97-02, 125, 135, Menlo Park, CA, AAAI Press.
62. WHITLEY K. N., BLACKWELL A. F. Visual programming: the outlok from academia and industry. WIEDENBECK S., SCHOLTZ J. Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers. 1997;180-208 ACM Press, Newyork.
63. WHITLEY, K. N. BLACKWELL, A. F. 1998, Visual programming in the wild: a survey of LabVIEW programmers, CS-98-03, Computer Science Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
64. WINNER E., CASEY M. B. Cognitive profiles of artists. CUPCHIK G. C., LÁSZLÓ J. Emerging Visions of the Aesthetic Process: Psychology, Semiology and Philosophy. 1992;Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.