Old and cared for: Place of residence for elderly women in eighteenth-century Toulouse

Journal of Family History

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 35-52

  Klassen, Sherri ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0032622756     PISSN: 03631990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/036319909902400103     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
2. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
3. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
4. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
5. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
6. The major studies of care of the elderly include David Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime: Image and Experience in Eighteenth-Century France (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989); Georges Minois, History of Old Age: From Antiquity to the Renaissance, trans. S. Tenison (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Peter Stearns, ed., Old Age in Pre-Industrial Societies (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1982); Jean-Pierre Gutton, Naissance du Vieillard: essai sur l'histoire des rapports entre les vieillards et la societé en France (Paris: Aubier, 1988); Jean-Pierre Bois, Les Vieux de Montaigne aux premières retraites (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Although the most recent works on the history of the elderly have begun to question differences between the experiences of aging based on gender, these works have not examined the impact of gender on elder care and family dynamics. See, for instance, Lois Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power and Sexuality (New York: Vintage, 1992).
7. Martine Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 73-80; Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder, The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 142-75; Anne Zink, L'Heritier de la Maison: Geographie Coutoumiere du Su-Ouest de la France sous l'Ancien Regime (Paris: Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1993); Yves Castan, Honnêteté et relations sociales en Languedoc, 1715-1780 (Paris: Plon, 1974), 210-12.
8. Martine Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 73-80; Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder, The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 142-75; Anne Zink, L'Heritier de la Maison: Geographie Coutoumiere du Su-Ouest de la France sous l'Ancien Regime (Paris: Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1993); Yves Castan, Honnêteté et relations sociales en Languedoc, 1715-1780 (Paris: Plon, 1974), 210-12.
9. Martine Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 73-80; Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder, The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 142-75; Anne Zink, L'Heritier de la Maison: Geographie Coutoumiere du Su-Ouest de la France sous l'Ancien Regime (Paris: Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1993); Yves Castan, Honnêteté et relations sociales en Languedoc, 1715-1780 (Paris: Plon, 1974), 210-12.
10. Martine Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), 73-80; Michael Mitterauer and Reinhard Sieder, The European Family: Patriarchy to Partnership from the Middle Ages to the Present (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982), 142-75; Anne Zink, L'Heritier de la Maison: Geographie Coutoumiere du Su-Ouest de la France sous l'Ancien Regime (Paris: Ecole des Haute Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 1993); Yves Castan, Honnêteté et relations sociales en Languedoc, 1715-1780 (Paris: Plon, 1974), 210-12.
11. Robert Forster, The Nobility of Toulouse in the Eighteenth Century (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960), 120-51.
12. Allain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Haute-Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, eds. David Sabean and Hans Medick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 9-27; Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Natalie Zemon Davis, "Gifts and Bribes in Sixteenth-Century France" (unpublished paper presented to the Syracuse University European History Seminar, 1995).
13. Allain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Haute-Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, eds. David Sabean and Hans Medick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 9-27; Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Natalie Zemon Davis, "Gifts and Bribes in Sixteenth-Century France" (unpublished paper presented to the Syracuse University European History Seminar, 1995).
14. Allain Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions and Ruptures inside the Family in Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Haute-Provence," in Interest and Emotion: Essays on the Study of Family and Kinship, eds. David Sabean and Hans Medick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 9-27; Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Natalie Zemon Davis, "Gifts and Bribes in Sixteenth-Century France" (unpublished paper presented to the Syracuse University European History Seminar, 1995).
15. The women who did control property would have been able to brandish the same threats over their heirs as could men, but women usually controlled less landed wealth. Following the dictates of Roman law, widows took with them their dowries. In addition, they could inherit portions of the estate (the dowry was usually, however, considered a substitute for the inheritance portion) of their fathers and smaller legacies from mothers and other relations. On inheritance practices in the south of France, see Margaret Darrow, Revolution in the House: Family, Class and Inheritance in Southern France, 1775-1825 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
16. Hanlan and Carruthers, "Wills, Inheritance and the Moral Order in 17th-Century Agenais," Journal of Family History 15, no. 2 (1990): 149-61.
17. Robert Schneider, Public Life in Toulouse, 1463-1789: From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), 3-44; Forster, The Nobility of Toulouse, 17-31.
18. Robert Schneider, Public Life in Toulouse, 1463-1789: From Municipal Republic to Cosmopolitan City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989), 3-44; Forster, The Nobility of Toulouse, 17-31.
19. Leanard Berlanstein, The Barristers of Toulouse in the Eighteenth Century (1740-1793) (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975); Jean Sentou, Fortunes et Groupes Sociaux a Toulouse sous la Revolution (1789-99): Essai d'histoire statistique (Toulouse: Edouard Privat, 1969).
20. Leanard Berlanstein, The Barristers of Toulouse in the Eighteenth Century (1740-1793) (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975); Jean Sentou, Fortunes et Groupes Sociaux a Toulouse sous la Revolution (1789-99): Essai d'histoire statistique (Toulouse: Edouard Privat, 1969).
21. Several scholars have noted the breakdown of the nuclear family in eighteenth-century families and the value of the extended family in this context. See Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family, 73-80; Daniel Roche, The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth-Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 234-35. Alan Williams argues that ties to distant relatives were not as strong as has been previously argued. Alan Williams, "Patterns of Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Parisian Families," Journal of Family History 18, no. 1 (1993): 50.
22. Several scholars have noted the breakdown of the nuclear family in eighteenth-century families and the value of the extended family in this context. See Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family, 73-80; Daniel Roche, The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth-Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 234-35. Alan Williams argues that ties to distant relatives were not as strong as has been previously argued. Alan Williams, "Patterns of Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Parisian Families," Journal of Family History 18, no. 1 (1993): 50.
23. Several scholars have noted the breakdown of the nuclear family in eighteenth-century families and the value of the extended family in this context. See Segalen, The Historical Anthropology of the Family, 73-80; Daniel Roche, The People of Paris: An Essay in Popular Culture in the Eighteenth-Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 234-35. Alan Williams argues that ties to distant relatives were not as strong as has been previously argued. Alan Williams, "Patterns of Conflict in Eighteenth-Century Parisian Families," Journal of Family History 18, no. 1 (1993): 50.
24. Testament of Amande Escoffre: Archives Departmentales Haute-Garonne (henceforth ADHG) 3E 1063; codicil of Amande Escoffre: ADHG 3E 10686.
25. Testament of Amande Escoffre: Archives Departmentales Haute-Garonne (henceforth ADHG) 3E 1063; codicil of Amande Escoffre: ADHG 3E 10686.
26. Testament of Marie Fontaine: ADHG 3E 4199.
27. Testament of Jacquette Dutil: ADHG 3E 7410; testament of Margueritte Izalguière: ADHG 3E 3979; testament of Marie de Goudin: ADHG 3E 6901.
28. Testament of Jacquette Dutil: ADHG 3E 7410; testament of Margueritte Izalguière: ADHG 3E 3979; testament of Marie de Goudin: ADHG 3E 6901.
29. Testament of Jacquette Dutil: ADHG 3E 7410; testament of Margueritte Izalguière: ADHG 3E 3979; testament of Marie de Goudin: ADHG 3E 6901.
30. Gift-in-life of Françoise de Borista: ADHG 3E 6443.
31. Gift-in-life of Therese Warre: ADHG 3E 13897.
32. The capitation was assessed according to one's ability to pay, although the exact derivation of the tax varied from region to region. People assessed at less than 40 sols tax for the taille were exempt from paying the capitation. They were, nonetheless, recorded in the registers with "nul" beside their names. Tax rolls listed only the head of the household and other adults with independent income. Marcel Marion, Les impots diects sous l'ancien regime (Paris: Edouard Correly, 1910), 49-53.
33. Archives Municipales de Toulouse (henceforth AMT) CC1040.
34. AMT CC1008.
35. AMT CC1008.
36. Gift-in-life of Françoise Pradié: ADHG 3E 14183.
37. The marriage banns are found in the Municipal Archives of Toulouse bound according to parish and year. They are found in series GG.
38. Gift-in-life of Jeanne Ricard: ADHG 3E 10923.
39. Testament of Anne Catherine Gautier: ADHG 3E 14176.
40. Testament of Jaquette, widow of Maury: ADHG 3E 1418; testament of Perrette Noyes: ADHG 3E 3667.
41. Testament of Jaquette, widow of Maury: ADHG 3E 1418; testament of Perrette Noyes: ADHG 3E 3667.
42. Marriage contract of Bousqeut and Dayriey, 1718: ADHG 3E4015.
43. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime, 140.
44. Collomp, "Tensions, Dissensions and Raptures," 151.
45. Marriage contract of Lacroix-Grese: ADHG 3E 10862.
46. Marriage contract of Daulon-Castaigné: ADHG 3E 3978.
47. Marriage contract of Oriolat-Durrieu: ADHG 3E 10869.
48. Marriage contract of Muratet-Condau: ADHG 3E 10794; marriage contract of BaysseVigne: ADHG 3E 1167.
49. Marriage contract of Muratet-Condau: ADHG 3E 10794; marriage contract of BaysseVigne: ADHG 3E 1167.
50. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Mitterauer and Sieder, "The European Family"; Davis, "Gifts and Bribes."
51. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Mitterauer and Sieder, "The European Family"; Davis, "Gifts and Bribes."
52. Troyansky, Old Age in the Old Regime; Mitterauer and Sieder, "The European Family"; Davis, "Gifts and Bribes."
53. Roderick Phillips discusses the breakdown of the conjugal unit in connection to the opportunities for economic independence for women in Roderick Phillips, "Women's Emancipation, the Family and Social Change in Eighteenth-Century France," Journal of Social History 12, no. 4 (1979): 553-67.
54. Gift-in-life of Claire Coutet: ADHG 3E 10799.
55. Gift-in-life of Jeanne Rouaix: ADHG 3E 5081.
56. Gift-in-life of Catherine Delboy: ADHG 3E 1055.
57. Codicil of Françoise de Borista: ADHG 3E 6447.
58. Testament of Paule Cammartin: ADHG 3E 1070.
59. Testament of Jacquette Baringonne: ADHG 3E 6796.
60. Testament of Antoinette Solier: ADHG 3E 3979.
61. Testament of Toinette Lamarche: ADHG 3E 1103.
62. Olwen Hufton describes the practice of single women living together as "clustering" in "Women without Men: Widows and Spinsters in Britain and France in the Eighteenth Century," Journal of Family History 9, no. 2 (1984): 355-76.
63. Testament of Marie Rives: ADHG 3E 2125.
64. Testament of Jeanne Ourtigues: ADHG 3E 1103.
65. Inventaire-aprés-décès of Magdelaine Legueur: ADHG 3E 11926.
66. Testament of Elizabeth Lanes: ADHG 3E 2126.
67. Testament of Marianne Bouthillier: ADHG 3E 7366.
68. M. J. Cabrol, "L'Hopital dans la Ville: L'Hotel Dieu St. Jacques de Toulouse du XIIIe au XVIII siècle" (Ph.D. diss., Université Paul Sabatier, faculté de medicin, 1978), 15.
69. Cabrol, "L'Hopital dans la Ville," 50.
70. Alan Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor (New York: St. Martin's, 1981), 25.
71. On the attitudes of the poor to hospitals, see Colin Jones, The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Regime and Revolutionary France (New York: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1989), 4-20; S. J. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe (London: Methuen, 1986), 25-46; Cissie Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix-en-Provence, 1640-1789 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).
72. On the attitudes of the poor to hospitals, see Colin Jones, The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Regime and Revolutionary France (New York: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1989), 4-20; S. J. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe (London: Methuen, 1986), 25-46; Cissie Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix-en-Provence, 1640-1789 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).
73. On the attitudes of the poor to hospitals, see Colin Jones, The Charitable Imperative: Hospitals and Nursing in Ancien Regime and Revolutionary France (New York: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1989), 4-20; S. J. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe (London: Methuen, 1986), 25-46; Cissie Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity in Aix-en-Provence, 1640-1789 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979).
74. On conditions in Toulouse's hospital, see Josseline Guyader, "La Vie de L'Hotel Dieu Saint-Jacques de Toulouse: Administration et Assistance aux Malades depuis sa reorganisation par Louis XV (1749) jusqu'aux mesures Revolutionnaires (1792)" (Ph.D. diss., Université de Sciences Sociales de Toulouse, 1973). On the living conditions of the poor, see Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor, Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity; Olwen Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974); Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of the Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
75. On conditions in Toulouse's hospital, see Josseline Guyader, "La Vie de L'Hotel Dieu Saint-Jacques de Toulouse: Administration et Assistance aux Malades depuis sa reorganisation par Louis XV (1749) jusqu'aux mesures Revolutionnaires (1792)" (Ph.D. diss., Université de Sciences Sociales de Toulouse, 1973). On the living conditions of the poor, see Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor, Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity; Olwen Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974); Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of the Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
76. On conditions in Toulouse's hospital, see Josseline Guyader, "La Vie de L'Hotel Dieu Saint-Jacques de Toulouse: Administration et Assistance aux Malades depuis sa reorganisation par Louis XV (1749) jusqu'aux mesures Revolutionnaires (1792)" (Ph.D. diss., Université de Sciences Sociales de Toulouse, 1973). On the living conditions of the poor, see Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor, Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity; Olwen Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974); Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of the Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
77. On conditions in Toulouse's hospital, see Josseline Guyader, "La Vie de L'Hotel Dieu Saint-Jacques de Toulouse: Administration et Assistance aux Malades depuis sa reorganisation par Louis XV (1749) jusqu'aux mesures Revolutionnaires (1792)" (Ph.D. diss., Université de Sciences Sociales de Toulouse, 1973). On the living conditions of the poor, see Forrest, The French Revolution and the Poor, Fairchilds, Poverty and Charity; Olwen Hufton, The Poor of Eighteenth-Century France, 1750-1789 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974); Jeffry Kaplow, The Names of the Kings: The Parisian Laboring Poor in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Basic Books, 1972).
78. AMT. Hôtel Dieu: GG 720, 741,742,743,744.
79. Angelique Maussion, Rescapés de Thermidor (c. 1830; reprint, Paris: Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1975), 9.
80. Beatrix-Etienne Renant de Fuchsamberg, marquise de Lage de Volude, Souvenirs d'Emigration (Evreux: Auguste Hérissey, 1869).
81. Marie-Louise Victorine de Donnissan, marquise de La Rochejaquelein, Memoires de la Marquise de La Rochejaquelein 1772-1857 (Paris: Mercure de France, 1984), 88.
82. Ibid., 90.
83. Marie-Jeanne Philipon, Mémoires de Madame Roland, vol. 3 (1793; reprint, Paris: Mercure de France, 1966), 22-23.
84. Ibid., 23.
85. Stephanie-Felicité Ducrest de Saint-Aubaiin, marquise de Sillery, comtesse de.Genlis, Mémoires inédits de Madame la Comtesse de Genlis, sur le dix-huitième siècle et la Revolution française (Paris: Ladvocat Libraire, 1825), 93.
86. Ibid., 126.
87. Troyansky, Old in the Old Regime, 200.