Genetics, eugenics and the medicalization of social behavior: Lessons from the past

Endeavour

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 10-19

  Allen, Garland E ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ART; ARTICLE; GENETICS; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEDICAL GENETICS; MENTAL DISEASE; PEDIGREE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

EUGENICS; GENETICS, MEDICAL; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PEDIGREE; PORTRAITS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032616766     PISSN: 01609327     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0160-9327(99)01181-3     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Horgan, J. (1993) Sci. Am. 268, 123-131
2. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
3. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
4. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
5. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
6. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
7. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
8. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
9. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
10. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
11. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
12. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
13. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
14. For the work of these various scholars, see: Adams, Mark B., ed. (1990) The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press; Allen, G.E. (1986) Osiris (Second Series) 2, 225-264; Allen, G.E. (1987) in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Engelhardt, H.T., Jr and Caplan, A.L., eds), pp. 169-202, Cambridge University Press; Allen, G.E. (1991) Genome 31, 885-889; Broberg, G. and Roll-Hansen, N., eds (1996) Eugenics and the Welfare State. Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland, Michigan State University Press; Kevles, D.J. (1985) In the Name of Eugenics, Alfred A. Knopf; Kimmelman, B.A. (1983) Soc. Stud. Sci. 13, 163-204; Kühl, S. (1993) The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism, Oxford University Press; Mazumdar, P.M.H. (1992) Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings. The Eugenics Society, Its Sources and Its Critics in Britain, Routledge; Paul, D. (1995) Controlling Heredity, 1865 to the Present, Humanities Press International; Proctor, R. (1988) Racial Hygiene. Medicine under the Nazis, Harvard University Press; Weindling, P. (1989) Health, Race and German Politics between National Unification and National Socialism, 1870-1945, Cambridge University Press; Weiss, S. (1990) in The Wellborn Science (Mark B. Adams, ed.), pp. 8-50
15. Davenport, C.B. (1910) Eugenics, Henry Holt
16. For more on the 19th-and early 20th-century background on heredity and practical breeding, see: Richards, R. (1998) Endeavour 22, 106-109; Cooke, Kathy J. (1998) Endeavour 22, 12-16
17. For more on the 19th-and early 20th-century background on heredity and practical breeding, see: Richards, R. (1998) Endeavour 22, 106-109; Cooke, Kathy J. (1998) Endeavour 22, 12-16
18. Davenport to W.P. Draper, March 23, 1923 (Davenport Papers, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia)
19. Kimmelman (1983) op. cit.
20. Sterilization League of New Jersey (1937) Selective Sterilization in Primer Form, 46 pages
21. Laughlin, 'Expert Eugenics Agent' for the House Committee on Immigration and Sterilization, 1921-1931. Ph.D. Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, University Microfilms
22. Coolidge, C. (1921) Good Housekeeping 72, 13-14
23. Robitscher, E. (1973) Eugenic Sterilization, Charles C. Thomas
24. Kühl, S. (1994) op. cit.
25. Morgan, T.H. (1925) Evolution and Genetics, Princeton University Press
26. Lippman, N. Walter (1923) Century Mag. 106, 95-103
27. Lens, S. (1973) The Labor Wars, Doubleday
28. Chase, A. (1977) The Legacy of Malthus, Alfred A. Knopf
29. Paul, D. (1995) op. cit., p. 134
30. Ward, H. (1935) New Republic 82, 204-206
31. Allen, G.E. (1991) in The Expansion of American Biology (Rainger, R., Benson, K. and Maienschein, J., eds), pp. 231-261, Rutgers University Press
32. Breggin, P. (1991) Toxic Psychiatry, St Martin's Press
33. Duster, T. (1990) Backdoor to Eugenics, Routledge