Modulation and function of extrarenal angiotensin receptors

Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 1-17

  Wang, Donna H ^a   Elijovich, Fernando ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Ang II receptor; RAS activity; RAS function; Receptor antagonist ligands; Renin angiotensin system (RAS)

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

ANGIOTENSIN II; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR; RAS PROTEIN;

ADRENAL GLAND; ANIMAL; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GENETICS; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY; REFERENCE VALUE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SODIUM INTAKE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

ADRENAL GLANDS; ANGIOTENSIN II; ANIMALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; MUSCLE, SMOOTH, VASCULAR; RAS PROTEINS; RECEPTORS, ANGIOTENSIN; REFERENCE VALUES; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SODIUM, DIETARY; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 0032613262     PISSN: 10859195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF02738152     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Lyall, F., Dornan, E. S., McQueen, J., Boswell, F., and Kelly, M. (1992) Angiotensin II increases proto-oncogene expression and phosphoinositide turnover in vascular smooth muscle cells via the angiotensin II ATI receptor. J. Hypertens. 10, 1463-1469.
2. Kojima, M., Shiojima, I., Yamazaki, T., Komuro, I., Yunzeng, Z., Ying, W., et al. (1994) Angiotensin II receptor antagonist TCV-116 induces regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo and inhibits the intracellular signaling pathway of stretchmediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Circulation 89, 2204-2211.
3. Ray, P. E., Bruggeman, L. A., Horikoshi, S., Aguilera, G., and Klotmam, P. E. (1994) Angiotensin II stimulates human fetal mesangial cell proliferation and fibronectin biosynthesis by binding to AT1 receptors. Kidney Int. 45, 177-184.
4. Feener, E. P., Northrup, J. M., Aiello, L. P., and King, G. L. (1995) Angiotensin II induces plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and -2 expression in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. J. Clin. Invest. 95, 1353-1362.
5. Janiak, P., Libert, O., and Vilaine, J. P. (1994) Role of the renin-angiotensin system in neointima formation after injury in rabbits. Hypertension 24, 671-678.
6. Iwai, N., Yamano, S., Chaki, S., Konishi, F., Bardhan, S., Tibbetts, C., et al. (1991) Rat angiotensin II receptor: cDNA sequence and regulation of the gene regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 177, 299-304.
7. Iwai, N. and Inagami, T. (1992) Identification of two subtypes in the rat type I angiotensin II receptor. FEBS Lett. 298, 257-260.
8. Kakar, S. S., Sellers, J. C., Devor, D. C., Musgrove, L. C., and Neill, J. D. (1992) Angiotensin II type-1 receptor subtype cDNAs: differential tissue expression and hormonal regulation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183, 1090-1096.
9. Sasaki, K., Yamano, Y., Bardhan, S., Iwai, N., Murray, J. J., Hasegawa, M., Matsuda, Y., and Inagami, T. (1991) Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Nature 351, 230-233.
10. Tsuzuki, S., Ichiki, T., Nakakubo, H., Kitami, Y., Guo, D. F., Shirai, H., and Inagami, T. (1994) Molecular cloning and expression of the gene encoding human angiotensin II type 2 receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 200, 1449-1454.
11. Nakamura, F., Nagano, M., Higaki, J., Higashimori, K., Morishita, R., Mikami, H., and Ohigara, T. (1993) The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, perindopril, prevents cardiac hypertrophy in low-renin hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 20, 135-140.
12. Owens, G. K. (1991) Role of contractile agonists in growth regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells, in Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Hypertension (Cox, R. H., ed.), Plenum, New York, pp. 71-79.
13. Prewitt, R. L., Wang, D. H., Nakamura, T., and Smith, E. G. (1991) Growth and modification in number of resistance vessels, in Resistance Vasculature (Bevan, J. A., Halpern, W., and Mulvany, N., eds.), Human, Clifton, NJ, pp. 127-142.
14. Prewitt, R. L., Wang, D. H., and Hill, M. A. (1994) Hypertension, in Pathophysiology of the Microcirculation (Mortillaro, N. A. and Taylor, A. E., eds.), CRC, Boca Raton, pp. 61-86.
15. Wang, D. H. and Prewitt, R. L. (1990) Captopril reduces aortic and microvascular growth in hypertensive and normotensive rats. Hypertension 15, 68-77.
16. Wang, D. H. and Prewitt, R. L. (1991) Longitudinal study of captopril on aortic and arteriolar development in normotensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. 260, H1959-1965.
17. Wang, D. H., Prewitt, R. L., and Beebe, S. J. (1995) Regulation of PDGF A: A possible mechanism for angiotensin II induced vascular growth. Am. J. Physiol. 269, H356-H364.
18. Gunther, S., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., and Lexander, R. W. (1980) Identification and characterization of the high affinity vascular angiotensin II receptor in rat mesenteric artery. Circ. Res. 47, 278-286.
19. Gunther, S., Gimbrone, M. A., Jr., and Lexander, R. W. (1980) Regulation by angiotensin II of its receptors in resistance blood vessels. Nature 287, 230-232.
20. PaLeMorvan, P. and Palaic, D. (1975) Characterization of the angiotensin II receptor in guinea pig aorta. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 195, 167-175.
21. Whitebread, S., Mele, M., Kamber, B., and De Gasparo, M. (1989) Preliminary biochemical characterization of two angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 163, 284-291.
22. De Gasparo, M., Whitebread, S., Mele, M., Motani, A. S., Whitcombe, P. J., Ramjoue, H. P., et al. (1990) Biochemical characterization of two angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the rat. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 16, S31-S35.
23. Chiu, A. T., Carini, D. J., Johnson, A. L., McCall, D. E., Price, W. A., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., et al. (1988) Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. II. Pharmacology of S-8303. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 157, 13-21.
24. Chiu, A. T., Herblin, W. F., McCall, D. E., Ardecky, R. J., Carini, D. J., Duncia, J. V., et al. (1989) Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 165, 196-203.
25. Wong, P. C., Chiu, A. T., Price, W. A., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., Carini, D. J., Johnson, A. L., et al. (1988) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. I Pharmacological characterization. of 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-imidazole-5-acetic acid, sodium salt (S-8307). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 247, 1-7.
26. Wang, P. C., Price, W. A., Chiu, A. T., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., Duncia, J. V., Johnson, A. L., et al. (1989) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. IV. EXP6155 and EXP6803. Hypertension 13, 489-497.
27. Wong, P. C., Hart, S. D., Zaspel, A. M., Chiu, A. T., Ardeckv, R. J., Smith, R. D., and Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. (1990) Functional studies of nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor subtype-specific ligands: DuP 753 (AII-1) and PD 123177 (AII-2). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 255, 584-592.
28. Wang, D. H., Du, Y., and Yao, A. (1996) Regulation of the gene-encoding angiotensin II receptor in vascular tissue. Microcirculation 3, 237-239.
29. Llorens-Cortes, C., Greenberg, B., Huang, H., and Corvol, P. (1994) Tissue expression and regulation of type 1 angiotensin II receptor subtypes by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Hypertension 24, 538-548.
30. Gilson, R. E., Thorpe, H. H., Cartwright, M. E., Frank, J. D., Schorn, T. W., Bunting, P. B., et al. (1991) Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in renal cortex of rats and rhesus monkey. Am. J. Physiol. 261, F512-F518.
31. Grone, H. J., Simon, M., and Fuchs, E. (1992) Autoradiographic characterization of angiotensin receptor subtypes in fetal and adult human kidney. Am. J. Physiol. 262, F326-F331.
32. Scheuer, D. A. and Perrone, M. H. (1993) Angiotensin Type 2 receptors mediate depressor phase of biphasic pressure response to angiotensin. Am. J. Physiol. 33, R917-R923.
33. Naveri, L., Stromberg, C., and Saavedra, J. M. (1994) Angiotensin II AT2 receptor stimulation increases cerebrovascular resistance during hemorrhagic hypotension in rats. Reg. Peptide 52, 21-29.
34. Munzenmaier, D. H. and Greene, A. S. (1996) Opposing actions of angiotensin II on microvascular growth and arterial blood pressure. Hypertension 27, 760-765.
35. Nakajima, M., Hutchinson, H. G., Fujinaga, M., Hayashida, W., Morishita, R., Zhang, L., et al. (1995) The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor: gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Prac. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 10663-10667.
36. Inagami, T., Yamano, Y., Bardhan, S., Chaki, S., Guo, D. F., Ohyama, K., et al. (1995) Cloning, expression and regulation of angiotensin II receptors. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 377, 311-317.
37. Levy, B. I., Benessiano, J., Henrion, D., Caputo, L., Heymes, C., Duriez, M., Poitevin, P., and Samuel, J. L. (1996) Chronic blockade of AT2-subtype receptors prevents the effect of angiotensin II on the rat vascular structure. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 418-425.
38. Janiak, P., Pillon, A., Prost, J. F., and Vilaine, J. P. (1992) Role of angiotensin subtype 2 receptor in neointima formation after vascular injury. Hypertension 20, 737-745.
39. Tsuzuki, S., Eguchi, S., and Inagami, T. (1996) Inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase mediated by angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor in R3T3 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228, 825-830.
40. Sumners, C., Tang, W., Zelezna, B., and Raizada, M. K. (1991) Angiotensin II receptor subtypes are coupled with distinct signal-transduction mechanisms in neurons and astrocytes from rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 7567-7571.
41. Aguilera, G. and Catt, K. (1981) Regulation of vascular angiotensin II receptors in the rat during altered sodium intake. Circ. Res. 49, 751-758.
42. Catt, K. J., Mendelsohn, F. A. C., Millan, M. A., and Aguilera, G. (1984) The role of angiotensin II receptors in vascular regulation. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 6, S575-S586.
43. Wang, D. H. and Du, Y. (1998) Regulation of vascular type 1 angiotensin II receptor in hypertension and sodium loading: role of angiotensin II. J. Hypertens. 16, 467-475.
44. Boadle, M. C., Hughes, J., and Roth, R. H. (1969) Angiotensin II accelerates catecholamine biosynthesis in sympathetically mediated tissues. Nature 222, 987-988.
45. Peach, M. J. (1971) Adrenal medullary stimulation induced by angiotensin I, angiotensin II and analogues. Circ. Res. 28/29, 11-107-117.
46. DiBona, G. F. (1989) Sympathetic nervous system influences on the kidney: role in hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. 2, 119S-124S.
47. Du, Y, Qiu, J. X., Nelson, S. H., and Wang, D. H. (1997) Regulation of type 1 Ang II receptor in vascular tissue: role of 1-adrenoreceptor. Am. J. Physial. 273, R1224-R1229.
48. Reid, W. D. and Laragh, J. H. (1965) Sodium and potassium intake, blood pressure and pressor response to angiotensin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 120, 26-29.
49. Skulan, T. W., Brousseau, A. C., and Leonard, K. A. (1974) Accelerated induction of two kidney hypertension in rats and reninangiotensin sensitivity. Circ. Res. 35, 734-741.
50. Wallace, E. C. H., Balmforth, A. J., and Morton, J. J. (1985) Effect of acute and chronic captopril infusion on blood pressure in the two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. J. Hypertens. 3, 607-612.
51. Melaragno, M. G. and Fink, G. D. (1995) Enhanced slow pressor effect of angiotensin II in two-kidney, one clip rats. Hypertension 25, 288-293.
52. Li, P. and Jackson, E. K. (1989) Enhanced slow-pressor response to angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 251, 909-921.
53. Devynck, M. A. and Meyer, P. (1976) Angiotensin receptors in vascular tissue. Am. J. Med. 61, 758-767.
54. Schiffrin, E. L., Thome, F. S., and Genest, J. (1983) Vascular angiotensin II receptors in renal and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension 5, V16-21.
55. Bruner, H. R., Chang, P., Wallach, R., Sealey, J. E., and Laragh, J. H. (1972) Angiotensin II vascular receptors: their avidity in relationship to sodium balance, the autonomie nervous system, and hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. 51, 58-67.
56. Thurston, H. and Laragh, J. H. (1975) Prior occupancy as a determinant of the pressor activity of infused angiotensin II in the rat. Circ. Res. 36, 113-117.
57. Schiffrin, E. L., Gutkowska, J., and Genest, J. (1984) Effect of angiotensin II and deoxycorticosterone infusion on vascular angiotensin II receptors in rats. Am. J. Physiol 246, H608-H614.
58. Wang, D. H., Yao, A., Zhao, H. W., and DiPette, D. J. (1997) Distinct mechanisms of modulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene expression in heart and aorta. Hypertension 29, 1104-1108.
59. Wang, D. H., Yao, A., Zhao, H. W., and DiPette, D. J. (1996) Regulation of ANG II receptor in hypertension: role of ANG II. Am. J. Physiol. 271, H120-H125.
60. Schiffrin, E. L., Franks, D. J., and Gutkowska, J. (1985) Effect of aldosterone on vascular angiotensin II receptors in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 63, 1522-1527.
61. Ullian, M. E., Schelling, J. R., and Linas, S. L. (1992) Aldosterone enhances angiotensin II receptor binding and inositol phosphate responses. Hypertension 20, 67-73.
62. Sato, A., Suzuki, H., Murakami, M., Nakazato, Y., Iwaita, Y., and Saruta, T. (1994) Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression. Hypertension 23, 25-30.
63. Grunfeld, J. P. and Eloy, L. (1987) Glucocorticoids modulate vascular reactivity in the rat. Hypertension 10, 608-618.
64. Whitworth, J. A. (1987) Mechanism of glucocorticoid induced hypertension. Kidney Int. 31, 1213-1224.
65. Guo, D. F., Uno, S., and Inagami, T. (1995) Steroid hormones upregulate rat angiotensin II type IA receptor gene: role of glucocorticoid responsive elements in rat angiotensin II type IA promoter. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. 53, 69-73.
66. Lassegue, B., Alexander, R. W., Nickenig, G., Clark, M., Murphy, T. J., and Griendling, K. K. (1995) Angiotensin II down-regulates the vascular smooth muscle AT1 receptor by transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms: evidence for homologous and heterologous regulation. mol. Pharmacol. 48, 601-609.
67. Harris, P. J. and Young, J. A. (1977) Dosedependent stimulation and inhibition of proximal tubule sodium reabsorption by angiotensin II in the rat kidney. Pflugers Arch. 357, 295-297.
68. Schuster, V. L., Kokko, J. P., and Jacobson, H. R. (1984) Angiotensin II directly stimulates transport in rabbit proximal convoluted tubules. J. Clin. Invest. 73, 507-515.
69. Wang, T. and Chan, Y. L. (1989) Mechanism of angiotensin II action on proximal tubular transport. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 252, 689-695.
70. Balla, T., Baukal, A. J., Eng, S., and Catt, K. J. (1991) Angiotensin II receptor subtypes and biological responses in the adrenal cortex and medulla. mol. Pharmacol. 40, 401-406.
71. Quali, R., LeBrethon, M. C., and Saez, J. M. (1993) Identification and characterization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in cultured bovine and human adrenal fasciculata cells and PC 12W cells. Endocrinology 133, 2766-2772.
72. Laragh, J. H., Angers, M., and Kelly, W. G. (1960) The effect of epinephrine, norepinephrine, angiotensin II and others on the secretory rate of aldosterone in man. JAMA 174, 234-240.
73. Ganong, W. F., Mulrow, P. J., and Boryczka, A. (1952) Evidence for a direct effect of angiotensin II on adrenal cortex of the dog. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 109, 381-384.
74. Kaplan, N. M. and Bartter, F. C. (1962) The effect of ACTH, renin, angiotensin II and various precursors on biosynthesis of aldosterone by adrenal slices. J. Clin. Invest. 41, 715-724.
75. Goodfriend, T. L. and Peach, M. J. (1975) Angiotensin III. (DES-aspartic acid)-Angiotensin II. Evidence and speculation for its role as an important agonist in the renin-angiotensin system. Circ. Res. 36(Suppl.1), 38-48.
76. Bird, I. M., Meikle, L., Williams, B. C., and Walker, S. W. (1989) Angiotensin II-stimulated cortisol secretion is mediated by a hormonesensitive phospholipase C in bovine adrenal fasciculata/reticularis cells. mol. Cell Endocrinol 64, 45-53.
77. Gill, G. N., III, C. R., and Simonian, M. H. (1977) Angiotensin stimulation of bovine adrenocortical cell growth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5569-5573.
78. Feidberg, W. and Lewis, G. P. (1964) The action of peptide on the adrenal medulla. Release of adrenaline by bradykinin and angiotensin. J. Physiol. (London) 171, 98-108.
79. Shanmugam, S., Lenkei, Z., Gasc, J. M., Corvol, P., and Llorens-Cortes, C. (1995) Ontogeny of angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor mRNA in the rat. Kidney Int. 47, 1095-1100.
80. Shanmugam, S., Llorens-Cortes, C., Clauser, E., Corvol, P., and Gasc, J. M. (1995) Expression of angiotensin II AT2 receptor mRNA during development of the rat kidney and adrenal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 268, F922-F930.
81. Wong, P. C., Price, W. A., Chiu, A. T., Duncia, J. V., Carini, D. J., Wexler, R. R., et al. (1990) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. VIII. Characterization of functional antagonism displayed by DuP753, an orally active antihvpertensive agent. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 252, 719-725.
82. Chang, R. S. L., Siegl, P. K. S., Clineschmidt, B. V., Mantlo, N. B., Chakravarty, P. K., Greenlee, W. J., Patchett, A. A., and Lotti, V. J. (1992) In vitro pharmacology of L-158,809, a new highly potent and selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 262, 133-138.
83. Olins, G. M., Corpus, V. M., McMahon, E. G., Palomo, M. A., Schuh, J. R., Blehm, D. J., et al. (1992) In vitro pharmacology of a nonpeptidic angiotensin II receptor antagonist, SC-51316. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 261, 1037-1043.
84. Natarajan, R., Gonzales, N., Hornsby, P. J., and Nadler, J. (1992) Mechanism of angiotensin II-induced proliferation in bovine adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 131, 1174-1180.
85. Bird, I. M., Magness, R. R., Mason, J. I., and Rainey, W. E. (1992) Angiotensin II acts via the type 1 receptor to inhibit 17 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 expression in bovine adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 130, 3113-3121.
86. Bottari, S. P., King, I. N., Reichilin, S., Dahlstroem, I., Lydon, N., and de Gasparo, M. (1992) The angiotensin AT2 receptor stimulates protein tyrosine phosphatase activity and mediates inhibition of particulate guanylate cyclase. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183, 206-211.
87. Laredo, J., Shah, J. R., Lu, Z. R., Hamilton, B. P., and Hamlyn, J. M. (1997) Angiotensin II stimulates secretion of endogenous ouabain from bovine adrenocortical cells via angiotensin type 2 receptors. Hypertension 29, 401-407.
88. Chiu, A. T., Duncia, J. V., McCall, D. E., Wong, P. C., Price, W. A., Thoolen, M. J. M. C., et al. (1989) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. III. Structure-function studies. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 250, 867-874.
89. Chang, R. S. and Lotti, V. J. (1990) Two distinct angiotensin II receptor binding sites in rat adrenal revealed by new selective nonpeptide ligands. Mol. Pharmacol. 29, 347-351.
90. Wong, P. C., Price, W. A., Chiu, A. T., Carini, D. J., Duncia, J. V., Johnson, A. L., Wexler, R. R., and Timmermans, P. B. M. W. M. (1990) Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Studies with EXP9270 and DuP 753. Hypertension 15, 823-834.
91. Aguilera, G. and Catt, K. (1978) Regulation of aldosterone secretion by the renin-angiotensin system during sodium restriction in rats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 4056-4061.
92. Aguilera, G. (1992) Role of angiotensin II receptor subtypes on regulation of aldosterone secretion in adrenal glomerulosa zone in the rat. mol. Cell Endocrinol. 90, 53-60.
93. Du, Y., Guo, D. F., Inagami, T., Speth, R. C., and Wang, D. H. (1996) Regulation of Ang II-receptor subtype and its gene expression in adrenal gland. Am. J. Physiol. 271, H440-H446.
94. Wang, D. H., Qiu, J. X., Hu, Z. Y., and Du, Y. (1997) Regulation of type 1 angiotensin II receptor in adrenal gland: role of 1-adrenoreceptor. Hypertension 30, 345-350.
95. Ullian, M. E., Hutchison, F. N., Hazen-Martin, D. J., and Morinelli, T. A. (1993) Angiotensin II-aldosterone interactions on protein synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol. 264, C1525-C1531.
96. Ullian, M. E. and Fine, J. J. (1994) Mechanisms of enhanced angiotensin II-stimulated signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle by aldosterone. J. Cellular Physiol. 161, 201-208.
97. Wang, D. H. and Qiu, J. X. (1998) Differential regulation of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the adrenal gland: role of aldosterone. Hypertension 32, 65-70.
98. Inagami, T., Mizuno, K., Naruse, M., Nakamaru, M., Naruse, K., Hoffman, L. H., and McKenzie, J. C. (1989) Active and inactive renin in the adrenal. Am. J. Hypertens. 2, 311-319.
99. Di Nicolantonio, R., Yu, H., Wilks, A., and Lan, L. (1995) Novel mutation in the first intron of the spontaneously hypertensive rat renin gene upstream of the tandem repeat element. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 22, Suppl, S10-S11.
100. Yu, H. and Di Nicolantonio, R. (1996). Altered age-dependent modulation of tissue renin messenger RNA levels in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J. Hypertens. 14, 871-880.
101. Tokita, Y., Franco-Saenz, R., Mulrow, P. J., and Ganten, D. (1994) Effects of nephrectomy and adrenalectomy on the renin-angiotensin system of transgenic rats TGR(mRen2)27. Endocrinology 134, 253-257.
102. Volpe, M., Gigante, B., Enea, I., Porcellini, A., Russo, R., Lee, M. A., et al. (1997) Role of tissue renin in the regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex of nephrectomized rats. Circ. Res. 81, 857-864.
103. Della Bruna, R., Bernhard, I., Gess, B., Schricker, K., and Kurtz, A. (1995) Renin gene and angiotensin II AT1 receptor gene expression in the kidneys of normal and of two-kidney/one-clip rats. Pflugers Archiv. Eur. J. Physiol. 430, 265-272.
104. Singh, I., Grams, M., Wang, W. H., Yang, T., Killen, P., Smart, A., Schnermann, J., and Briggs, J. P. (1996) Coordinate regulation of renal expression of nitric oxide synthase, renin, and angiotensinogen mRNA by dietary salt. Am. J. Physiol. 270, F1027-F1037.
105. Schricker, K., Potzl, B., Hamann, M., and Kurtz, A. (1996) Coordinate changes of renin and brain-type nitric-oxide-synthase (b-NOS) mRNA levels in rat kidneys. Pflugers Archiv. Eur. J. Physiol. 432, 394-400.
106. Elijovich, F., Zhao, H. W., Laffer, C. L., Du, Y., DiPette, D. J., Inagami, T., and Wang, D. H. (1997) Regulation of growth of the adrenal gland in DOC-salt hypertension: role of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Hypertension 29, 408-413.
107. Song, K., Kurobe, Y., Kanehara, H., Okunishi, H., Wada, T., Inada, Y., Nishikawa, K., and Miyazaki, M. (1994) Quantitative localization of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Blood Press. 5(Suppl), 21-26.
108. Guo, D. F., Uno, S., Ishihata, A., Nakamura, N., and Inagami, T. (1995) Identification of cis-acting glucocorticoid responsive elements in the rat angiotensin II type 1A promoter. Circ. Res. 77, 249-257.
109. Guo, D. F. and Inagami, T. (1994) Epidermal growth factor-enhanced human angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Hypertension 23, 1032-1035.
110. Ichiki, T. and Inagami, T. (1995) Transcriptional regulation of the mouse angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene. Hypertension 25, 720-725.
111. Ichiki, T., Labolsky, P. A., Shiota, C., Okuvama, S., Imagawa, Y., Fogo, A., et al. (1995) Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behavior of mice lacking angiotensin II type 2 receptor. Nature 377, 748-750.
112. Morishita, R., Gibbons, G. H., Horiuchi, M., Ellison, K. E., Nakama, M., Zhang, L., et al. (1995) Gene therapy strategy using a transcription factor decoy of the E2F binding site inhibits smooth muscle proliferation in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5855-5859.
113. Wang, Y. L., O'Malley, B. W., Tsai, S. Y., and O'Malley, B. W. (1994) A regulatory system for use in gene transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 8180-8184.
114. Ito, M., Oliverio, M. I., Mannon, P. J., Best, C. F., Maeda, N., Smithies, O., and Coffman, T. M. (1995) Regulation of blood pressure by the type IA angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3521-3525.
115. Sugaya, T., Nishimatsu, S., Tanimoto, K., Takimoto, E., Yamagishi, T., Imamura, K., Goto, S., et al. (1995) Angiotensin II type 1a receptor-deficient mice with hypotension and hyperreninemia. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18719-18722.
116. Matsusaka, T., Nishimura, H., Utsunomiya, H., Kakuchi, J., Niimura, F., et al. (1996) Chimeric mice carrying regional targeted deletion of the angiotensin type 1A receptor gene: evidence against the role for local angiotensin in the in vivo feedback regulation of renin synthesis in juxtaglomerular cells. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 1867-1877.
117. Oliverio, M. I., Best, C. F., Kim, H. S., Arendshorst, W. J., Smithies, O., and Coffman, T. M. (1997) Angiotensin II responses in AT1A receptor-deficient mice: a role for AT1B receptors in blood pressure regulation. Am. J. Physiol. 272, F515-F520.
118. Chen, X., Li, W., Yoshida, H., Tsuchida, S., Nishimura, H., Takemoto, F., Okubo, S., et al. (1997) Targeting deletion of angiotensin type IB receptor gene in the mouse. Am. J. Physiol. 272, F299-304.
119. Hein, L., Barsh, G. S., Pratt, R. E., Dzau, V. J., and Kobilka, B. K. (1995) Behavioral and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type 2 receptor gene in mice. Nature 377, 744-747.
120. Hein, L., Stevens, M. E., Barsh, G. S., Pratt, R. E., Kobilka, B. K., and Dzau, V. J. (1997) Overexpression of angiotensin AT1 receptor transgene in the mouse myocardium produces a lethal phenotype associated with myocyte hyperplasia and heart block. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6391-6396.
121. Tiret, L., Bonnardeaux, A., Poirier, O., Ricard, S., Marques-Vidal, P., et al. (1994) Synergistic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin Il type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 344, 910-912.