Causes of mortality of the Wyoming toad

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 49-57

  Taylor, Sharon K ^a,b   Williams, Elizabeth S ^a   Thorne, E Tom ^c   Mills, Ken W ^a   Withers, David I ^d   Pier, A C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

^b Florida Game Fresh Water Fish Community   (United States)

^c WYOMING GAME AND FISH DEPARTMENT   (United States)

^d Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation   (United States)

Author keywords

Amphibian; Basidiobolus ranarum; Bufo baxteri; Mortality; Mycotic dermatitis; Redleg; Wyoming toad

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ANIMALIA; ANURA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BASIDIOBOLUS; BASIDIOBOLUS RANARUM; BUFO BAXTERI; FUNGI;

AGE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; DERMATOMYCOSIS; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; FEMALE; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MALE; MORTALITY; MUCORMYCOSIS; SEPSIS; SEX DIFFERENCE; TOAD; UNITED STATES;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; BUFONIDAE; CAUSE OF DEATH; DERMATOMYCOSES; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; FEMALE; MALE; SEPSIS; SEX FACTORS; WYOMING; ZYGOMYCOSIS;

EID: 0032609907     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-35.1.49     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. ANVER, M. R., AND C. L. POND. 1984. Biology and diseases of amphibians. In Laboratory animal medicine. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida, pp. 427-447.
2. BAXTER, G. T., M. R. STROMBERG, AND S. K. DOOD, JR. 1982. The status of the Wyoming toad (Bufo hemiophrys baxteri). Environmental Conservation 9: 348.
3. BEISWENGER, R. E. 1988. Integrating anuran amphibian species into environmental assessment programs. In Proceedings of the symposium on management of amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals in North America. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Flagstaff, Arizona, pp. 159-165.
4. BISHOP, C. A., AND K. E. PETTIT. 1992. Declines in Canadian amphibian populations: Designing a national monitoring strategy. Occasional paper number 76, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ontario, Canada, 1169 pp.
5. BLAUSTEIN, A. R., P. D. HOFFMAN, D. G. HOKIT, J. M. KIESECKER, S. C. WALLS, AND J. B. HAYES. 1994. UV repair and resistance to solar UV-B in amphibian eggs: A link to population declines? Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA 91: 1791-1795.
6. BRODKIN, M. A., M. P. SIMON, A. M. DESANTIS, AND K. J. BOYER. 1992. Responses of Rana pipiens to graded doses of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Herpetology 26: 490-495.
7. BUBE, A., E. BURKHARD, AND R. WEIB. 1992. Spontaneous chromomycosis in the marine toad (Bufo marinus). Journal of Comparative Pathology 106: 73-77.
8. CAREY, C. 1993. Hypothesis concerning the causes of the disappearance of boreal toads from the mountains of Colorado. Conservation Biology 7: 355-362.
9. CARR, A. H., R. L. AMBORSKI, D. D. CULLEY, AND G. F. AMORSKI. 1976. Aerobic bacteria in the intestinal tract of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) maintained at low temperatures. Herpetologica 32: 239-244.
10. CHANDLER, F. W., W. KAPLAN, AND L. AJELLO. 1980. A colour atlas and textbook of the histopathology of mycotic disease. Wolfe Medical Publications Ldt., Weert, Netherlands, 333 pp.
11. COREMANS-PELSENEER, J. 1973. Isolation of Basidiobolus from natural sources. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 49: 173-176.
12. DUSLI, J. L. 1948. The natural occurrence of "redleg" Pseudomonas hydrophila, in a population of American toads, Bufo americanus. Ohio Journal of Science 49: 70-71.
13. FOWLER, M. E. 1986. Amphibians. In Zoo and wildlife medicine, 2nd ed., M. E. Fowler (ed.). W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, pp. 99-106.
14. GIBBS, E. L. 1963. An effective treatment for red-leg disease in Rana pipiens. Laboratory Animal Care 13: 781-783.
15. GROFF, J. M., A. MUGHANNAM, T. S. MCDOWELL, A. WONG, M. J. DYSKSTRA, F. L. FRYE, AND R. P. HEDRICK. 1991. An epizootic of cutaneous zygomycosis in cultured dwarf African clawed frogs (Hymenochirus curtipes) due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology 29: 215-223.
16. GUGNANI, H. C., AND J. I. OKAFOR. 1980. Mycotic flora of the intestine and other internal organs of certain reptiles and amphibians with special reference to characterization of Basidiobolus isolates. Mykosen 23: 260-268.
17. HAZEN, T. C., C. B. FLIERMANS, R. P. HIRSCH, AND G. W. ESCH. 1978. Prevalence and distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila in the United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 36: 731-738.
18. HIRD, D. W., S. L. DIESCH, R. G. MCKINNELL, E. GORHAM, F. B. MARTIN, S. W. KURTZ, AND C. DUBROVOLNY. 1981. Aeromonas hydrophila in wild-caught frogs and tadpoles (Rana pipiens) in Minnesota. Laboratory Animal Science 31: 166-169.
19. HUTCHINSON, J. A., AND M. A. NICKERSON. 1970. Comments on the distribution of Basidiobolus ranarum. Mycologia 60: 585-587.
20. JONES, T. C., AND R. D. HUNT. 1983. Veterinary pathology, 5th ed. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1972 pp.
21. KONEMAN, E. W., AND G. D. ROBERTS. 1985. Practical laboratory mycology, 3rd Edition. Williams & Williams Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland, 211 pp.
22. LEWIS, D. L., G. T. BAXTER, K. M. JOHNSON, AND M. D. STONE. 1985. Possible extinction of the Wyoming toad, Bufo hemiophrys baxteri. Journal of Herpetology 19: 166-168.
23. MILLICHAMP, N. J. 1990. Ocular disease in captive amphibians and reptiles. In Proceedings of the American Association of zoo veterinarians, R. C. Cambre, (ed.). American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, South Padre Island, Texas, pp. 297-301.
24. MOK, W. Y., C. MORTO DE CARVALHO, L. C. FERREIRA, AND J. W. S. MEIRELLE. 1982. Natural mycotic infections in Amazonian anurans. In Proceedings of the first international colloquium on pathology of reptiles and amphibians, C. Vago and G. Matz (eds.). Angers, France, pp. 59-65.
25. NUNAMAKER, C. E., AND E. S. WILLIAMS. 1986. TEM as an aid in the rapid diagnosis of canine distemper in wildlife. In Proceedings of the 44th annual meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America, G. W. Bailey (ed.). San Francisco Press, Inc, San Francisco, California, pp. 302-303.
26. NYMAN, S. 1986. Mass mortality in larval Rana sylvatica attributed to the bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Journal of Herpetology 20: 196-201.
27. OLSON, M. E., M. BROWN, R. HAMPTON, AND D. W. MORCK. 1992. Flavobacterium indologenes infection in leopard frogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201: 1766-1770.
28. PALUMBO, S. A. 1993. The occurrence and significance of organisms of the Aeromonas hydrophila group in food and water. Medical Microbiology Letters 2: 339-346.
29. PECHMANN, J. H., D. E. SCOTT, R. D. SEMLITSCH, J. P. CALDWELL, L. J. VITT, AND J. W. GIBBONS. 1991. Declining amphibian populations: The problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations. Science 253: 892-895.
30. RABB, G. E. 1990. Declining amphibian populations. Species 13: 3:3-34.
31. RIGNEY, M. M., J. W. ZILINSKY, AND M. A. ROUF. 1978. Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila in red leg disease in frogs. Current Microbiology 1: 175-179.
32. RIPPON, J. W. 1982. Medical mycology: The pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes. W. B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 842 pp.
33. SCHERMAN, C. K., AND M. L. MORTON. 1993. Population declines of Yosemite toads in western Sierra Nevada of California. Journal of Herpetology 27: 186-198.
34. SPEARE, R., L. BERGER, P. O'SHEA, P. W. LADDS, AND A. D. THOMAS. 1997. Pathology of mucormycosis of cane toads in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 105-111.
35. TAYLOR, S. K., E. S. WILLIAMS, AND K. W. MILLS. 1999a. Mortality of captive Canadian toads from Basidiobolus ranarum mycotic dermatitis. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35: 64-69.
36. _, _, A. C. PIER, K. W. MILLS, AND M. D. BOCK. 1999b. Mucormycotic dermatitis in captive adult Wyoming toads. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 35: 70-74.
37. U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE. 1991. Wyoming toad recovery plan, M. D. Stone (ed.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado, 28 pp.
38. WAKE, D. B. 1992. Declining amphibian populations. Science 253: 860.
39. WITHERS, D. I. 1992. The Wyoming Toad (Bufo hemiophrys baxteri): An analysis of habitat use and life history. M. S. Thesis. University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 233 pp.
40. ZAPATA, A. G., A. VARAS, AND M. TORROBA. 1992. Seasonal variations in the immune system of lower vertebrates. Immunology Today 13: 142-147.