Measurements of organ volume by ultrasonography

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine

Volumn 213, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 247-259

  Gilja, O H ^a   Hausken, T ^a   Berstad, A ^a   Odegaard S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERGEN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Three dimensional reconstruction; Three dimensional ultrasound; Ultrasonography; Volume measurement

Indexed keywords

ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; FEMALE; HEART VOLUME; HUMAN; IMAGE PROCESSING; INFORMATION PROCESSING; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; METHODOLOGY; OVARY; PROSTATE; REFERENCE VALUE; REVIEW; STOMACH;

CARDIAC VOLUME; DATA DISPLAY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTROMAGNETICS; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; KIDNEY; LIVER; MALE; OVARY; PROSTATE; REFERENCE VALUES; STOMACH; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 0032605305     PISSN: 09544119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1243/0954411991534951     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. Salvesen, K. A., Bakkctcig, L. S., Eik-Nes, S. H., Undheim, J. O. and Oakland, O. Routine ultrasonography in utero and school performance at age 8-9 years. Lancet, 1992, 339, 85-89.
2. Griffiths, C. J., Murray, A. and Ramsdcn, P. D. Accuracy and repeatability of bladder volume measurement using ultrasonic imaging. J. Urology, 1986, 136, 808-812.
3. Szebcni, A. and Belcznay, E. New simple method for thyroid volume determination by ultrasonography. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 1992, 20, 329-337.
4. King, D. L., King Jr, D. L. and Shao, M. Y. Evaluation of in vitro measurement accuracy of a three-dimensional ultrasound scanner. J. Ultrasound Med., 1991, 10, 77-82.
5. Riccabona, M., Nelson, T. R., Pretorias, D. H. and Davidson, T. E. Distance and volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasonography. .7. Ultrasound Med., 1995, 14, 881-886.
6. Sapin, P. M., Schrocder, K. D., Smith, M. D., DeMaria, A. N. and King, D. L. Three-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular volume in vitro: comparison with two-dimensional echocardiography and cineventriculography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol, 1993, 22, 1530-1537.
7. Kyci Mensah, A., Zaidi, J., Pittrof, R., Shaker, A., Campbell, S. and Tan, S. L. Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound: accuracy of follicular volume measurements. Pert. Steril., 1996, 65, 371-376.
8. Riccabona, M., Nelson, T. R., Pretorias, D. H. and Davidson, T. E. In vivo three-dimensional sonographic measurement of organ volume: validation in the urinary bladder. J. Ultrasound Med., 1996, 15, 627-632.
9. Salustri, A. and Roelandt, J. R. Ultrasonic three-dimensional reconstruction of the heart. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1995, 21, 281-293.
10. Ghosh, A., Nanda, N. C. and Maurer, G. Three-dimensional reconstruction of echo-cardiographic images using the rotation method. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1982, 8, 655-661.
11. Roelandt, J. R., ten Catc, F. J., Vlcttcr, W. B. and Taams, M. A. Ultrasonic dynamic three-dimensional visualization of the heart with a multiplane transesophageal imaging transducer. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 1994, 7, 217-229.
12. Picot, P. A., Rickcy, D. W., Mitchell, R., Rankin, R. IN7. and Fenster, A. Three-dimensional colour Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1993, 19, 95-104.
13. Ross Jr J. J., D'Adamo, A. J., Karalis, D. G. and Chandrasckaran, K. Three-dimensional transesophageal echo imaging of the descending thoracic aorta. Am. J. Cardiol., 1993, 71, 1000-1002.
14. Sohn, C. and Grotepass, J. 3-dimensional organ image using ultrasound. Ultraschall. Mcd., 1990, 11, 295-301.
15. Sackmann, M., Paulctzki, J., Zwiebel, F. M. and Holl, J. Three-dimensional ultrasonography in hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. Bildgebung., 1994, 61, 100-103.
16. Sehgal, C. M., Brodcrick, G. A., Whittingham, R., Gorniak, R. J. and Arger, P. H. Three-dimensional US and volumetric assessment of the prostate. Radiology, 1994, 192, 274-278.
17. Martin, R. W., Bashein, G., Zimmer, R. and Sutherland, J. An endoscopie micromanipulator for multiplanar transesophageal imaging. Ultrasound Mcd. Biol., 1986,12,965-975.
18. Martin, R. W. and Bashcin, G. Measurement of stroke volume with three-dimensional transesophageal ultrasonic scanning: comparison with thermodilution measurement. Anesthesiology, 1989, 70, 470-476.
19. Belohlavek, M., Folcy, D. A., Gerber, T. C., Greenleaf, J. F. and Seward, J. B. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the atrial septum: normal and pathologic anatomy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1993, 22, 1673-1678.
20. Prctorius, D. H. and Nelson, T. R. Fetal face visualization using three-dimensional ultrasonography. J. Ultrasound Med., 1995, 14, 349-356.
21. Hamper, U. M., Trapanotto, V., Shcth, S., DeJong, M. R. and Caskey, C. I. Three-dimensional US: preliminary clinical experience. Radiology, 1994, 191, 397-401.
22. Wagner, S., Gcbel, M., Bleck, J. S. and Manns, M. P. Clinical application of three-dimensional sonography in hepatobiliary disease. Bildgebung., 1994, 61, 104-109.
23. Zoller, W. G. and Liess, H. 3-D ultrasound in gastroenterology. Bildgebung., 1994, 61, 95-99.
24. Roscnficld, K., Losordo, D. W., Ramaswamy, K., Pastore, J. O., Langevin, R. E., Razvi, S., Kosowsky, B. D. and Isner, J. M. Three-dimensional reconstruction of human coronary and peripheral arteries from images recorded during two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound examination. Circulation, 1991, 84, 1938-1956.
25. Mintz, G. S., Pichard, A. D., Salier, L. F., Popma, J. J., Kent, K. M. and Leon, M. B. Three-dimensional intravascular ultrasonography: reconstruction of endovascular stents in vitro and in vivo. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 1993, 21, 609-615.
26. Chandrasekaran, K., Sehgal, C. M., Hsu, T. L., Young, N. A., D'Adamo, A. J., Robb, R. A. and Pandian, N. G. Three-dimensional volumetric ultrasound imaging of arterial pathology from two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound: an in vitro study. Angiology, 1994,45,253-264.
27. Wnittingham, T. A. and Bateman, D. N. Measurement of stomach volume by real-time ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1983, Suppl. 2, 459-463.
28. Dekkcr, D. L., Piziali, R. L. and Dong Jr, E. A system for ultrasonically imaging the human heart in three dimensions. Comput. Biomed. Res., 1974, 7, 544-553.
29. iNikravesh, P. E., Skorton, D. J., Chandran, K. B., Attarwala, Y. M., Pandian, N. and Kerber, R. E.
30. Computerized three-dimensional finite element reconstruction of the left ventricle from cross-sectional echocardiograms. Ultrason. Imaging, 1984, 6, 48-59.
31. Raichlen, J. S., Trivedi, S. S., Herman, G. T., St John Sutton, M. G. and Reichek, N. Dynamic three-dimensional reconstruction of the left ventricle from two-dimensional echocardiograms. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1986, 8, 364-370.
32. Sawada, H., Fujii, J., Aizawa, T., Kalo, K., Onoe, M., Kuno, Y. and Nakanishi, T. Three dimensional reconstruction of the human left ventricle from multiple cross-sectional echocardiograms: comparisons with biplane cineventriculography using Simpson's rule. J. Cardiography, 1985, 15, 439-447.
33. Geiser, E. A., Christie, L. G. J., Conetta, D. A., Conti, C. R. and Gossman, G. S. A mechanical arm for spatial registration of two-dimensional echocardiographic sections. Catheter Cardiovasc. Diagnosis, 1982, 8, 89-101.
34. Moritz, W. E., Shreve, P. L. and Mace, L. E. Analysis of an ultrasonic spatial locating system. IEEE Trans. Instrum. Measmt, 1976, 25, 43-50.
35. Levine, R. A., Handschumacher, M. D., Sanfilippo, A. J., Hagege, A. A., Harrigan, P., Marshall, J. E. and Weyman, A. E. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation, 1989, 80, 589-598.
36. King, D. L., King Jr, D. L. and Shao, M. Y. Three-dimensional spatial registration and interactive display of position and orientation of real-time ultrasound images. J. Ultrasound Med., 1990, 9, 525-532.
37. Handschumacher, M. D., Lethor, J. P., Siu, S. C., Mêle, D., Rivera, J. M., Picard, M. H., Weynian, A. E. and Levine, R. A. A new integrated system for three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction: Development and validation for ventricular volume with application in human subjects. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1993, 21, 743-753.
38. Detmer, P. R., Bashcin, G., Hodges, T. C., Beach, K. W., Filer, E. P., Burns, D. H. and Strandness, Jr, D. E. 3D ultrasonic image feature localization based on magnetic scanhead tracking: in vitro calibration and validation. Ultrasound Med. Bioi, 1994, 20, 923-936.
39. Hodges, T. C., Detmer, P. R., Burns, D. II., Beach, K. W. and Strandness, Jr, D. E. Ultrasonic three-dimensional reconstruction: in vitro and in vivo volume and area measurement. Ultrasound Med. Biol, 1994, 20, 719-729.
40. Kelly, I. M., Gardener, J. E., Brett, A. D., Richards, R. and Lees, W. R. Three-dimensional US of the foetus. Work in progress. Radiology, 1994, 192, 253-259.
41. Pretorius, D. H. and Nelson, T. R. Prenatal visualization of cranial sutures and fontanelles with three-dimensional ultrasonography. J. Ultrasound Med., 1994, 13, 871-876.
42. Lcotta, D. F., Detmer, P. R., Gilja, O. H., Jong, J. M., Martin, R. W., Primozich, J. F., Beach, K. W. and Strandness Jr, D. E. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging using multiple magnetic tracking systems and miniature magnetic sensors. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium, Seattle, WA, USA, 1995, pp. 1415-1418.
43. Green, K. and Campbell, G. Nitric oxide formation is involved in vagal inhibition of the stomach of the trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Anton. Nerv. Syst., 1994,50,221-229.
44. Belohlavek, M., Foley, D. A., Gerber, T. C., Kinter, T. M.,
45. Greenleaf, J. F. and Seward, J. B. Three- and four-dimensional cardiovascular ultrasound imaging: a new era for echocardiography. Mayo Clin. Proc., 1993, 68, 221-240.
46. Greenleaf, J. F., Bclohlavek, M., Gerber, T. C., Foley, D. A. and Seward, J. B. Multidimensional visualization in echocardiography: an introduction. Mayo Clin. Proc., 1993, 68, 213-220.
47. Anonymous Visualization in Scientific Computing, 1989 (IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos).
48. Nelson, T. R. and Prctorius, D. H. Visualization of the foetal thoracic skeleton with three-dimensional sonography: a preliminary report. AAm. J. Roentgenol., 1995, 164, 1485-1488.
49. Martin, R. W., Legget, M., McDonald, J., Li, X.-N., Lcotta, D. F., Bolson, E., Bashein, G., Otto, C. M. and Shechan, F. H. Stereographic viewing of 3D ultrasound images: a novelty or a tool? Proc. IEEE Int. Ultrasonics Symp., 1995, 2, 1431-1434.
50. Baum, G. and Stroke, G. W. Optical holographic threedimensional ultrasonography. Science, 1975, 189, 994-995.
51. Koivukangas, J., Ylitalo, J., Alasaarela, E. and Tauriaincn, A. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of brain for neurosurgery. Ann. Clin. Res., 1986, 18 (Suppl.47), 65-72.
52. Redman, J. D., Walton, W. P., Fleming, J. E. and Hall, A. M. Holographic display of data from ultrasonic scanning. Ultrasonics, 1969, 7, 26-29.
53. Yagi, T., Yoshida, K., Hozumi, T., Akasaka, T., Takagi, T., Honda, Y., Ohkura, IL, Yamamuro, A. and Yoshikawa, J. Evaluation of left ventricular volume and ejection fraction using three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography. J. CardioL, 1996, 27, 207-210.
54. Carr, K. W., Englcr, R. L., Forsythe, J. R., Johnson, A. D. and Gosink, B. Measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by mechanical cross-sectional echocardiography. Circulation, 1979,59, 1196-1206.
55. Baran, A. O., Rogal, G. J. and Nanda, N. C. Ejection fraction determination without planimetry by two-dimensional echocardiography: a new method. J. Am. Coll. CardioL, 1983, 1, 1471-1478.
56. Ran, G., Visser, C. A., Lie, K. L and Durrer, D. Early twodimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction in acute myocardial infarction. Eur. Heart J., 1984, 5, 210-217.
57. Stamm, R. B., Carabello, B. A., Mayers, D. L. and Martin, R. P. Two-dimensional echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction: prospective analysis of what constitutes an adequate determination. Am. Heart J., 1982, 104, 136-144.
58. Gopal, A. S., Shen, Z., Sapin, P. M., Keller, A. M., Schncllbaccher, M. J., Leibowitz, D. W., Akinboboye, O. O., Rodney, R. A., Blood, D. K. and King, D. L. Assessment of cardiac function by three-dimensional echocardiography compared with conventional noninvasive methods. Circulation, 1995, 92, 842-853.
59. N'osir, Y. F., Fiorctti, P. M., Vlettcr, W. B., Boersma, E., Salustri, A., Postma, J. T., Rcijs, A. E., ten Cate, F. J. and Roclandt, J. R. Accurate measurement of left ventricular ejection fraction by three-dimensional echocardiography. A comparison with radionuclide angiography. Circulation, 1996, 94, 460-466.
60. Jiang, L., Vazquez dc Prada, J. A., Handschumacher, M. D., Vuille, C., Guererro, J. L., Picard, M. H., Joziatis, J. T.,
61. Fallen, J. T., Wcyman, A. E. and Lcvinc, R. A. Quantitative three-dimensional reconstruction of aneurysmal left ventricles. In vitro and in vivo validation. Circulation, 1995, 91, 222-230.
62. Buck, T., Schon, F., Baumgart, D., Leischik, R., Schappcrt, T., Kupfenvasser, L, Meyer, J., Gorge, G., Haude, M. and Erbel, R. Tomographie left ventricular volume determination in the presence of aneurysm by three-dimensional echocardiographic imaging. I: Asymmetric model hearts. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 1996, 9, 488-500.
63. Bolondi, L., Bortolotti, M., Santi, V., Calletti, T., Gaiani, S. and Labo, G. Measurement of gastric emptying time by real-time ultrasonography. Gastroenterology, 1985, 89, 752-759.
64. Duan, L. P., Zheng, Z. T. and Li, Y. N. A study of gastric emptying in non-ulcer dyspepsia using a new ultrasonographic method. Scand. J. Gaslroenterol., 1993, 28, 355-360.
65. Hou, X. H., Deng, Y. B. and Zhang, J. K. Measurement of gastric emptying in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Clnmg. Hua. Nei. Ko. Tsa. Chili., 1992, 31, 623-5, 658.
66. Dorlars, D., Schilling, D. and Ricmann, J. F. The feasibility of ultrasonography for the evaluation of stomach motility disorders. Dl. Med. Wochenschr, 1994, 119, 575-580.
67. LiVoti, G., Tulonc, V., Bruno, R., Cataliotti, F., lacono, G., Carataio, F. and Balsamo, V. Ultrasonography and gastric emptying: evaluation in infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr., 1992, 14, 397-399.
68. Stein, W. W., Brettel, II. F. and Garten, T. Stomach volume determination using the ultrasonic B picture method. Munch. Med. Wochenschr., 1972, 114, 1871-1873.
69. Desaga, J. F. and Hixt, U. Sonographic determination of gastric emptying. Ultraschall. Med., 1987, 8, 138-141.
70. Newell, S. J., Chapman, S. and Booth, I. W. Ultrasonic assessment of gastric emptying in the preterm infant. Arch. Dis. Child, 1993, 69, 32-36.
71. Radberg, G., Asztely, M., Cantor, P., Rchfcld, J. F., Jarnfeldt Samsioe, A. and Svanvik, J. Gastric and gallbladder emptying in relation to the secretion of cholecystokinin after a meal in late pregnancy. Digestion, 1989, 42, 174-180.
72. Gilja, O. H., Thune, N., Matre, K., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. In vitro evaluation of threedimensional ultrasonography in volume estimation of abdominal organs. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1994, 20, 157-165.
73. Thune, N., Hausken, T., Gilja, O. H. and Matre, K. A practical method for estimating enclosed volumes using 3D ultrasound. Ettr. J. Ultrasound, 1996, 3, 83-92.
74. Gilja, O. H., Smievoll, A. L., Thune, N., Matre, K., Hausken, T., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. In vivo comparison of 3D ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in volume estimation of human kidneys. Ultrasound Med. Biol., 1995, 21, 25-32.
75. Hokland, J. and Hausken, T. An interactive volume rendering method applied to ultrasonography of abdominal structures. IEEE Ultrason. Symp. Proc., 1994, 3, 1567-1571.
76. Hausken, T., Thune, N., Matre, K., Gilja, O. H., Odegaard, S. and Berstad, A. Volume estimation of the gastric antrum and the gallbladder in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia and erosive prepyloric changes, using threedimensional ultrasonography. Netirogastroenterol. Mot., 1994, 6, 263-270.
77. Gilja, O. H., Hauskcn, T., Odcgaard, S. and Bcrstad, A. Three-dimensional ultrasonography of the gastric antrum in patients with functional dyspepsia. Scand. J. Gastroentcrol, 1995, 31, 847-855.
78. Bcrstad, A., Hauskcn, T., Gilja, O. H., Thunc, N., Matrc, K. and Odcgaard, S. Volume measurement of gastric antrum by 3-D ultrasonography and flow measurements through the pylorus by duplex technique. Dig. Dis. Sei., 1994, 39, 97-100.
79. Gilja, O. H., Hausken, T., Olafsson, S., Matrc, K. and Odcgaard, S. In vitro evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography based on magnetic scanhead tracking. Ultrasound Med. Dial., 1998, 24, 1161-1167.
80. Gilja, O. H., Detmer, P. R., Jong, J. M., Leotta, D. F., Li, X.-N., Beach, K. W., Martin, R. M. and Strandncss Jr, D. E. Intragastric distribution and gastric emptying assessed by 3D-ultrasonography. Gastroenterology, 1997, 113, 38-49.
81. Hausken, T., Leotta, D. F., Hclton, S., Kowdley, K. V., Goldman, B., Vaezy, S., Bolson, E. L., Shcchan, F. H. and Martin, R. W. Estimation of the human liver volume and configuration using three-dimensional ultrasonography: effect of a high-caloric liquid meal. Ultraschall. Med., 1997, 18, A20 (abstract).
82. Mcyhoff, H. H., Roder, O. and Andersen, B. Palpatory estimation of liver size. Within- and between-observer variation. Ada Chir. Scand., 1979, 145, 479-481.
83. Sullivan, S., Krasncr, N. and Williams, R. The clinical estimation of liver size: a comparison of techniques and an analysis of the source of error. Br. Med. J., 1976, 2, 1042-1043.
84. Racth, U., Johnson, P. J. and Williams, R. Ultrasound determination of liver size and assessment of patients with malignant liver disease. Liver, 1984, 4, 287-293.
85. Wynne, H. A., Cope, L. H., Mutch, E., Rawlins, M. D., Woodhousc, K. W. and James, O. F. The effect of age upon liver volume and apparent liver blood flow in healthy man. Hepatology, 1989, 9, 297-301.
86. Van Thicl, D. H., Haglcr, N. G., Schade, R. R., Skolnick, M. L., Heyl, A. P., Roscnblum, E., Gavalcr, J. S. and Pcnkrot, R. J. In vivo hepatic volume determination using sonography and computed tomography. Validation and a comparison of the two techniques. Gastroenterology, 1985, 88, 1812-1817.
87. Palasciano, G., Serio, G., Portincasa, P., Palmier!, V., Fanclli, M., Vclardi, A., Calo, G. and Vinciguerra, V. Gallbladder volume in adults, and relationship to age, sex, body mass index, and gallstones: a sonographic population study. Am. J. Gastroenterol., 1992, 87, 493-497.
88. Marzio, L., DiFcIicc, F., Laico, M. G., Imbimbo, B., Lapcnna, D. and Cuccurullo, F. Gallbladder hypokinesia and normal gastric emptying of liquids in patients with dyspeptic symptoms. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with cisapride. Dig. Dis. Sei., 1992, 37, 262-267.
89. Hauskcn, T., Sondcnaa, K., Svcbak, S., Gilja, O. H., Olafsson, S., Odcgaard, S., Sorcide, O. and Bcrstad, A. Common pathogenetic mechanisms in symptomatic, uncomplicated gallstone disease and functional dyspepsia: volume measurement of gallbladder and antrum using three-dimensional ultrasonography. Dig. Dis. Sei., 1997,42, 2505-2512.
90. Molin, S. O., Nesje, L. B., Gilja, O. H., Hausken, T. and Odcgaard, S. Modalities for three-dimensional endoscopie and laparoscopic ultrasonography: in vitro and in vivo évaluation. Endoscopy, 1996, 28, S38.
91. Molin, S. O., Falk, A., Gilja, O. H., Hausken, T., Nesje, L. B., Martens, D. and Odcgaard, S. 3D endosonography improves the assessment of tumors in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Gastroenterology, 1997, 112, 30.
92. Molin, S. O., Nesje, L. B., Gilja, O. H., Hausken, T. and Odcgaard, S. Adoption of conventional endosonography for 3D visualization of GI tract. Scand. J. Gastroenterol., 1996, 31, 33.
93. Molin, S. O., Jirâs, A., Hall-Angerâs, M., Falk, A., Martens, D., Gilja, O. H., Nesje, L. B. and Odcgaard, S. Virtual reality in surgical practice. /;; vitro and in vivo evaluations. In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics (Eds H. Sieburg, S. Weghorst and K. Morgan), 1997, 246-253 (IOS Press and Ohmsha).
94. Bartrum, R. J. J., Smith, E. H., D'Orsi, C. J. and Dantono, J. The ultrasonic determination of renal transplant volume. JCUJ. Clin. Ultrasound, 1974, 2, 281-285.
95. Moskowitz, P. S., Carroll, B. A. and McCoy, J. M. Ultrasonic renal volumetry in children: accuracy and simplicity of the method. Radiology, 1980, 134, 61-64.
96. Rasmusscn, S. N., Haasc, L., Kjeldscn, II. and Hanckc, S. Determination of renal volume by ultrasound scanning. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 1978, 6, 160-164.
97. Dinkel, E., Ertcl, M., Dittrich, M., Peters, H., Berres, M. and Schultc-Wisscrmann, H. Kidney size in childhood. Sonographical growth charts for kidney length and volume. Pediatr. Radial., 1985, 15, 38-43.
98. Sargent, M. A. and Gupta, S. C. Sonographic measurement of relative renal volume in children: comparison with scintigraphic determination of relative renal function. Am. J. Roentgenol., 1993, 161, 157-160.
99. Sargent, M. A., Long, G., Karmali, M. and Chcng, S. M. Interobserver variation in the sonographic estimation of renal volume in children. Pediatr. Radial., 1997, 27, 663-666.
100. Robert, Y., Chaillct, D., Masquclicr, V. and Lcmaitrc, L. Evaluation of bladder volume by ultrasonography. J. Radial., 1995, 76, 1087-1091.
101. Chan, H. Noninvasive bladder volume measurement. J. Neurosci. Nurs., 1993, 25, 309-312.
102. Topper, A. K., Holliday, P. J. and Fernic, G. R. Bladder volume estimation in the elderly using a portable ultrasound-based measurement device. J. Med. Engng Tech., 1996, 17(3), 99-103.
103. Williot, P., McLorie, G. A., Gilmour, R. F. and Churchill, B. M. Accuracy of bladder volume determinations in children using a suprapubic ultrasonic bi-planar technique. J. Urology, 1989, 141, 900-902.
104. Terris, M. K. and Stamey, T. A. Determination of prostate volume by transrectal ultrasound. J. Urology, 1991, 145, 984-987.
105. Littrup, P. J., Williams, C. R., Egglin, T. K. and Kanc, R. A. Determination of prostate volume with transrectal US for cancer screening. Part II. Accuracy of in vitro and in vivo techniques. Radiology, 1991, 179, 49-53.
106. Strasser, II., Janctschck, G., Rcissigl, A. and Bartsch, G. Prostate zones in three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound. Urology, 1996, 47, 485-490.
107. Cohen, H. L., Tice, H. M. and Mandel, F. S. Ovarian volumes measured by US: bigger than we think. Radiology, 1990, 177, 189-192.
108. Pcnzias, A. S., Emmi, A. M., Dubcy, A. K., Layman, L. C, DeCherney, A. II. and Reindollar, R. H. Ultrasound prediction of follicle volume: is the mean diameter reflective? Fertil. Steril., 1994, 62, 1274-1276.
109. Kyei Mcnsah, A., Maconochie, N7., Zaidi, J., Pittrof, R., Campbell, S. and Tan, S. L. Transvaginal three-dimensional ultrasound: reproducibility of ovarian and endometrial volume measurements. Fertil. Steril., 1996, 66, 718-722.
110. Wu, M. II., Tang, H. H., Hsu, C. C, Wang, S. T. and Huang, K. E. The role of three-dimensional ultrasonographic images in ovarian measurement. Fertil. Steril., 1998,69, 1152-1155.
111. Wiener, J. J. and Newcombe, R. G. Measurements of uterine volume: a comparison between measurements by ultrasonography and by water displacement. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 1992, 20, 457-460.
112. Chou, C. Y., Hsu, K. F., Wang, S. T., Huang, S. C., Tzeng, C. C. and Huang, K. E. Accuracy of three-dimensional ultrasonography in volume estimation of cervical carcinoma. Gynaec. Oncol., 1997, 66, 89-93.
113. Gruboeck, K., Jurkovic, D., Lawton, F., Sa was, M., Tailor, A. and Campbell, S. The diagnostic value of endometrial thickness and volume measurements by threedimensional ultrasound in patients with postmenopausal bleeding. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynec., 1996, 8, 272-276.
114. Geirsson, R. T. and Agustsson, P. Total intra-uterine volume and symphysis fundus height. Is there a relation? Acta Obstet. Gynec. Scand., 1987, 66, 345-348.
115. Middleton, W. D., Bowie, J. D. and Welt, S. I. LTUAa new and more reproducible method of estimating intrauterine size. J. Ultrasound Med., 1982, 1, 123-127.
116. Favre, R., Bader, A. M. and Nisand, G. Prospective study on foetal weight estimation using limb circumferences obtained by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynaec., 1995, 6, 140-144.
117. Wcissman, A., Itskovitz-EIdor, J. and Jakobi, P. Sonographic measurement of amniotic fluid volume in the first trimester of pregnancy. J. Ultrasound Med., 1996, 15, 771-774.
118. Magann, E. F., Morton, M. L., Nolan, T. E., Martin, J. N. J., Whitworth, N. S. and Morrison, J. C. Comparative efficacy of two sonographic measurements for the detection of aberrations in the amniotic fluid volume and the effect of amniotic fluid volume on pregnancy outcome. Obstet. Gynec., 1994, 83, 959-962.
119. Deter, R. L., Harrist, R. B., Hadlock, F. P., Cortissoz, C. M. and Batten, G. W. Longitudinal studies of foetal growth using volume parameters determined with ultrasound. JCU J. Clin. Ultrasound, 1984, 12, 313-324.
120. Blaas, H. G., Eik Ncs, S. H., Kiscrud, T., Berg, S., Angelsen, B. and Olstad, B. Three-dimensional imaging of the brain cavities in human embryos. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynec., 1995, 5, 228-232.
121. Lee, A., Kratocluvil, A., Stumpften, I., Deutinger, J. and Bcrnaschck, G. Fetal lung volume determination by threedimensional ultrasonography. Am. J. Obstet. Gynec., 1996, 175, 588-592.
122. Pohls, U. G. and Rcmpcn, A. Fetal lung volumetry by three-dimensional ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynec., 1998, 11, 6-12.