Cunning-folk in the medical market-place during the nineteenth century

Medical History

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 55-73

  Davies, Owen ^a  

^a Lusty Hill Farm   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ETHNIC GROUP; HISTORY; PHYTOTHERAPY; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE; VETERINARY MEDICINE; WITCHCRAFT;

FOLKLORE; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; PHYTOTHERAPY; VETERINARY MEDICINE; WITCHCRAFT;

EID: 0032600547     PISSN: 00257273     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0025727300064711     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. See, for example, W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe & medical orthodoxy 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987; Roy Porter, 'The language of quackery in England, 1660-1800', in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The social history of language, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Roy Porter, Health for sale: quackery in England 1650-1850, Manchester University Press, 1989; Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988; Logic Barrow, Independent spirits, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
2. See, for example, W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe & medical orthodoxy 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987; Roy Porter, 'The language of quackery in England, 1660-1800', in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The social history of language, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Roy Porter, Health for sale: quackery in England 1650-1850, Manchester University Press, 1989; Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988; Logic Barrow, Independent spirits, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
3. See, for example, W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe & medical orthodoxy 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987; Roy Porter, 'The language of quackery in England, 1660-1800', in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The social history of language, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Roy Porter, Health for sale: quackery in England 1650-1850, Manchester University Press, 1989; Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988; Logic Barrow, Independent spirits, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
4. See, for example, W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe & medical orthodoxy 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987; Roy Porter, 'The language of quackery in England, 1660-1800', in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The social history of language, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Roy Porter, Health for sale: quackery in England 1650-1850, Manchester University Press, 1989; Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988; Logic Barrow, Independent spirits, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
5. See, for example, W F Bynum and Roy Porter (eds), Medical fringe & medical orthodoxy 1750-1850, London, Croom Helm, 1987; Roy Porter, 'The language of quackery in England, 1660-1800', in Peter Burke and Roy Porter (eds), The social history of language, Cambridge University Press, 1987; Roy Porter, Health for sale: quackery in England 1650-1850, Manchester University Press, 1989; Roger Cooter (ed.), Studies in the history of alternative medicine, Basingstoke, Macmillan in association with St Antony's College, Oxford, 1988; Logic Barrow, Independent spirits, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986.
6. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
7. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
8. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
9. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
10. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
11. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
12. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
13. For brief considerations of the continued role of magical healing see Roy Porter, 'Medicine and the decline of magic', Strawberry Fayre, Autumn, 1986: 88-94. A similar discussion can also be found in his 'The people's health in Georgian England', in Tim Harris (ed.). Popular culture in England, c. 1500-1850, London, Macmillan, 1995, pp. 124-13; F B Smith, The people's health 1830-1910 (paperback edition with corrections), London, 1990, pp. 333-8; Neil C Hultin, 'Medicine and magic in the eighteenth century: the diaries of James Woodforde', J. Hist. Med. Allied Sci., 1975, 30: 349-66; Glyn Penrhyn Jones, 'Folk medicine in eighteenth-century Wales', Folk Life, 1969, 7: 60-75. Sec also Matthew Ramsey, Professional and popular medicine in France, 1770-1830, Cambridge University Press, 1988; Willem de Blécourt, 'Four centuries of Friesan witch doctors', in Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra and Willem Frijhoff (eds), Witchcraft in the Netherlands from the fourteenth to the twentieth century, Universitaire Pers Rotterdam, 1991, pp. 157-67; Hans de Waardt, 'From cunning man to natural healer', in Hans Binneveld and Rudolf Dekker (eds), Curing and insuring, Hilversum, Verloren, 1993, pp. 33-13.
14. For further discussion see Owen Davies, 'Newspapers and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic in the modern period', J. Br. Stud., 1998, 37: 139-166.
15. For a discussion on charmers and charming see Owen Davies, 'Charmers and charming in England and Wales from the eighteenth to the twentieth century', Folklore, 1998, 109: 41-52; idem, 'Healing charms in use in England and Wales 1700-1950', Folklore, 1996, 107: 19-33.
16. For a discussion on charmers and charming see Owen Davies, 'Charmers and charming in England and Wales from the eighteenth to the twentieth century', Folklore, 1998, 109: 41-52; idem, 'Healing charms in use in England and Wales 1700-1950', Folklore, 1996, 107: 19-33.
17. John Symonds Udal, Dorsetshire folk-lore, Hertford, Stephen Austin, 1922, pp. 215-16.
18. See Ian Bostridge, Witchcraft and its transformations 1650-1750, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997; James Sharpe, Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550-1750, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Owen Davies, 'Methodism, the clergy, and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic', History, 1997, 82: 252-65; Henry D Rack, 'Doctors, demons and early Methodist healing', in W J Shells (ed.), The church and healing, Oxford, Blackwells, 1982, pp. 137-52; Michael Macdonald, 'Religion, social change and psychological healing in England 1600-1800', in ibid., pp. 101-27.
19. See Ian Bostridge, Witchcraft and its transformations 1650-1750, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997; James Sharpe, Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550-1750, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Owen Davies, 'Methodism, the clergy, and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic', History, 1997, 82: 252-65; Henry D Rack, 'Doctors, demons and early Methodist healing', in W J Shells (ed.), The church and healing, Oxford, Blackwells, 1982, pp. 137-52; Michael Macdonald, 'Religion, social change and psychological healing in England 1600-1800', in ibid., pp. 101-27.
20. See Ian Bostridge, Witchcraft and its transformations 1650-1750, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997; James Sharpe, Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550-1750, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Owen Davies, 'Methodism, the clergy, and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic', History, 1997, 82: 252-65; Henry D Rack, 'Doctors, demons and early Methodist healing', in W J Shells (ed.), The church and healing, Oxford, Blackwells, 1982, pp. 137-52; Michael Macdonald, 'Religion, social change and psychological healing in England 1600-1800', in ibid., pp. 101-27.
21. See Ian Bostridge, Witchcraft and its transformations 1650-1750, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997; James Sharpe, Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550-1750, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Owen Davies, 'Methodism, the clergy, and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic', History, 1997, 82: 252-65; Henry D Rack, 'Doctors, demons and early Methodist healing', in W J Shells (ed.), The church and healing, Oxford, Blackwells, 1982, pp. 137-52; Michael Macdonald, 'Religion, social change and psychological healing in England 1600-1800', in ibid., pp. 101-27.
22. See Ian Bostridge, Witchcraft and its transformations 1650-1750, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997; James Sharpe, Instruments of darkness: witchcraft in England 1550-1750, London, Hamish Hamilton, 1996; Owen Davies, 'Methodism, the clergy, and the popular belief in witchcraft and magic', History, 1997, 82: 252-65; Henry D Rack, 'Doctors, demons and early Methodist healing', in W J Shells (ed.), The church and healing, Oxford, Blackwells, 1982, pp. 137-52; Michael Macdonald, 'Religion, social change and psychological healing in England 1600-1800', in ibid., pp. 101-27.
23. See, for example, John Glyde, The Norfolk garland, London, Jarrold and Sons, 1872; Charlotte Burne, Shropshire folk-lore, London, Trübner, 1883; J C Atkinson, Forty years in a moorland parish, London, Macmillan, 1891; Jonathan Caredig Davies, Folk-lore of west and mid-Wales, Aberystwyth, Welsh Gazette, 1911; Udal, op. cit., note 5 above.
24. See, for example, John Glyde, The Norfolk garland, London, Jarrold and Sons, 1872; Charlotte Burne, Shropshire folk-lore, London, Trübner, 1883; J C Atkinson, Forty years in a moorland parish, London, Macmillan, 1891; Jonathan Caredig Davies, Folk-lore of west and mid-Wales, Aberystwyth, Welsh Gazette, 1911; Udal, op. cit., note 5 above.
25. See, for example, John Glyde, The Norfolk garland, London, Jarrold and Sons, 1872; Charlotte Burne, Shropshire folk-lore, London, Trübner, 1883; J C Atkinson, Forty years in a moorland parish, London, Macmillan, 1891; Jonathan Caredig Davies, Folk-lore of west and mid-Wales, Aberystwyth, Welsh Gazette, 1911; Udal, op. cit., note 5 above.
26. See, for example, John Glyde, The Norfolk garland, London, Jarrold and Sons, 1872; Charlotte Burne, Shropshire folk-lore, London, Trübner, 1883; J C Atkinson, Forty years in a moorland parish, London, Macmillan, 1891; Jonathan Caredig Davies, Folk-lore of west and mid-Wales, Aberystwyth, Welsh Gazette, 1911; Udal, op. cit., note 5 above.
27. See, for example, John Glyde, The Norfolk garland, London, Jarrold and Sons, 1872; Charlotte Burne, Shropshire folk-lore, London, Trübner, 1883; J C Atkinson, Forty years in a moorland parish, London, Macmillan, 1891; Jonathan Caredig Davies, Folk-lore of west and mid-Wales, Aberystwyth, Welsh Gazette, 1911; Udal, op. cit., note 5 above.
28. W LL Davies, 'The conjuror in Montgomeryshire', Montgomeryshire Collections, 1937-40, 45-46: 158-70, p. 168.
29. Irvine Loudon, "'The vile race of quacks with which this country is infested'", in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, p. 108.
30. Hilary Marland, 'The medical activities of mid-nineteenth-century chemists and druggists, with special reference to Wakefield and Huddersfield', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 415-39; idem. Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
31. Hilary Marland, 'The medical activities of mid-nineteenth-century chemists and druggists, with special reference to Wakefield and Huddersfield', Med. Hist., 1987, 31: 415-39; idem. Medicine and society in Wakefield and Huddersfield, 1780-1870, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
32. See, for example, Lancet, 26 May 1849, i: 572; ibid., 16 April 1864, i: 444.
33. See, for example, Lancet, 26 May 1849, i: 572; ibid., 16 April 1864, i: 444.
34. Irvine Loudon, 'The nature of provincial medical practice in eighteenth-century England', Med. Hist., 1985, 29: 1-33.
35. Jonathan Barry, 'Publicity and the public good: presenting medicine in eighteenth-century Bristol', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, p. 37.
36. Mary Fissell, Patients, power, and the poor in eighteenth-century Bristol, Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 63.
37. Frederick Elworthy, The evil eye, London, 1895, p. 407; W Harbutt Dawson, History of Skipton, London, Simpkin, Marshall, 1882, p. 390; E M Leather, Folk-lore of Herefordshire, London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1912, p. 70.
38. Frederick Elworthy, The evil eye, London, 1895, p. 407; W Harbutt Dawson, History of Skipton, London, Simpkin, Marshall, 1882, p. 390; E M Leather, Folk-lore of Herefordshire, London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1912, p. 70.
39. Frederick Elworthy, The evil eye, London, 1895, p. 407; W Harbutt Dawson, History of Skipton, London, Simpkin, Marshall, 1882, p. 390; E M Leather, Folk-lore of Herefordshire, London, Sidgwick and Jackson, 1912, p. 70.
40. Western Morning News, 17 June 1876.
41. Porter, 'The language of quackery', op. cit., note 1 above, p. 87.
42. The following account is taken from the Hereford Times, 2 March 1867; ibid., 30 March 1867.
43. The following account is taken from the Hereford Times, 2 March 1867; ibid., 30 March 1867.
44. See Owen Davies, 'Cunning-folk in England and Wales during the eighteenth and nineteenth Centuries', Rural Hist., 1997, 8: 93-109.
45. A wag at Llanidloes, on hearing of Harris's prison sentence, propounded the following riddle: "Why is Cwrt Cadno like a dead duck? - Because he'll quack no more"; Edward Hamer, 'Parochial account of Llanidloes', Montgomeryshire Collections, 1877, 10: 231-55, p. 237.
46. Richard Phayre, A sermon preached in the parish church of Raynham St. Mary on the sinfulness of astrology, Norwich, Charles Muskett, 1849, p. 16.
47. See Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and healers: the experience of illness in seventeenth-century England, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987, pp. 22-3, 41-2; Roy Porter, '"I think ye both quacks": the controversy between Dr Theodor Myersbach and Dr John Coakley Lettsom', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, p. 58.
48. See Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and healers: the experience of illness in seventeenth-century England, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1987, pp. 22-3, 41-2; Roy Porter, '"I think ye both quacks": the controversy between Dr Theodor Myersbach and Dr John Coakley Lettsom', in Bynum and Porter (eds), op. cit., note 1 above, p. 58.
49. Ashton-under-Lyne Reporter, 17 January 1857; Folk-Lore Society News, 1992, 16: 12-13.
50. Ashton-under-Lyne Reporter, 17 January 1857; Folk-Lore Society News, 1992, 16: 12-13.
51. Kathryn C Smith, 'The wise man and his community', Folk Life, 1977, 15: 24-35, p. 29.
52. Thomas Hawkins, The iniquity of witchcraft, censured and exposed: being the substance of two sermons delivered at Warley, near Halifax, Yorkshire, Halifax, Holden and Dowson, 1808, pp. viii-ix.
53. The Times, 7 April 1857.
54. Joseph Dare, Annual reports of the Leicester Domestic Mission, 1846-77, cited in Barry Haynes, Working-class life in Victorian Leicester, University of Leicester Press, 1991, pp. 43-44. Thanks to John Walton for this reference.
55. Joseph Dare, Annual reports of the Leicester Domestic Mission, 1846-77, cited in Barry Haynes, Working-class life in Victorian Leicester, University of Leicester Press, 1991, pp. 43-44. Thanks to John Walton for this reference.
56. In nineteenth-century Sussex, epileptics were thought to be bewitched; Charlotte Latham, 'Some West Sussex superstitions lingering in 1865', Folk-Lore Record, 1878, 1: 1-67, p. 25.
57. Hawkins, op. cit., note 25 above, pp. viii-ix.
58. Western Morning News, 26 November 1922.
59. Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1894, 26: 84-5; Bideford Weekly Gazette, 1 June 1886.
60. Transactions of the Devonshire Association, 1894, 26: 84-5; Bideford Weekly Gazette, 1 June 1886.
61. From a scrapbook of press-cuttings held in the Devon Local Studies Library.
62. See, for example, Enid Porter, Cambridgeshire customs and folklore, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969, pp. 176, 178.
63. Western Morning News, 26 November 1922.
64. Latham, op. cit., note 28 above, p. 26.
65. Cited in The Times, 17 August 1863.
66. Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1889, 21: 113-14.
67. Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1877, 9: 93.
68. For a general survey of the history of herbalism see B Griggs, Green pharmacy: a history of herbal medicine, London, Jill Norman and Hobhouse, 1981.
69. P S Brown, 'The vicissitudes of herbalism in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Britain', Med. Hist., 1985, 29: 71-93.
70. Idem, 'Herbalists and medical botanists in mid-nineteenth-century Britain with special reference to Bristol', Med. Hist., 1982, 26: 405-21; 407.
71. Robert Dymond (ed.), Nathan Hogg s letters and poems tu es brither Jan, in the Devonshire Dialect (1st ser., 7th ed.), Exeter, Drayton & Sons, 1902, p. 74
72. Sabine Baring-Gould, Devonshire characters and strange events, London, John Lane, 1908, p. 71.
73. Western Morning News, 11 May 1903.
74. Devon Record Office D7/1311/4; William White, History, gazetteer and directory of Devonshire, Sheffield, 1850, p. 137 (facsimile reprint, Newton Abbott, David & Charles, 1968).
75. Somerset County Herald, 8 August 1846.
76. Nathan Hogg's letters, op. cit., note 42 above, p. 65.
77. Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1879, 11: 105, 115; ibid., 1925, 57: 115.
78. Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1879, 11: 105, 115; ibid., 1925, 57: 115.
79. Somerset County Herald, 27 June 1863.
80. Western Daily Mercury, 28 January 1875; Paul Q Karkeek, 'Recent cases of supposed witchcraft in Devonshire', Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1875, 7: 261-8.
81. Western Daily Mercury, 28 January 1875; Paul Q Karkeek, 'Recent cases of supposed witchcraft in Devonshire', Trans. Devon. Assoc., 1875, 7: 261-8.
82. Pulman's Weekly News, 14 June 1892.
83. Somerset County Herald, 27 March 1858.
84. Nicholas Culpeper, Culpeper's Complete Herbal, Ware, Omega Books, 1985. It was originally published as The English Physician, or Herball, London, 1653.
85. Nicholas Culpeper, Culpeper's Complete Herbal, Ware, Omega Books, 1985. It was originally published as The English Physician, or Herball, London, 1653.
86. The Times, 24 March 1857.
87. See Roy Vickery, A dictionary of plant lore, Oxford University Press, 1995.
88. Smith, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 73-8; Angus McLaren, Reproductive rituals: the perception of fertility in England from the 16th century to the 19th century, London, Methuen, 1984; P S Brown, 'Female pills and the reputation of iron as an abortifacient', Med. Hist., 1977, 21: 291-304.
89. Smith, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 73-8; Angus McLaren, Reproductive rituals: the perception of fertility in England from the 16th century to the 19th century, London, Methuen, 1984; P S Brown, 'Female pills and the reputation of iron as an abortifacient', Med. Hist., 1977, 21: 291-304.
90. Smith, op. cit., note 2 above, pp. 73-8; Angus McLaren, Reproductive rituals: the perception of fertility in England from the 16th century to the 19th century, London, Methuen, 1984; P S Brown, 'Female pills and the reputation of iron as an abortifacient', Med. Hist., 1977, 21: 291-304.
91. Somerset County Herald, 4 April 1846.
92. The Times, 16 July 1857.
93. The Times, 22 July 1857.
94. H Strickland Constable, The cattle plague, York, 1865, p. 9.
95. Iain Pattison, The British veterinary profession 1791-1948, London, J A Allen, 1984, p. 1. See also, L P Pugh, From farriery to veterinary medicine: 1785-1795, Cambridge, Published for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons by W Heffer, 1962; Frederick Smith, The early history of veterinary literature, London, J A Allen, 1976.
96. Iain Pattison, The British veterinary profession 1791-1948, London, J A Allen, 1984, p. 1. See also, L P Pugh, From farriery to veterinary medicine: 1785-1795, Cambridge, Published for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons by W Heffer, 1962; Frederick Smith, The early history of veterinary literature, London, J A Allen, 1976.
97. Iain Pattison, The British veterinary profession 1791-1948, London, J A Allen, 1984, p. 1. See also, L P Pugh, From farriery to veterinary medicine: 1785-1795, Cambridge, Published for the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons by W Heffer, 1962; Frederick Smith, The early history of veterinary literature, London, J A Allen, 1976.
98. J R Fisher, 'Not quite a profession: the aspirations of veterinary surgeons in England in the mid-nineteenth century', Hist. Res., 1993, 66: 284-302, p. 287.
99. Irvine Loudon, Medical care and the general practitioner, 1750-1850, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986, p. 80; Marland, 'The medical activities of mid-nineteenth-century chemists and druggists', op. cit., note 10 above, p. 424.
100. Irvine Loudon, Medical care and the general practitioner, 1750-1850, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1986, p. 80; Marland, 'The medical activities of mid-nineteenth-century chemists and druggists', op. cit., note 10 above, p. 424.
101. Dean Forest Mercury, 18 May 1906.
102. Ivan Waddington, The medical profession in the industrial revolution, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, 1984, pp. 34-7; Loudon, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 256-66.
103. Ivan Waddington, The medical profession in the industrial revolution, Dublin, Gill and Macmillan, 1984, pp. 34-7; Loudon, op. cit., note 63 above, pp. 256-66.
104. Somerset County Herald, 27 June 1863.
105. The Times, 13 December 1867; 17 December, 1867. Rendle's wife remained unwell, and consequently believed Murray had "ill-wished" her. Murray was sentenced to three months' hard labour.
106. H Colley March, 'Dorset folklore', Folklore, 1900, 11: 107-12, p. 109.
107. The Times, 7 April 1857.
108. Hawkins, op. cit., note 25 above, pp. viii-ix.
109. Smith, op. cit., note 2 above, p. 418.
110. M C F Bourdillon, 'Pluralism and problems of belief', Archives des sciences sociales des religions, 1982, 54: 21-12, p. 26.
111. Ursula Sharma, 'Contextualizing alternative medicine: the exotic, the marginal and the perfectly mundane', Anthropology Today, 1993, 9: 15-18, p. 17. For further discussion on this point see, for example, Arthur Kleinman, Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine and psychiatry, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980; Ursula Sharma, Complementary medicine today: practitioners and patients, London, Tavistock/Routledge, 1992; Stein R Mathisen, 'Continuity and change in the tradition of folk medicine', ARV, 1988, 44: 169-98.
112. Ursula Sharma, 'Contextualizing alternative medicine: the exotic, the marginal and the perfectly mundane', Anthropology Today, 1993, 9: 15-18, p. 17. For further discussion on this point see, for example, Arthur Kleinman, Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine and psychiatry, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980; Ursula Sharma, Complementary medicine today: practitioners and patients, London, Tavistock/Routledge, 1992; Stein R Mathisen, 'Continuity and change in the tradition of folk medicine', ARV, 1988, 44: 169-98.
113. Ursula Sharma, 'Contextualizing alternative medicine: the exotic, the marginal and the perfectly mundane', Anthropology Today, 1993, 9: 15-18, p. 17. For further discussion on this point see, for example, Arthur Kleinman, Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine and psychiatry, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980; Ursula Sharma, Complementary medicine today: practitioners and patients, London, Tavistock/Routledge, 1992; Stein R Mathisen, 'Continuity and change in the tradition of folk medicine', ARV, 1988, 44: 169-98.
114. Ursula Sharma, 'Contextualizing alternative medicine: the exotic, the marginal and the perfectly mundane', Anthropology Today, 1993, 9: 15-18, p. 17. For further discussion on this point see, for example, Arthur Kleinman, Patients and healers in the context of culture: an exploration of the borderland between anthropology, medicine and psychiatry, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1980; Ursula Sharma, Complementary medicine today: practitioners and patients, London, Tavistock/Routledge, 1992; Stein R Mathisen, 'Continuity and change in the tradition of folk medicine', ARV, 1988, 44: 169-98.
115. Willem de Blécourt, 'Witch doctors, soothsayers and priests: on cunning folk in European historiography and tradition', Soc. Hist., 1994, 19: 285-303, p. 299.