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10 thermocouple without correcting the measured electromotive force for effects of pressure.
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Polycrystalline olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite samples were prepared by hot-pressing olivine powder (Mo capsule) in the multi-anvil apparatus for 2.5 hours at 1200°C and 4, 15, and 20 GPa, respectively. After hot-pressing, the samples were prepared as disks about 1.55 mm in diameter and 0.40 mm thick, and the polished faces showed no detectable iron loss. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and optical microscopic examination and showed no evidence of minor phases. One single-crystal sample of olivine (a-axis orientation) was also used. After the sample was placed inside the octahedral pressure medium, the whole cell assembly was dried overnight at 225°C in a vacuum furnace. After measurements, microscopic examinations showed no grain size changes, and geometric distortions were small so that they introduced maximum uncertainties of 12%. Mössbauer spectra were acquired for some synthesized specimens.
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To overcome such high-pressure and high-temperature experimental difficulties as leakage current and electrical disturbance from the furnace, we used a parallel electrode method with a Mo shield connected to ground (Fig. 1). Advantages of the shield include filtering electrical disturbances from the furnace, reducing temperature gradients, reducing leakage current through the pressure medium, and blocking reactions between sample and pressure medium. For impedance spectroscopy, we used a Solartron 1260 impedance-gain phase analyzer with 1 V applied voltage over the frequency range 10 mHz to 1 MHz. This method gives results identical to in-circuit impedance measurements because major leakage current paths in parallel with the sample are excluded by virtual earth guarding through the grounded shield. Thermoelectric measurements were made on separate samples for which two thermocouples were used to measure an imposed thermal gradient.
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M. Nakahara, Ed. Japan Society of High-Pressure Science and Technology, Kyoto, Japan
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Complications in (7) include the following; (i) Leakage paths divert currents through high-conductivity reaction products between the sample and pressure medium (8). (ii) The oxidation state of the sample during the measurement could not be well defined (8). (iii) Iron loss to the electrodes during hot-pressing before the conductivity measurements inhibited current flow through the sample. We also performed one experiment in which wadsleyite was synthesized from olivine and its electrical conductivity measured in the same experiment, a procedure similar to Omura's. This experiment showed a conductivity increase of only a factor of ∼3 at the olivine-wadsleyite transition, which resembles Omura's result (7). Because the sample recovered after this procedure showed severe iron loss to the electrodes from a zone ∼10 μm thick on each side, we rejected the results of this experiment. Analyses of the samples in Fig. 3 showed no iron loss.
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note
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We thank A. G. Duba and H. Xie for discussions and suggestions; H. Fischer, K. Klasinski, H. Küfner, and R. Weigel for technical assistance; and H. Schulze for making the thin sections. D. L. Kohlstedt (University of Minnesota) donated sample materials. Electron microprobe analyses were performed with the assistance of D. Krauße, and C. McCammon and S. Lauterbach did the Mössbauer analyses of the samples. T.J.S. thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy for support.
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