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Volumn 280, Issue 5368, 1998, Pages 1415-1418

Electrical conductivity of olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite under upper-mantle conditions

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY; MANTLE; OLIVINE; RINGWOODITE; WADSLEYITE;

EID: 0032577377     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5368.1415     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (202)

References (39)
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    • Polycrystalline olivine, wadsleyite, and ringwoodite samples were prepared by hot-pressing olivine powder (Mo capsule) in the multi-anvil apparatus for 2.5 hours at 1200°C and 4, 15, and 20 GPa, respectively. After hot-pressing, the samples were prepared as disks about 1.55 mm in diameter and 0.40 mm thick, and the polished faces showed no detectable iron loss. The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, electron microprobe analysis, and optical microscopic examination and showed no evidence of minor phases. One single-crystal sample of olivine (a-axis orientation) was also used. After the sample was placed inside the octahedral pressure medium, the whole cell assembly was dried overnight at 225°C in a vacuum furnace. After measurements, microscopic examinations showed no grain size changes, and geometric distortions were small so that they introduced maximum uncertainties of 12%. Mössbauer spectra were acquired for some synthesized specimens.
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    • To overcome such high-pressure and high-temperature experimental difficulties as leakage current and electrical disturbance from the furnace, we used a parallel electrode method with a Mo shield connected to ground (Fig. 1). Advantages of the shield include filtering electrical disturbances from the furnace, reducing temperature gradients, reducing leakage current through the pressure medium, and blocking reactions between sample and pressure medium. For impedance spectroscopy, we used a Solartron 1260 impedance-gain phase analyzer with 1 V applied voltage over the frequency range 10 mHz to 1 MHz. This method gives results identical to in-circuit impedance measurements because major leakage current paths in parallel with the sample are excluded by virtual earth guarding through the grounded shield. Thermoelectric measurements were made on separate samples for which two thermocouples were used to measure an imposed thermal gradient.
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    • note
    • We thank A. G. Duba and H. Xie for discussions and suggestions; H. Fischer, K. Klasinski, H. Küfner, and R. Weigel for technical assistance; and H. Schulze for making the thin sections. D. L. Kohlstedt (University of Minnesota) donated sample materials. Electron microprobe analyses were performed with the assistance of D. Krauße, and C. McCammon and S. Lauterbach did the Mössbauer analyses of the samples. T.J.S. thanks the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation and the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy for support.


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