Geomagnetic modulation of the 36Cl flux in the GRIP Ice Core, Greenland

Science

Volumn 279, Issue 5355, 1998, Pages 1330-1332

  Baumgartner, S ^a   Beer, J ^a   Masarik, J ^a   Wagner, G ^a   Meynadier, L ^b   Synal, H A ^c  

^a SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF AQUATIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Switzerland)

^b INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^c PAUL SCHERRER INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BERYLLIUM; CARBON 14;

GEOMAGNETIC FIELD; GRIP; ICE CORE; PALAEOMAGNETISM;

ARTICLE; CALCULATION; CALIBRATION; COSMIC RADIATION; GREENLAND; MAGNETIC FIELD; MAGNETISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL;

EID: 0032570683     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5355.1330     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Literature up to 1973 is reviewed in Gmelin Hand-buch der Anorganischen Chemie, Kohlenstoff, E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, Eds. (Teil C3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1973), vol. 14, pp. 117-154; D. M. Kern, J. Chem. Educ. 37, 14 (1960); M. Eigen, K. Kustin, G. Maass, Z. Phys. Chem. 30, 130 (1961); Y. Pocker and D. W. Bjorkquist, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6537 (1977); M. T. Nguyen and T.-K. Ha, ibid. 106, 599 (1984).
2. Literature up to 1973 is reviewed in Gmelin Hand-buch der Anorganischen Chemie, Kohlenstoff, E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, Eds. (Teil C3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1973), vol. 14, pp. 117-154; D. M. Kern, J. Chem. Educ. 37, 14 (1960); M. Eigen, K. Kustin, G. Maass, Z. Phys. Chem. 30, 130 (1961); Y. Pocker and D. W. Bjorkquist, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6537 (1977); M. T. Nguyen and T.-K. Ha, ibid. 106, 599 (1984).
3. Literature up to 1973 is reviewed in Gmelin Hand-buch der Anorganischen Chemie, Kohlenstoff, E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, Eds. (Teil C3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1973), vol. 14, pp. 117-154; D. M. Kern, J. Chem. Educ. 37, 14 (1960); M. Eigen, K. Kustin, G. Maass, Z. Phys. Chem. 30, 130 (1961); Y. Pocker and D. W. Bjorkquist, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6537 (1977); M. T. Nguyen and T.-K. Ha, ibid. 106, 599 (1984).
4. Literature up to 1973 is reviewed in Gmelin Hand-buch der Anorganischen Chemie, Kohlenstoff, E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, Eds. (Teil C3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1973), vol. 14, pp. 117-154; D. M. Kern, J. Chem. Educ. 37, 14 (1960); M. Eigen, K. Kustin, G. Maass, Z. Phys. Chem. 30, 130 (1961); Y. Pocker and D. W. Bjorkquist, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6537 (1977); M. T. Nguyen and T.-K. Ha, ibid. 106, 599 (1984).
5. Literature up to 1973 is reviewed in Gmelin Hand-buch der Anorganischen Chemie, Kohlenstoff, E. H. E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, Eds. (Teil C3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 1973), vol. 14, pp. 117-154; D. M. Kern, J. Chem. Educ. 37, 14 (1960); M. Eigen, K. Kustin, G. Maass, Z. Phys. Chem. 30, 130 (1961); Y. Pocker and D. W. Bjorkquist, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 6537 (1977); M. T. Nguyen and T.-K. Ha, ibid. 106, 599 (1984).
6. B. Jönsson et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99, 4628 (1977).
7. R. K. Khanna, J. A. Tossell, K. Fox, Icarus 112, 541 (1994).
8. C. A. Wight and A. I. Boldyrev, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 12125 (1995).
9. M. T. Nguyen, G. Raspoet, L. G. Vanquickenborne, P. Th. Van Duijnen, J. Phys. Chem. A 101, 7379 (1997).
10. M. H. Moore and R. K. Khanna, Spectrochim. Acta 47 A, 255 (1991).
11. _, B. Donn, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 17541 (1991).
12. N. DelloRusso, R. K. Khanna, M. H. Moore, ibid. 98, 5505 (1993).
13. J. R. Brucato, M. E. Palumbo, G. Strazzulla, Icarus 125, 135 (1997).
14. W. Hage, A. Hallbrucker, E. Mayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8427 (1993).
15. _, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 91, 2823 (1995).
16. _, ibid. 92, 3183 (1996).
17. _, ibid., p. 3197.
18. _, J. Mol. Struct. 408/409, 527 (1997).
19. K. R. Liedl, S. Sekušak, E. Mayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 3782 (1997).
20. J. K. Terlouw, C. B. Lebrilla, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. 26, 354 (1987); J. K. Terlouw, D. Sülzle, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. 102, 431 (1990).
21. J. K. Terlouw, C. B. Lebrilla, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. Intl. Ed. Engl. 26, 354 (1987); J. K. Terlouw, D. Sülzle, H. Schwarz, Angew. Chem. 102, 431 (1990).
22. -1 in this experiment.
23. W. Umrath, Mikroskopie 40, 9 (1983).
24. R. C. Millikan and K. S. Pitzer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3515 (1958); T. Miyazawa and K. S. Pitzer, J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1076 (1959);
25. R. C. Millikan and K. S. Pitzer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 3515 (1958); T. Miyazawa and K. S. Pitzer, J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1076 (1959);
26. J. E. Bertie and K. H. Michaelian, ibid. 76, 886 (1982); K. I. Lazaar and S. H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3769 (1985); Y.-T. Chang, Y. Yamaguchi, W. H. Miller, H. F. Schaefer III, ibid. 109, 7245 (1987); G. Henderson, J. Chem. Educ. 64, 88 (1987); I. Yokoyama, Y. Miwa, K. Machida, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6458 (1991).
27. J. E. Bertie and K. H. Michaelian, ibid. 76, 886 (1982); K. I. Lazaar and S. H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3769 (1985); Y.-T. Chang, Y. Yamaguchi, W. H. Miller, H. F. Schaefer III, ibid. 109, 7245 (1987); G. Henderson, J. Chem. Educ. 64, 88 (1987); I. Yokoyama, Y. Miwa, K. Machida, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6458 (1991).
28. J. E. Bertie and K. H. Michaelian, ibid. 76, 886 (1982); K. I. Lazaar and S. H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3769 (1985); Y.-T. Chang, Y. Yamaguchi, W. H. Miller, H. F. Schaefer III, ibid. 109, 7245 (1987); G. Henderson, J. Chem. Educ. 64, 88 (1987); I. Yokoyama, Y. Miwa, K. Machida, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6458 (1991).
29. J. E. Bertie and K. H. Michaelian, ibid. 76, 886 (1982); K. I. Lazaar and S. H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3769 (1985); Y.-T. Chang, Y. Yamaguchi, W. H. Miller, H. F. Schaefer III, ibid. 109, 7245 (1987); G. Henderson, J. Chem. Educ. 64, 88 (1987); I. Yokoyama, Y. Miwa, K. Machida, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6458 (1991).
30. J. E. Bertie and K. H. Michaelian, ibid. 76, 886 (1982); K. I. Lazaar and S. H. Bauer, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 107, 3769 (1985); Y.-T. Chang, Y. Yamaguchi, W. H. Miller, H. F. Schaefer III, ibid. 109, 7245 (1987); G. Henderson, J. Chem. Educ. 64, 88 (1987); I. Yokoyama, Y. Miwa, K. Machida, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 6458 (1991).
31. G. Strazzulla, J. R. Brucato, G. Cimino, M. E. Palumbo, Planet. Space Sci. 44, 1447 (1996).
32. D. Krankowsky et al. Nature 321, 326 (1986); J. Maddox, ibid., p. 366; J. Crovisier et al., Astron. Astrophys. 315, L385 (1996).
33. D. Krankowsky et al. Nature 321, 326 (1986); J. Maddox, ibid., p. 366; J. Crovisier et al., Astron. Astrophys. 315, L385 (1996).
34. D. Krankowsky et al. Nature 321, 326 (1986); J. Maddox, ibid., p. 366; J. Crovisier et al., Astron. Astrophys. 315, L385 (1996).
35. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
36. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
37. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
38. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
39. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
40. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
41. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
42. A. H. Delsemme and P. Swings, Ann. Astrophys. 15, 1 (1952); A. H. Delsemme and D. C. Miller, Planet. Space Sci. 18, 709 (1970); ibid., p. 717; S. L. Miller, in Physics and Chemistry of Ice, E. Whalley et al., Eds. (Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, 1973), pp. 42-50; J. I. Lunine and D. J. Stevenson, Astrophys. J. Suppl. Sci. 58, 493 (1985); S. Engle, J. I. Lunine, J. S. Lewis, Icarus 85, 380 (1990); A. Hallbrucker and E. Mayer, ibid. 90, 176 (1991); D. Blake, L. Allamandola, S. Sandford, D. Hudgins, F. Freund, Science 254, 548 (1991).
43. D. W. Davidson et al., J. Incl. Phenom. 2, 231 (1984).
44. Ch. Chyba and C. Sagan, Nature 330, 350 (1987).
45. R. E. Johnson and T. I. Quickenden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10985 (1997); K. Roessler, in Handbook of Hot Atom Chemistry, J. P. Adloff, Ed. (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1992), pp. 601-624.
46. R. E. Johnson and T. I. Quickenden, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 10985 (1997); K. Roessler, in Handbook of Hot Atom Chemistry, J. P. Adloff, Ed. (Kodansha, Tokyo, 1992), pp. 601-624.
47. M. Combes et al., Nature 321, 266 (1986).
48. M. Combes et al., lcarus 76, 404 (1988).
49. W. Calvin and T. Z. Martin, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 21143 (1994).
50. R. P. Wayne, Chemistry of the Atmospheres (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1995), chaps. 8 and 9.
51. L. C. Simonsen and J. E. Nealy, NASA Tech. Paper 3300 (1993).
52. T. B. McCord et al., Science 278, 271 (1997).
53. J. M. Greenberg and L. B. D'Hendecourt, in Ices in the Solar System, J. Klinger, D. Benest, A. Dollfus, R. Smoluchowski, Eds. (NATO ASI Series C 156, Reidel, Boston, MA, 1985), pp. 185-204; J. M. Greenberg, C. E. P. M. van de Bult, L. J. Allaman-dola, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4243 (1983).
54. J. M. Greenberg and L. B. D'Hendecourt, in Ices in the Solar System, J. Klinger, D. Benest, A. Dollfus, R. Smoluchowski, Eds. (NATO ASI Series C 156, Reidel, Boston, MA, 1985), pp. 185-204; J. M. Greenberg, C. E. P. M. van de Bult, L. J. Allaman-dola, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4243 (1983).
55. For review see: E. Herbst, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 46, 27 (1995).
56. D. C. B. Whittet et al., Astron. Astrophys. 315, L357 (1996).
57. E. F. van Dishoeck et al., ibid., p. L349.
58. Th. de Graauw et al., ibid., p. L345.
59. K. Sassen, K. N. Liou, S. Kinne, M. Griffin, Science 227, 411 (1985); K. Sassen, ibid. 257, 516 (1992).
60. K. Sassen, K. N. Liou, S. Kinne, M. Griffin, Science 227, 411 (1985); K. Sassen, ibid. 257, 516 (1992).
61. W. Stumm and J. J. Morgan, Aquatic Chemistry (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1996), pp. 206-249.
62. G. P. Ayers, R. W. Gillett, E. R. Caeser, Tellus B 37, 35 (1985).
63. M. J. Molina, L. T. Molina, Ch. E. Kolb, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 47, 327 (1996).
64. -1 resolution (DTGS detector, UDR1) by coadding 50 scans. The spectrum of water vapor was subtracted from the spectra.
65. We are grateful to S. Sekušak for help in the early stages of the calculations and to the Forschungsförderungsfonds of Austria for financial support (project P12319-PHY).