Occurrence and significance of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in non-salmonid and salmonid fish species: A review

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 49-69

  Wiklund, Tom ^a,b   Dalsgaard, Inger ^b  

^a ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY   (Finland)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Aeromonas salmonicida; Fish; Fish pathogens; Skin ulcers

Indexed keywords

AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; DISEASE CONTROL; FISH DISEASE; IMMUNIZATION;

BACTERIAL DISEASE; DISEASE CONTROL; MORTALITY; ULCERATION;

AEROMONAS; AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA; AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA SUBSP. SALMONICIDA; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CARASSIUS AURATUS; CYPERINUS CARPIO; CYPRINUS CARPIO; PLATICHTHYS FLESUS; PLEURONECTOIDEI; SALMONIDAE; SMITHIA;

EID: 0032567956     PISSN: 01775103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3354/dao032049     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Allen-Austin D, Austin B, Colwell RR (1984) Survival of Aeromonas salmonicida in river water. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 21:143-146
2. Altmann K, Marshall M, Nicholson SE, Hanna PJ, Gudkovs N (1992) Glucose repression of pigment production in atypical isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida responsible for goldfish ulcer disease. Microbios 72:215-220
3. Anonymous (1992) International committee on systematic bacteriology subcommittee on the taxonomy of Vibrionaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42:199-201
4. Aoki T, Egusa S, Kimura T, Watanabe T (1971) Detection of R factors in naturally occurring Aeroznonas salmonicida strains. Appl Microbiol 22:716-717
5. Austin B (1993) Recovery of 'atypical' isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida, which grow at 37°C, from ulcerated non-salmonids in England. J Fish Dis 16:165-168
6. Austin B, Austin DA (1993) Aeromonadaceae representatives (Aeromonas salmonicida). In: Austin B, Austin DA (eds) Bacterial fish pathogens disease in farmed and wild fish, 2nd edn. Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester, p 86-170
7. Austin DA, McIntosh D, Austin B (1989) Taxonomy of fish associated Aeromonas spp., with the description of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. smithia subsp. nov. System Appl Microbiol 11:277-290
8. Bast L, Daly JG, DeGrandis SA, Stevenson RMW (1988) Evaluation of profiles of Aeromonas salmonicida as epidemiological markers of furunculosis infections in fish. J Fish Dis 11:133-145
9. Belland RJ, Trust TJ (1988) DNA:DNA reassociation analysis of Aeromonas salmonicida. J Gen Microbiol 134:307-315
10. Belland RJ, Trust TJ (1989) Aeromonas salmonicida plasmids: plasmid-directed synthesis of proteins in vitro and in Escherichia coli minicells. J Gen Microbiol 135:513-524
11. Benediktsdöttir E, Helgason S (1990) The isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes from the gills of salmonid fish. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 10:104-105
12. Boomker J, Henton MM, Naudé TW, Hunchzermeyer FW (1984) Furunculosis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) raised in sea water. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 51:91-94
13. Bootsma R, Fijan N, Blommaert J (1977) Isolation and preliminary identification of the causative agent of carp erythrodermatitis. Vet Arh 47:291-302
14. Bucke D (1980) Experimental and naturally occurring furunculosis in various fish species: a comparative study. In: Ahne W (ed) Fish diseases. Third COPRAQ-session. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 82-86
15. Bucke D, Cawley GD, Craig JF, Pickering AD, Willoughby LG (1979) Further studies of an epizootic of perch Perca fluviatilis L., of uncertain aetiology. J Fish Dis 2:297-311
16. Bulkley RV (1969) A furunculosis epizootic in Clear Lake yellow bass. Proc Annu Conf Bull Wildl Dis Assoc 5:322-327
17. Bullock GL, Cipriano RC, Snieszko SF (1983) Furunculosis and other diseases caused by Aeromonas salmonicida. US Fish and Wildlife Service, National Fish Health Research Laboratory, Kearneysville, Fish Disease Leaflet 66:1-29
18. Bullock GL, Conroy DA, Snieszko SF (1971) Bacterial diseases of fishes, Book 2A. In: Snieszko SF, Axelrod HR (eds) Diseases of fishes. TFH Publications, NJ, p 55-59
19. Böhm KH, Fuhrmann H, Schlotfeldt HJ, Körung W (1986) Aeromonas salmonicida from salmonids and cyprinids - serological and cultural identification. J Vet Med B 33:777-783
20. Carson J, Handlinger J (1988) Virulence of the aetiological agent of goldfish ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon. Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 11:471-479
21. Chapman PF, Cipriano RC, Teska JD (1991) Isolation and phenotypic characterization of an oxidase-negative Aeromonas salmonicida causing furunculosis in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). J Wildl Dis 27:61-67
22. Chart H, Shaw DH, Ishiguro EE, Trust TJ (1984) Structural and immunochemical homogeneity of Aeromonas salmonicida lipopolysaccharide. J Bacteriol 158:16-22
23. Chart H, Trust TJ (1983) Acquisition of iron by Aeromonas salmonicida. J Bacteriol 156:758-764
24. Colwell RR, MacDonell MT, De Ley J (1986) Proposal to recognize the family Aeromonadaceae fam. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:473-477
25. Cornick JW, Morrison CM, Zwicker B, Shum G (1984) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. J Fish Dis 7:495-499
26. Csaba G, Körmendy B, Békési L (1980a) Observations on the causative agent of carp erythrodermatitis in Hungary. Bull Off Int Epizoot 92:1047-1053
27. Csaba G, Körmendy B, Bekesi L (1980b) Examination of the CE agent. In: Ahne W (ed) Fish diseases. Third COPRAQ-session. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 126
28. Dalsgaard I (1994a) Ribotyping and plasmid profiling of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida for epizootiological studies of skin ulcer disease in flounder (Platichthys flesus). In: Bylund G, Lönnström LG (eds) Diseases and parasites of flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the Baltic Sea Balt Mar Biol 15:35-38
29. Dalsgaard I (1994b) Ulcer disease in fish. Occurrence, aetiology and significance. Fisk Hav, Skr Danm Fiskeri Havunders 45:57-64
30. Dalsgaard I, Gudmundsdóttir BK, Helgason S, Høie S, Thoresen OF, Wichardt UP, Wiklund T (1998) Identification of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida: inter-laboratory evaluation and harmonization of methods. J Appl Microbiol (in press)
31. Dalsgaard I. Mortensen Á (1988) Bacteriological problems in commercial farming in the Faroe Islands. Abstract, 3rd Internat Colloq Pathol Marine Aquacul, 2-6 Oct 88, Gloucester Point, VA, p 13
32. Dalsgaard I, Paulsen H (1986) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased sand-eels, Ammodytes lancea (Cuvier) and Hyperoplus lanceolatus (Lesauvege). J Fish Dis 9:361-364
33. Daly JG, Wiegertjes GF, van Muiswinkel WE (1994) Protection against carp erythrodermatitis following bath or subcutaneous exposure to sublethal numbers of virulent Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova. J Fish Dis 17:67-75
34. Donlon J, McGettigan S, O'Brien P, Ó Carra P (1983) Reappraisal of the nature of the pigment produced by Aeromonas salmonicida. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 19;285-290
35. Effendi I, Austin B (1994) Survival of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida in the marine environment. J Fish Dis 17:375-385
36. Elliott DG, Shotts EB Jr (1980a) Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.): microbiological examination of diseased fish from seven locations J Fish Dis 3:133-143
37. Elhott DG, Shotts EB Jr (1980b) Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.): experimental induction of the disease. J Fish Dis 3:145-151
38. Ellis AE, Burrows AS, Stapleton KJ (1988) Lack of relationship between virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida and the putative virulence factors: A-layer, extracellular proteases and extracellular haemolysins. J Fish Dis 11:309-323
39. Esteve C, Gutiérrez MC, Ventosa A (1995) DNA relatedness among Aeromonas allosaccharophila strains and DNA hybridization groups of the genus Aeromonas. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45:390-391
40. Evelyn TPT (1971) An aberrant strain of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from a marine host, the sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), and from two species of cultured Pacific salmon. J Fish Res Bd Can 28:1629-1634
41. Evenberg D, van Boxtel R, Lugtenberg B, Schurer F, Blommaert J, Bootsma R (1982) Cell surface of the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida I. Relationship between autoagglutination and the presence of a major cell envelope protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 684:241-248
42. Evenberg D, de Graaff P, Fleuren W, van Muiswinkel WB (1986) Blood changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced by ulcerauve Aeromonas salmonicida infections. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 12:321-330
43. Evenberg D, de Graaff P, Lugtenberg B, van Muiswinkel WB (1988) Vaccine-induced protective immunity against Aeromonas salmonicida tested in experimental carp erythrodermatitis. J Fish Dis 11:337-350
44. Evenberg D, Lugtenberg B (1982) Cell surface of the fish pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida II. Purification and characterization of a major cell envelope protein related to autoagglutination, adhesion and virulence. Biochim Biophys Acta 684:249-254
45. Ferguson Y, Glover LA, McGillivray DM, Prosser JI (1995) Survival and activity of lux-marked Aeromonas salmonicida in seawater. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3494-3498
46. Fijan NN (1972) Infectious dropsy in carp - a disease complex. Symp Zool Soc Lond 30:39-51
47. Frerichs GN, Millar SD, McManus C (1992) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from healthy wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris). Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 12:48-49
48. Gayer EK, Bekesi L, Csaba G (1980) Some aspects of the histopathology of carp erythrodermatitis (CE). In: Ahne W (ed) Fish diseases. Third COPRAQ-session. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 127-136
49. Gravningen K, Dydland M (1991) Diseases in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Norsk Vetennærtidsskrift 103:923-926
50. Gravningen K, Kvenseth PG, Hovlid RO (1996) Virulence of Vibrio anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2, Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida to goldsinny wrasse. In: Sayer MDJ, Treasurer JW, Costello MJ (eds) Wrasse: biology and use in aquaculture. Fishing News Books, Farnham, p 247-250
51. Griffin PJ, Snieszko SF, Friddle SB (1953a) A more comprehensive description of Bacterium salmonicida. Trans Am Fish Soc 82:129-138
52. Griffin PJ, Snieszko SF, Friddle SB (1953b) Pigment formation by Bacterium salmonicida. J Bact 65:652-659
53. Groman D, Tweedie D, Shaw D (1992) Experiences with atypical furunculosis in Newfoundland: an overview. Bull Aquacul Assoc Can 1:36-39
54. Gudmundsdóttir BK (1996) Comparison of extracellular proteases produced by Aeromonas salmonicida strains, isolated from vanous fish species J Appl Bacteriol 80:105-113
55. Gudmundsdóttir BK, Gudmundsdóttir S (1997) Evaluation of cross protection by vaccines against atypical and typical furunculosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J Fish Dis 20:343-350
56. Guòmundsdóttir BK, Guòmundsdóttir S, Magnadóttir B, Helgason S (1996) Research in bacterial diseases of salmonid fish. Læknablaòiò 82:72-77
57. Gudmundsdottir BK, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1990) Isolation of a new toxic protease from a strain of Aeromonas salmonicida subspecies achromogenes. Dis Aquat Org 9:199-208
58. Gudmundsdóttir BK, Magnadóttir B (1997) Protection of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against an experimental infection of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. achromogenes. Fish Shellfish Immunol 7 55-69
59. Guòmundsdóttir BK, Magnadóttir B, Jónsdóttir H, Guòmundsdóttir S, Helgason S, Jónsson G (1995) Atypical furunculosis in Icelandic aquaculture. Abstracts book, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Seventh International Conference 'Diseases of fish and shellfish', Palma de Mallorca, 10-15 September 1995, p 20
60. Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1985) Differences in the production of haemolytic and proteolytic activities by various isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida. In: Ellis AE (ed) Fish and shellfish pathology. Academic Press, London, p 69-77
61. Hellberg H, Moksness E, Høie S (1996) Infection with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in farmed common wolffish, Anarhichas Iupus L. J Fish Dis 19:329-332
62. Hirst ID, Ellis AE (1994) Iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of Aeromonas salmonicida are important protective antigens in Atlantic salmon against furunculosis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 4:29-45
63. Hirst ID, Ellis AE (1996) Utilization of transferrin and salmon serum as sources of iron by typical and atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida. Microbiology 142:1543-1550
64. Hirst ID, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1991) Siderophore production by Aeromonas salmonicida. J Gen Microbiol 137:1185-1192
65. Hirst ID, Hastings TS, Ellis AE (1994) Utilization of haem compounds by Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Dis 17:365-373
66. Hirvelä-Koski V, Koski P, Nuranen H (1994) Biochemical properties and drug resistance of Aeromonas salmonicida in Finland, Dis Aquat Org 20:191-196
67. Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 175-289
68. Hubbert RM, Williams WP (1980) Ulcer disease of roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.). Bamidgeh 32:46-52
69. Humphrey JD, Ashburner LD (1993) Spread of the bacterial fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida after importation of infected goldfish, Carassius auratus, into Australia. Australian Vet J 70:453-454
70. Husevåg B (1994) Survival of Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio salmonicida in marine fish farm environments. PhD thesis, University of Bergen, Norway
71. Håstein T, Saltveit SJ, Roberts RJ (1978) Mass mortality among minnows Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) in Lake Tveitevatn, Norway, due to an aberrant strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Dis 1:241-249
72. Iida T, Nakakoshi K, Wakabayashi H (1984) Isolation of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida from diseased eel. Anguilla japonica. Fish Pathol 19:109-112
73. Ishiguro EE, Ainsworth T, Kay WW, Trust TJ (1986) Heme requirement for growth of fastidious atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida Appl Environ Microbiol 51:668-670
74. Jeney Z, Jeney G (1995) Recent achievements in studies on diseases of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture 129:397-420
75. Jones SRM, Osinchuk RD, MacKinnon AM, Markham RJF (1996) Vaccination against typical furunculosis protects against atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in salmonid and cyprinid fish. Abstract, International Symposium on Fish Vaccinology, 5-7 June 1996, Oslo, Norway, p 79
76. Kay WW, Buckley JT, Ishiguro EE, Phipps BM, Monette JPL, Trust TJ (1981) Purification and disposition of a surface protein associated with virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida. J Bacteriol 147:1077-1084
77. Kay WW, Phipps BM, Ishiguro EE, Olafson RW, Trust TJ (1984) Surface layer virulence A-proteins from Aeromonas salmonicida strains. Can J Biochem Cell Biol 62:1064-1071
78. Kimura T (1969a) A new subspecies of Aeromonas salmonicida as an etiological agent of furunculosis on 'sakuramasu' (Oncorhynchus masou) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) rearing for maturity. Part 1. On the morphological and physiological properties. Fish Pathol 3:34-44
79. Kimura T (1969b) A new subspecies of Aeromonas salmonicida as an etiological agent of furunculosis on 'Sakuramasu' (Oncorhynchus masou) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) rearing for maturity. Part 2. On the serological properties. Fish Pathol 3:45-52
80. Kitao T, Yoshida T, Aoki T, Fukudome M (1984) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, the causative agent of an ulcer disease of eel occurred in Kagoshima prefecture. Fish Pathol 19:113-117
81. Kitao T, Yoshida T, Aoki T, Fukudome M (1985) Characterization of an atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strain causing epizootic ulcer disease in cultured eel. Fish Pathol 20:107-114
82. Kluyver AJ, van Niel CB (1936) Prospects for a natural system of classification of bacteria. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr 2. Abt 94:369-403
83. Larsen JL, Pedersen K (1996) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased turbot (Scophtalmus maximus L.). Acta Vet Scand 37:139-146
84. LeTendre GC, Schneider CP, Ehlinger NF (1972) Net damage and subsequent mortality from furunculosis in smallmouth bass. NY Fish Game J 19:73-82
85. Ljungberg O, Johansson N (1977) Epizootiological studies on atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infections of salmonids in Swedish fish farms, 1967-1977. Bull Off Int Epizoot 87:475-478
86. MacInnes JI, Trust TJ, Crosa JH (1979) Deoxyribonucleic acid relationships among members of the genus Aeromonas. Can J Microbiol 25:579-586
87. Magann̄os B, Romalde JL, Bandín I, Fouz B, Toranzo AE (1992) Phenotypic, antigenic, and molecular characterization of Pasteurella piscicida strains isolated from fish. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3316-3322
88. Martinez-Murcia AJ, Benlloch S, Collins MD (1992) Phylogenetic interrelationships of members of the genera Aeromonas and Plesiomonas as determined by 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing: lack of congruence with results of DNA-DNA hybridizations. Int J Syst Bacteriol 42:412-421
89. Mawdesley-Thomas LE (1969) Furunculosis in the goldfish Carassius auratus (L.). J Fish Biol 1:19-23
90. McCarthy DH (1975) Fish furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida var. achromogenes. J Wildl Dis 11:489-493
91. McCarthy DH (1977) The identification and significance of atypical strains of Aeromonas salmonicida. Bull Off Int Epizoot 87:459-463
92. McCarthy DH (1978) A study of the taxonomic status of some bacteria currently assigned to the genus Aeromonas. PhD thesis, Council for National Academic Awards, Weymouth, UK
93. McCarthy DH, Roberts RJ (1980) Furunculosis of fish - the present state of our knowledge. In: Droop MR, Jannasch HW (eds) Advances in aquatic microbiology. Academic Press, London, p 293-341
94. McCormick WA, Stevenson RMW, MacInnes JI (1990) Restriction endonuclease fingerprinting analysis of Canadian isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida. Can J Microbiol 36:24-32
95. McIntosh D, Austin B (1991) Atypical characteristics of the salmonid pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. J Gen Microbiol 137:1341-1343
96. Michel C (1981) A bacterial disease of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in an alpine lake: isolation and preliminary study of the causative organism. J Wildl Dis 17:505-510
97. Michel C, Dubois-Darnaudpeys A (1980) Persistence of the virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida strains kept in river sediments. Ann Rech Vet 11:375-380
98. von Mirle C, Bocklisch H, Engelhardt A, Freudenberg K, Hiltner R (1986) Studies into aetiology of erythrodermatitis of carp. Mh Vet-Med 41:559-562
99. Morgan JAW, Cranwell PA, Pickup RW (1991) Survival of Aeromonas salmonicida in lake water. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:1777-1782
100. Morrison CM, Cornick JW, Shum G, Zwicker B (1984) Histopathology of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. J Fish Dis 7:477-494
101. Munkittrick KR, Leatherland JF (1984) Abnormal pituitary-gonad function in two feral populations of goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), suffering epizootics of an ulcerative disease. J Fish Dis 7:433-447
102. Möller H (1990) Association between diseases of flounder (Platichthys flesus) and environmental conditions in the Elbe estuary, FRG. J Cons Int Explor Mer 46:187-199
103. Nakatsugawa T (1994) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from cultured shotted halibut. Fish Pathol 29:193-198
104. Noga EJ, Berkhoff HA (1990) Pathological and microbiological features of Aeromonas salmonicida infection in the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Fish Pathol 25:127-132
105. Nounou P, Martoja R, Orcel L (1981) Ulcerations of marine fishes and mammals caught in the French coastal waters. Publ French Nat Centre Exploit Oceans 43:1-99
106. Ohtsuka H, Nakai T, Muroga K, Jo Y (1984) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from diseased eels. Fish Pathol 19:101-107
107. Ojala O (1966) Isolation of an anaerogenic bacterium resembling Aeromonas salmonicida in spawning lake trouts. Bull Off Int Epizoot 65:793-804
108. Olivier G (1990) Virulence of Aeromonas salmonicida: lack of relationship with phenotypic characteristics. J Aquat Arum Health 2:119-127
109. Olivier G (1992) Furunculosis in the Atlantic Provinces: an overview. Bull Aquacul Assoc Can 1:4-10
110. Olsen AB, Lunder T, Reitan LJ (1989) Infection with a particular strain of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in Norway, Abstracts book, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Fourth international conference 'Diseases of fish and shellfish', Santiago de Compostela, Spain, 24-28 September 1989, p 199
111. Paterson WD, Douey D, Desautels D (1980a) Relationships between selected strains of typical and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Haemophilus piscium. Can J Microbiol 26:588-598
112. Paterson WD, Douey D, Desautels D (1980b) Isolation and identification of an atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strain causing epizootic losses among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in a Nova Scotian hatchery. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 37:2236-2241
113. Pedersen K, Dalsgaard I, Larsen JL (1996) Characterization of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolates by ribotyping and plasmid profiling. J Appl Bacteriol 80:37-44
114. Pedersen K, Kofod H, Dalsgaard I, Larsen JL (1994) Isolation of oxidase-negative Aeromonas salmonicida from diseased turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Dis Aquat Org 18:149-154
115. Pol JMA, Bootsma R, vd Berg-Blommaert JM (1980) Pathogenesis of carp erythrodermatitis (CE): role of bacterial endo- and exotoxin. In: Ahne W (ed) Fish diseases. Third COPRAQ-session. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p 120-125
116. AL. In: Krieg NR, Holt JG (eds) Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology, Vol 1. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, p 545-548
117. Fourreau CN, Evenberg D, de Raadt WM, van Mechelen JAN, van Muiswinkel WB (1986) Does Aeromonas salmonicida affect the immune system of carp, Cyprinus carpio L.? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 12:331-338
118. Pylkkö P (1993) The effect of feeding and rearing density on the susceptibility to ASA disease of grayling (Thymallus thymallus L.) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.). Kalatutkimuksia - Fiskundersökningar 74:1-19
119. Rintamäki P, Valtonen ET (1991) Aeromonas salmonicida in Finland: pathological problems associated with atypical and. typical strains. J Fish. Dis 14:323-331
120. Rose AS, Ellis AE, Munro ALS (1990) The survival of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida in sea water. J Fish Dis 13:205-214
121. Sandaa RA, Enger Ø (1996) High frequency transfer of a broad host range plasmid present in an atypical strain of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida. Dis Aquat Org 24:71-75
122. Schubert RHW (1967) The taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Aeromonas Kluyver and Van Niel 1936. Part II. Suggestions on the taxonomy and the nomenclature of the anaerogenic aeromonads. Int J Syst Bacteriol 17: 273-279
123. Schubert RHW (1969) On the taxonomy of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. achromogenes (Smith 1963) Schubert 1967 and Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida Kimura 1969. Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg Abt I Orig 211:413-417
124. Shotts EB Jr, Talkington ED, Elliott DG, McCarthy DH (1980) Aetiology of an ulcerative disease in goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.): characterization of the causative agent. J Fish Dis 3:181-186
125. Sioutas S, Hoffmann RW, Pfeil-Putzien C, Fischer-Scher T (1991) Carp erythrodermatitis (CE) due to an Aeromonas hydrophila infection. J Vet Med B 38:186-194
126. Skerman VBD, McGowan V, Sneath PHA (1980) Approved lists of bacterial names. Int J Syst Bacteriol 30:225-420
127. Smith IW (1963) The classification of 'Bacterium salmonicida'. J Gen Microbiol 33:263-274
128. Snieszko SF, Griffin PJ, Friddle SB (1950) A new bacterium (Hemophilus piscium n. sp.) from ulcer disease of trout J Bacteriol 59;699-710
129. Sövénvi JF (1986) Applicability of coagglutination test for detecting Aeromonas salmonicida antigens from extracts of bacterial cultures and experimentally infected tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Acta Vet Hung 34:151-158
130. Sovényi JF, Bercsényi M, Bakos J (1988) Comparative examination of susceptibility of two genotypes of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Aquaculture 70:301-308
131. Sövényi JF, Elliott DG, Csaba G, Oläh J, Majnarich JJ (1984) Cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics of bacterial isolates from carp erythrodermatitis in Hungary. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epizoot 3:597-609
132. Sövényi J, Ruttkay A (1986) Experimental examination of correlation between nutrition status and susceptibility of carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) to carp erythrodermatitis. Aquacultura Hungarica 5:119-126
133. Takahashi K, Kawana T, Nakamura T (1975a) Studies on ulcer disease of goldfish - I. Site of occurrence of ulcer. Fish Pathol 9:174-178
134. Takahashi K, Kawana T, Nakamura T (1975b) Studies on ulcer disease of goldfish - III. Infection experiments. Fish Pathol 9:187-192
135. Takahashi K, Kawana T, Nakamura T (1975c) Studies on ulcer disease of goldfish - VI. Bacteria isolated from lesions of diseased fish. Fish Pathol 10:22-30
136. Traxler GS, Bell GR (1988) Pathogens associated with impounded Pacific herring Clupea harengus pallasi, with emphasis on viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. Dis Aquat Org 5:93-100
137. Trust TJ, Howard PS, Chamberlain JB, Ishiguro EE, Buckley JT (1980a) Additional surface protein in autoaggregating strains of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 9:35-38
138. Trust TJ, Ishiguro EE, Atkinson HM (1980b) Relationship between Haemophilia piscium and Aeromonas salmonicida revealed by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteriophage. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 9:199-201
139. Trust TJ, Khouri AG, Austen RA, Ashburner LD (1980c) First isolation in Australia of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. FEMS (Fed Eur Microbiol Soc) Microbiol Lett 9:39-42
140. Ullrich S (1992) Bakterielle Fischkrankheiten in Untereider und Unterelbe und ihre Beeinflussung durch Umweltfaktoren. Berichte aus dem Institut für Meereskunde an der Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Nr 223
141. Vethaak AD (1992) Diseases of flounder (Platichthys flesus L.) in the Dutch Wadden Sea, and their relation to stress factors. Neth J Sea Res 29:257-272
142. Whittington RJ, Cullis B (1988) The susceptibility of salmonid fish to an atypical strain of Aeromonas salmonicida that infects goldfish, Carassius auratus (L.), in Australia. J Fish Dis 11:461-470
143. Whittington RJ, Djordjevic SP, Carson J, Callinan RB (1995) Restriction endonuclease analysis of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolates from goldfish Carassius auratus, silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus, and greenback flounder Rhombosolea tapirina in Australia. Dis Aquat Org 22:185-191
144. Whittington RJ, Gudkovs N, Carrigan MJ, Ashburner LD, Thurstan SJ (1987) Clinical, microbiological and epidemiological findings in recent outbreaks of goldfish ulcer disease due to atypical Aeromonas salmonicida in southeastern Australia. J Fish Dis 10:353-362
145. Wichardt UP (1983a) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida-infection in sea-trout (Salmo trutta, L.) I. Epizootological studies, clinical signs and bacteriology. Laxforskningsinst Meddelande 6:1-10
146. Wichardt UP (1983b) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida-infection in sea-trout (Salmo trutta L.) II. Influence of water-temperature and stocking density on the infection rate. Laxforskningsinst Meddelande 7:1-14
147. Wichardt UP, Johansson N, Ljungberg O (1989) Occurrence and distribution of Aeromonas salmonicida infections on Swedish fish farms, 1951-1987. J Aquat Animal Health 1:187-196
148. Wiegertjes GF, Daly JG, van Muiswinkel WB (1993) Disease resistance of carp, Cyprinus carpio L.: identification of individual genetic differences by bath challenge with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida J Fish Dis 16:569-576
149. Wiklund T (1990) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcers of pike, Esox Incius L J Fish Dis 13:541-544
150. Wiklund T (1994a) Skin ulcer disease of flounder (Platichthys flesus): disease patterns and characterization of an etiological agent, PhD thesis, Åbo Akademi University, Åbo, Finland
151. Wiklund T (1994b) Skin ulcer disease of flounder (Platichthys flesus): a review. In: Bylund G, Lönnström L (eds) Diseases and parasites of flounder (Platichthys flesus) in the Baltic Sea. Bait Mar Biol 15:17-26
152. Wiklund T (1995a) Survival of 'atypical' Aeromonas salmonicida in water and sediment microcosms of different salinities and temperatures. Dis Aquat Org 21:137-143
153. Wiklund T (1995b) Virulence of 'atypical' Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcerated flounder Platichthys flesus. Dis Aquat Org 21:145-150
154. Wiklund T, Bylund G (1991) A cytochrome oxidase negative bacterium (presumptively an atypical Aeromonas salmonicida) isolated from ulcerated flounders (Platichthys flesus (L.)) in the northern Baltic Sea. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 11:74-76
155. Wiklund T, Bylund G (1993) Skin ulcer disease of flounder Platichthys flesus in the northern Baltic Sea. Dis Aquat Org 17:165-174
156. Wiklund T, Dalsgaard I (1995) Atypical Aeromonas salmoni- cida associated with ulcerated flatfish species in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. J Aquat Anim Health 7:218-224
157. Wiklund T, Dalsgaard I, Eerola E, Olivier G (1994) Characteristics of 'atypical', cytochrome oxidase-negative Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcerated flounders (Platichthys flesus (L.)). J Appl Bacteriol 76:511-520
158. Wiklund T, Lönnström L, Nuranen H (1993) Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida lacking pigment production, isolated from farmed salmonids in Finland. Dis Aquat Org 15:219-223
159. Wiklund T, Sazonov A, L'Iniova GP, Pugaewa VP, Zoobaha SV, Bylund G (1992) Characteristics of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolated from wild Pacific salmonids in Kamchatka, Russia. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 12:76-79
160. Wilson BW, Holliman A (1994) Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida isolated from ulcerated chub Leuciscus cephalis. Vet Rec 135:185-186
161. Yoshimizu M, Direkbusarakom S, Ezura Y, Kimura T (1993) Monoclonal antibodies against Aeromonas salmonicida for serological diagnosis of furunculosis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 59:333-338