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Optical intrinsic signal responses were measured as in T. Bonhoeffer and A. Grinvald, in Brain Mapping: The Methodology [(Academic Press, New York, 1996), pp. 75-97] and in (14). Normalization by response to stimulation with a blank screen was used in all figures and analysis.
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Microelectrode studies have found single units that are selective for orientation at P8 (30) and we have seen clear orientation maps as early as P12.
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Analysis was performed on blank screen-normalized images that were high-pass filtered (1200-μm kernel) and locally smoothed (3 by 3 pixels, 16.7 μm/ pixel) using the similarity index from (23). All statistical comparisons were performed using the t test.
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An index of eye dominance ranging from 0 (exclusively ipsilateral) to 1 (exclusively contralateral) was computed from each pixel of the unfiltered, blank screen-normalized images by comparing the response strengths to stimulation of the two eyes at the orientation producing the greatest response. This index is derived from the procedure used to determine ocular dominance in single-unit recordings, where the responses to optimal stimuli in the two eyes are compared. It is different from the conventional ocular dominance ratio maps (17), which compare the average rather than the optimal responses; such maps can show an ocular dominance pattern even when orientation maps are poor (Fig. 2F) or when one eye is dominant [see Fig. 4C or figure 1 in (14)].
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note
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Supported by NIH grants EY09760 and EY02874 and an NIH postdoctoral fellowship (M.C.C.), and equipment provided by the Hellman fund. Thanks to J. Horton and S. Lisberger for useful comments on the manuscript and to all the members of our lab for helpful discussions and comments. Special thanks to E. Ruthazer for help with early experiments and comments on the manuscript.
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