Reconstructing past ocean pH-depth profiles

Science

Volumn 282, Issue 5393, 1998, Pages 1468-1471

  Palmer, M R ^a   Pearson, P N ^a   Cobb, S J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BORIC ACID; BORON; CARBONIC ACID; ISOTOPE; SEA WATER;

BORON; CARBON CYCLE; MIOCENE; PH; PLEISTOCENE; SEAWATER; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT;

ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; BENTHOS; CARBON DIOXIDE FIXATION; DISSOCIATION CONSTANT; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA; TEMPERATURE;

FORAMINIFERA;

EID: 0032553374     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5393.1468     Document Type: Article

References (31)

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7. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
8. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
9. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
10. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
11. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
12. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
13. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
14. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
15. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
16. Planktonic foraminifera have complex life cycles and different species calcify at different depths in the water column [C. Hemleben, M. Spindler, O. R. Anderson, Modern Planktonic Foraminifera (Springer-Verlag. Berlin, 1989) . Tropical areas, like site 871, with a strong thermocline and thick mixed layer tend to have the most diverse and well-stratified assemblages. Many species (such as in the genus Globigerinoides) that spend their entire life cycle in the mixed layer (upper 100 m) possess obligate photosymbionts and are omnivorous. Other species stratify through intermediate, thermocline, and deep planktonic habitats (such as Globorotalia species) and feed on algae and sinking phytodetritus. Calcification depths for modern and extinct plankton species were estimated based on previous plankton tow and oxygen isotope studies [N. J. Shackleton and E. Vincent, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 3, 1 (1978); J. Erez and S. Honjo, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 33, 193 (1981); R. G. Fairbanks, N. Sverdlove, R. Free, P. H. Wiebe, A. W. H. Be, Nature 298, 841 (1982); G. Keller, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 163, 177 (1985); W. G. Deuser, J. Foraminiferal Res. 17, 14 (1987); J. T. Gasperi and J. P. Kennett, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 22, 235 (1993); P. N. Pearson and N. J. Shackleton, Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 144, 401 (1995); J. M. Watkins, A. C. Mix, J. Wilson, Mar. Micropalaeontol. 33, 157 (1998)]. Specimens of G. tumida with and without a thick gametogenic crust were picked separately and are interpreted as representing thermocline and deep planktonic habitats, respectively. Designation of Dentoglobigerina altispira as a thermocline calcifier differs from some earlier suggestions but follows Pearson and Shackleton, as well as B. N. Opdyke and P. N. Pearson [Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results 144, 993 (1995)].
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25. 11B values for each sample include all the data for that sample (Table 1).
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31. Supported by a grant from the Natural Environment Research Council We are grateful to the Ocean Drilling Program for provision of the samples used in this research and to two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments.