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2642712222
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note
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In 1995, average numbers of pulses per call ranged from 15.3 to 21.8 for individual short-callers and from 22.1 to 38.7 for long-callers. In 1996, average pulse numbers ranged from 14.4 to 18.0 for short-callers and from 22.1 to 37.7 for long-callers.
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2642680557
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note
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Tadpoles were fed finely ground Tetra-Min fish flakes. The high food ration was typically as much as the tadpoles could consume and was always three times the low food ration. Larval survival, growth rate, length of larval period, and mass at metamorphosis differed significantly between the two food levels in both years (P < 0.001, t tests), demonstrating that the low food level constituted a significantly less favorable environment than the high food level.
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26
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2642703979
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note
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Individuals metamorphosing from our high food treatment weighed an average of 0.359 g in 1995 and 0.319 g in 1996. Average mass at metamorphosis of H. versicolor reared in field enclosures was 0.340 g in the sun and 0.310 g in the shade (13). In a natural population of H. chrysoscelis (the cryptic sister species of H. versicolor), average mass at metamorphosis was 0.33 g (28).
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27
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2642606726
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note
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Tadpoles were randomly assigned to food levels and blocks within our randomized block design. The experiment was conducted blind with respect to genetic identity.
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28
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2642610019
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note
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Performance was measured as follows: wet mass (to the nearest milligram) on day 30 of the experiment - a measure of early larval growth rate; the larval period in days from the beginning of the experiment (stage 25) (29) to forelimb emergence (stage 42); and wet mass (to the nearest milligram) of metamorphs after tail resorption (stage 46). Larval survival was calculated as the proportion of individuals from each family surviving to metamorphosis. In 1996, postmetamorphic growth was calculated as the difference between wet mass achieved 30 days after metamorphosis and wet mass at metamorphosis.
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30
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0023500488
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2642702301
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note
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Mixed-model univariate analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed for each response variable, at each food level during each year, to test for the main effects of call duration, maternal identity, paternal identity (1996 only), and blocking factors, as well as for interactions. In order to account for correlations between larval period and metamorphic mass, each was used as a covariate in the univariate analyses of the other. Metamorphic mass was also used as a covariate in analyses of postmetamorphic growth. ANOVA tables and more complete descriptions of analyses can be found at www.sciencemag. org/feature/data/976682.shl
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32
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2642643463
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note
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A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used for each food level during each year to test for multivariate effects of call duration, maternal identity, paternal identity (1996 only), and blocking factors. MANOVAs simultaneously included larval growth, larval period, metamorphic mass, and (in 1996) post-metamorphic growth but did not include survival because the unit of analysis for this variable was the family rather than the individual. We present results for the multivariate effect of call duration, based on Wilks' λ. Data were appropriately transformed in both univariate and multivariate analyses.
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34
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0242449336
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H. M. Wilbur and J. P. Collins, Science 182, 1305 (1973); J. Travis, Evolution 44, 502 (1984).
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2642641034
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note
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We thank B. Buchanan and J. Schwartz for help in assessing males in 1996; J. Krenz for help with artificial crosses in 1996; A. Bullerdieck for assistance in raising tadpoles in 1996; M. Cherry, M. Cunningham, J. Krenz, M. Parris, A. Pomiankowski, T. Ryan, and J. Schwartz for comments on the manuscript; and the many people who helped collect frogs. This work was supported by an NSF predoctoral fellowship (A.M.W.), NSF and NIMH grants (H.C.G.), and a Sigma Xi Grant-in-aid of Research (A.M.W.).
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