Effect of current density on the iontophoretic permeability of benzyl alcohol and surface characteristics of human epidermis

International Journal of Pharmaceutics

Volumn 166, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 157-166

  Singh, S ^a   Bi, M ^b   Jayaswal, S B ^c   Singh, J ^b  

^a MLN MEDICAL COLLEGE   (India)

^b NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Benzyl alcohol; Current density; Human epidermis; Iontophoresis; Scanning electron microscopy; Transdermal

Indexed keywords

BENZYL ALCOHOL;

ARTICLE; CELL DENSITY; CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; CELL MEMBRANE RESISTANCE; DRUG EFFECT; ELECTRIC CURRENT; EPIDERMIS CELL; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IONTOPHORESIS; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SURFACE PROPERTY;

EID: 0032543095     PISSN: 03785173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00045-3     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Bhatia, K.S., Gao, S., Singh, J., 1997. Effect of penetration enhancers and iontophoresis on the FT-IR spectroscopy and LHRH permeability through porcine skin. J. Control. Release 47, 81-89.
2. + permeability of excised nude mouse skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 77, 492-497.
3. Burnette, R.R., Ongpipattanakul, B., 1987. Characterization of the permselective properties of excised human skin during iontophoresis. J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 765-773.
4. Cullander, C., Guy, R.H., 1992. Visualisation of iontophoretic pathways with confocal microscopy and the vibrating probe electrode. Solid State Ionics 53/56, 197-206.
5. Delgado-Charo, M.B., Guy, R.H., 1994. Characterization of convective solvent flow during iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 11, 929-935.
6. Ganga, S., Rao, P.R., Singh, J., 1996. Effect of Azone® on the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of metoprolol tartarate through human epidermis in vitro. J. Control. Release 42, 57-64.
7. Gangarosa, L.P., Park, N.H., Wiggins, C.A., Hill, J.M., 1980. Increased penetration of non-electrolytes into mouse skin during iontophoretic water transport (iontohydrokinesis). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 212, 377-381.
8. Harrison, S.M., Barry, B.W., Dugard, P.H., 1984. Effect of freezing on human skin permeability. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 36, 261-262.
9. Hashimoto, K., 1974. New methods for surface ultrastructure: Comparative studies of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and replica methods. Int. J. Dermatol. 13, 357-381.
10. Hayton, W.L., Chen, T., 1982. Correction of perfusate concentration sample removal. J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 820-821.
11. Inada, H., Ghanem, A.-H., Higuchi, W.I., 1994. Studies on the effects of applied voltage and duration on human epidermal membrane alteration/recovery and the resultant effects upon iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 11, 687-697.
12. Keister, J.C., Kasting, G.B., 1986. Ionic mass transport through a homogeneous membrane in the persence of a uniform electric field. J. Membr. Sci. 29, 155-167.
13. Kim, A., Green, P.G., Rao, G., Guy, R.H., 1993. Convective solvent flow across the skin during iontophoresis. Pharm. Res. 10, 1315-1320.
14. Kligman, A.M., Christophers, E., 1963. Preparation of isolated sheets of human stratum corneum. Arch. Dermatol. 88, 702-705.
15. Lee, R.D., White, H.S., Scott, E.R., 1996. Visualization of iontophoretic transport paths in cultured and animal skin models. J. Pharm. Sci. 11, 1186-1190.
16. Masada, T., Higuchi, W.I., Srinivasan, V., Rohr, U., Fox, J., Behl, C., Pons, S., 1989. Examination of iontophoretic transport of ionic drugs across skin: baseline studies with the four-electrode system. Int. J. Pharm. 59, 57-62.
17. Millington, P.F., Wilkinson, R., 1983. Skin. In: Harrison, R.J., McMinn, R.M.H. (Eds.), Biologic Structure and Function, Ch. 9. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
18. Moore, W.J., 1955. Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, New York, pp. 451-453.
19. Monteiro-Riviere, N.A., Inman, A.O., Riviere, J.E., 1994. Identification of the pathway of iontophoretic drug delivery: light and ultrastructural studies using mercuric chloride in pigs. Pharm. Res. 11, 251-256.
20. Pikal, M.J., Shah, S., 1990. Transport mechanisms in iontophoresis. III. An experimental study of the contributions of electroosmotic flow and permeability change in transport of low and high molecular weight solutes. Pharm. Res. 7, 222-229.
21. Prausnitz, M.R., Bose, B.G., Langer, R., Weaver, J.C., 1992. Transdermal drug delivery by electroporation. Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 19, 232-233.
22. Roberts, M.S., Singh, J., Yoshida, N., Currie, K.I., 1990. Iontophoretic transtport of selected solutes through human epidermis, In: Scott, R.C., Hadgraft, J., Guy, R. (Eds), Prediction of Percutaneous Absorption, IBC Technical Services Ltd., London, pp. 231-241.
23. Siddiqui, O., Roberts, M.S., Polack, A.E., 1985. Topical absorption of methotrexate: role of dermal transport. Int. J. Pharm. 27, 193-203.
24. Sims, S.M., Higuchi, W.I., Srinivasan, V., 1991. Skin alterations and convective solvent flow effects during iontophoresis. I. Neutral solute transport across human skin. Int. J. Pharm. 69, 109-121.
25. Singh, J., Maibach, H.I., 1993. Topical iontophoretic drug delivery in vivo: Historical development, devices and future perspective. Dermatology 187, 235-238.
26. Singh, J., Roberts, M.S., 1995. Iontophoretic transport of amphoteric solutes through human epidermis: p-amino benzoic acid and amphotericin. Pharm. Sci. 1, 223-226.
27. Singh, J., Singh, S., 1995. Transdermal iontophoresis: effect of penetration enhancer and iontophoresis on drug transport and surface characteristics of human epidermis; In: Surber, C., Elsner, P., Bircher, A.J. (Eds), Exogenous dermatology: advances in skin related allergology, bioengineering, pharmacology and toxicology. Karger, Basel, pp. 179-183.
28. Singh, J., Bhatia, K.S., 1996. Topical iontophoretic drug delivery: Pathways, principles, factors and skin irritation. Med. Res. Rev. 16, 285-296.
29. Singh, S., Jayaswal, S.B., Upadhyay, S.N., Singh, J., 1992. Iontophoretic delivery of propranolol hydrochloride through human epidermis. J. Control. Release 18, 165-170.
30. Singh, J., Gross, M., O'Connell, M., Sage, B., Maibach, H.I., 1994a. Iontophoresis in different ethnic group's skin function. Proc. Int. Symp. Control. Release Bioact. Mater. 21, 365-366.
31. Singh, J., Gross, M., O'Connell, M., Sage, B., Maibach, H.I., 1994b. Effect of skin preparation and iontophoresis on skin functions and irritation in human volunteers. Pharm. Res. 11, 101.
32. Singh, J., Roberts, M.S., Maibach, H.I., 1994c. Iontophoretic transport of non-electrolytes through human epidermis. Pharm. Res. 11, 191.
33. Srinivasan, V., Higuchi, W.I., Sims, S.M., Ghanem, A.H., Behl, C.R., 1989a. Transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery: Mechanistic analysis and application to polypeptide delivery. J. Pharm. Sci. 78, 370-375.
34. Srinivasan, V., Higuchi, W.I., Su, M.-H., 1989b. Baseline studies with the four electrode system: I. The effect of skin damage and water transport on the iontophoresis of a model uncharged solute. J. Control. Release 10, 157-165.
35. Swarbrick, J., Lee, G., Brom, J., 1982. Drug permeation through human skin. 1. Effect of storage conditions of skin. J. Invest. Dermatol. 78, 63-66.
36. Wearley, L., Liu, J., Chien, Y.W., 1989. Iontophoresis facilitated transdermal delivery of verapamil. II. Factors affecting reversability of skin permeability. J. Control. Release 9, 231-242.