The molecular ZPA

Journal of Experimental Zoology

Volumn 282, Issue 6, 1998, Pages 677-690

  Pearse II, Richard V ^a   Tabin, Clifford J ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ERINACEIDAE;

EID: 0032535538     PISSN: 0022104X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19981215)282:6<677::AID-JEZ4>3.0.CO;2-F     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Alcedo, J., M. Ayzenzon, T. Von Ohlen, M. Noll, and J.E. Hooper (1996). The Drosophila smoothened gene encodes a seven-pass membrane protein, a putative receptor for the hedgehog signal. Cell, 86:221-232.
2. Alexandre, C., A. Jacinto, and P.W. Ingham (1996) Transcriptional activation of hedgehog target genes in Drosophila is mediated directly by the Cubitus interruptus protein, a member of the GLI family of zinc finger DNA-binding proteins. Genes Dev., 10:2003-2013.
3. Aza-Blanc, P., F.A. Ramirez-Weber, M.P. Laget, C. Schwartz, and T.B. Kornberg (1997) Proteolysis that is inhibited by hedgehog targets Cubitus interruptus protein to the nucleus and converts it to a repressor. Cell, 89:1043-1053.
4. Basler, K., and G. Struhl (1994) Compartment boundaries and the control of Drosophila limb pattern by hedgehog protein. Nature, 368:208-214.
5. Bitgood, M.J., and A.P. McMahon (1995) Hedgehog and Bmp genes are coexpressed at many diverse sites of cell-cell interaction in the mouse embryo. Dev. Biol., 172:126-138.
6. Bitgood, M.J., L. Shen, and A.P. McMahon (1996) Sertoli cell signaling by desert hedgehog regulates the male germline. Curr. Biol., 6:298-304.
7. Bumcrot, D.A., R. Takada, and A.P. McMahon (1995) Proteolytic processing yields two secreted forms of sonic hedgehog [published erratum appears in Mol. Cell Biol. (1995) 15:2904]. Mol. Cell Biol., 15:2294-2303.
8. Chan, D.C., E. Laufer, C. Tabin, and P. Leder (1995) Polydactylous limbs in Strong's Luxoid mice result from ectopic polarizing activity. Development, 121:1971-1978.
9. Chang, D.T., A. Lopez, D.P. von Kessler, C. Chiang, B.K. Simandl, R. Zhao, M.F. Seldin, J.F. Fallon, and P.A. Beachy (1994) Products, genetic linkage and limb patterning activity of a murine hedgehog gene. Development, 120:3339-3353.
10. Charite, J., W. de Graaff, S. Shen, and J. Deschamps, (1994) Ectopic expression of Hoxb-8 causes duplication of the ZPA in the forelimb and homeotic transformation of axial structures. Cell, 78:589-601.
11. Chen, Y., N. Gallaher, R.H. Goodman, and S.M. Smolik (1998) Protein kinase A directly regulates the activity and proteolysis of Cubitus interruptus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 95:2349-2354.
12. Chen, Y., and G. Struhl (1996) Dual roles for patched in sequestering and transducing Hedgehog. Cell, 87:553-563.
13. Crossley, P.H., and G.R. Martin (1995) The mouse Fgf8 gene encodes a family of polypeptides and is expressed in regions that direct outgrowth and patterning in the developing embryo. Development, 121:439-451.
14. Crossley, P.H., G. Minowada, C.A. MacArthur, and G.R. Martin (1996) Roles for FGF8 in the induction, initiation, and maintenance of chick limb development. Cell, 84:127-136.
15. Dolle, P., A. Dierich, M. LeMeur, T. Schimmang, B. Schuhbaur, P. Chambon, and D. Duboule (1993) Disruption of the Hoxd-13 gene induces localized heterochrony leading to mice with neotenic limbs. Cell, 75:431-441.
16. Dolle, P., J.C. Izpisua-Belmonte, H. Falkenstein, A. Renucci, and D. Duboule (1989) Coordinate expression of the murine hox-5 complex homoeobox-containing genes during limb pattern formation. Nature, 342:767-772.
17. Duboule, D. (1994) How to make a limb? Science, 266:575-576.
18. Duboule, D., and G. Morata (1994) Colinearity and functional hierarchy among genes of the homeotic complexes. Trends Genet., 10:358-364.
19. Duprez, D.M., K. Kostakopoulou, P.H. Francis-West, C. Tickle, and P.M. Brickell (1996) Activation of Fgf-4 and HoxD gene expression by BMP-2 expressing cells in the developing chick limb. Development, 122, 1821-1828.
20. Echelard, Y., D.J. Epstein, B. St-Jacques, L. Shen, J. Mohler, J.A. McMahon, and A.P. McMahon (1993) Sonic hedgehog, a member of a family of putative signaling molecules, is implicated in the regulation of CNS polarity. Cell, 75:1417-1430.
21. Fietz, M.J., J.P. Concordet, R. Barbosa, R. Johnson, S. Krauss, A.P. McMahon, C. Tabin, and P.W. Ingham (1994) The hedgehog gene family in Drosophila and vertebrate development. Dev. Suppl., 43-51.
22. Forbes, A.J., Y. Nakano, A.M. Taylor, and P.W. Ingham (1993) Genetic analysis of hedgehog signaling in the Drosophila embryo. Dev. Suppl., 115-124.
23. Francis, P.H., M.K. Richardson, P.M. Brickell, and C. Tickle (1994) Bone morphogenetic proteins and a signaling pathway that controls patterning in the developing chick limb. Development, 120:209-218.
24. Fromental-Ramain, C., X. Warot, N. Messadecq, M. LeMeur, P. Dolle, and P. Chambon (1996) Hoxa-13 and Hoxd-13 play a crucial role in the patterning of the limb autopod. Development, 122:2997-3011.
25. Grieshammer, U., G. Minowada, J.M. Pisenti, U.K. Abbott, and G.R. Martin (1996) The chick limbless mutation causes abnormalities in limb bud dorsal-ventral patterning: Implications for the mechanism of apical ridge formation. Development, 122:3851-3861.
26. Hammerschmidt, M., A. Brook, and A. McMahon (1997) The world according to hedgehog. Trends Genet., 13:14-21.
27. Heikinheimo, M., A. Lawshe, G.M. Shackleford, D.B. Wilson, and C.A. MacArthur (1994) Fgf-8 expression in the post-gastrulation mouse suggests roles in the development of the face, limbs and central nervous system. Mech. Dev., 48:129-138.
28. Helms, J., C. Thaller, and G. Eichele (1994) Relationship between retinoic acid and sonic hedgehog, two polarizing signals in the chick wing bud. Development, 120:3267-3274.
29. Hofmann, C., and G. Eichele (1993) Retinoids in development. In: The Retinoids. M.B. Sporn, A.B. Roberts and D.S. Goodman, eds. Raven Press, New York, pp. 387-441.
30. Honig, L.S. (1981) Positional signal transmission in the developing chick limb. Nature, 291:72-73.
31. Hornbruch, A., and L. Wolpert (1986) Positional signalling by Hensen's node when grafted to the chick limb bud. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 94:257-265.
32. Hornbruch, A., and L. Wolpert (1991) The spatial and temporal distribution of polarizing activity in the flank of the pre-limb-bud stages in the chick embryo. Development, 111:725-731.
33. Hui, C.C., and A.L. Joyner (1993) A mouse model of greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome: The extra-toes mutation contains an intragenic deletion of the Gli3 gene. Nat. Genet., 3:241-246.
34. Hui, C.C., D. Slusarski, K.A. Platt, R. Holmgren, and A.L. Joyner (1994) Expression of three mouse homologs of the Drosophila segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus, Gli, Gli-2, and Gli-3, in ectoderm- and mesoderm-derived tissues suggests multiple roles during postimplantation development. Dev. Biol., 162:402-413.
35. Hunt, P., and R. Krumlauf (1992) Hox codes and positional specification in vertebrate embryonic axes. [Review]. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol., 8:227-256.
36. Ingham, P.W., and M.J. Fietz (1995) Quantitative effects of hedgehog and decapentaplegic activity on the patterning of the Drosophila wing. Curr. Biol., 5:432-440.
37. Ingham, P.W., A.M. Taylor, and Y. Nakano (1991) Role of the Drosophila patched gene in positional signaling. Nature, 353:184-187.
38. Izpisua-Belmonte, J.C., C. Tickle, P. Dolle, L. Wolpert, and D. Duboule (1991) Expression of the homeobox Hox-4 genes and the specification of position in chick wing development. Nature, 350:585-589.
39. Jiang, J., and G. Struhl (1995) Protein kinase A and hedgehog signaling in Drosophila limb development. Cell, 80:563-572.
40. Johnson, D.R. (1967) Extra-toes: A new mutant gene causing multiple abnormalities in the mouse. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 17:543-581.
41. Johnson, R.L., and C.J. Tabin (1997) Molecular models for vertebrate limb development. Cell, 90:979-990.
42. Kawakami, Y., T. Ishikawa, M. Shimabara, N. Tanda, M. Enomoto-Iwamoto, M. Iwamoto, T. Kuwana, A. Ueki, S. Noji, and T. Nohno (1996) BMP signaling during bone pattern determination in the developing limb. Development, 122: 3557-3566.
43. Kinzler, K.W., J.M. Ruppert, S.H. Bigner, and B. Vogelstein (1988) The GLI gene is a member of the Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins. Nature, 332:371-374.
44. Kinzler, K.W., and B. Vogelstein (1990) The GLI gene encodes a nuclear protein which binds specific sequences in the human genome. Mol. Cell Biol., 10:634-642.
45. Knezevic, V., R. De Santo, K. Schughart, U. Huffstadt, C. Chiang, K.A. Mahon, and S. Mackem (1997) Hoxd-12 differentially affects preaxial and postaxial chondrogenic branches in the limb and regulates Sonic hedgehog in a positive feedback loop. Development, 124:4523-4536.
46. Krauss, S., J.P. Concordet, and P.W. Ingham (1993) A functionally conserved homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene hh is expressed in tissues with polarizing activity in zebrafish embryos. Cell, 75:1431-1444.
47. Laufer, E., C.E. Nelson, R.L. Johnson, B.A. Morgan, and C. Tabin (1994) Sonic hedgehog and Fgf-4 act through a signaling cascade and feedback loop to integrate growth and patterning of the developing limb bud. Cell, 79:993-1003.
48. Lee, J.J., S.C. Ekker, D.P. von Kessler, J.A. Porter, B.I. Sun, and P.A. Beachy (1994) Autoproteolysis in hedgehog protein biogenesis. Science, 266:1528-1537.
49. Lepage, T., S.M. Cohen, F.J. Diaz-Benjumea, and S.M. Parkhurst (1995) Signal transduction by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A in Drosophila limb patterning. Nature, 373:711-715.
50. Li, W., J.T. Ohlmeyer, M.E. Lane, and D. Kalderon (1995) Function of protein kinase A in hedgehog signal transduction and Drosophila imaginal disc development. Cell, 80:553-562.
51. Lopez-Martinez, A., D.T. Chang, C. Chiang, J.A. Porter, M.A. Ros, B.K. Simandl, P.A. Beachy, and J.F. Fallon (1995) Limb-patterning activity and restricted posterior localization of the amino-terminal product of Sonic hedgehog cleavage. Curr. Biol., 5:791-796.
52. Lu, H.C., J.P. Revelli, L. Goering, C. Thaller, and G. Eichele (1997) Retinoid signaling is required for the establishment of a ZPA and for the expression of Hoxb-8, a mediator of ZPA formation. Development, 124:1643-1651.
53. Maccabe, J.A., and B.W. Parker (1979) The target tissue of limb-bud polarizing activity in the induction of supernumerary structures. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 53:67-73.
54. Mahmood, R., J. Bresnick, A. Hornbruch, C. Mahony, N. Morton, K. Colquhoun, P. Martin, A. Lumsden, C. Dickson, and I. Mason (1995) A role for FGF-8 in the initiation and maintenance of vertebrate limb bud outgrowth. Curr. Biol., 5:797-806.
55. Marigo, V., M.P. Scott, R.L. Johnson, L.V. Goodrich, and C.J. Tabin (1996a) Conservation in hedgehog signaling: Induction of a chicken patched homolog by Sonic hedgehog in the developing limb. Development, 122:1225-1233.
56. Marigo, V., R.A. Davey, Y. Zuo, J.M. Cunningham, and C.J. Tabin (1996b) Biochemical evidence that Patched is the Hedgehog receptor. Nature, 384:176-179.
57. Marigo, V., R.L. Johnson, A. Vortkamp, and C.J. Tabin (1996c) Sonic hedgehog differentially regulates expression of GLI and GLI3 during limb development. Dev. Biol., 180:273-283.
58. Marti, E., D.A. Bumcrot, R. Takada, and A.P. McMahon (1995) Requirement of 19K form of Sonic hedgehog for induction of distinct ventral cell types in CNS explants. Nature, 375:322-325.
59. Masuya, H., T. Sagai, K. Moriwaki, and T. Shiroishi (1997) Multigenic control of the localization of the zone of polarizing activity in limb morphogenesis in the mouse. Dev. Biol., 182:42-51.
60. Masuya, H., T. Sagai, S. Wakana, K. Moriwaki, and T. Shiroishi (1995) A duplicated zone of polarizing activity in polydactylous mouse mutants. Genes Dev., 9:1645-1653.
61. Mo, R., A.M. Freer, D.L. Zinyk, M.A. Crackower, J. Michaud, H.H. Heng, K.W. Chik, X.M. Shi, L.C. Tsui, S.H. Cheng, A.L. Joyner, and C. Hui (1997) Specific and redundant functions of Gli2 and Gli3 zinc finger genes in skeletal patterning and development. Development, 124:113-123.
62. Motoyama, J., T. Takabatake, K. Takeshima, and C. Hui (1998) Ptch2, a second mouse Patched gene is co-expressed with Sonic hedgehog [letter]. Nat. Genet., 18:104-106.
63. Motzny, C.K., and R. Holmgren (1995) The Drosophila cubitus interruptus protein and its role in the wingless and hedgehog signal transduction pathways. Mech. Dev., 52:137-150.
64. Nelson, C.E., B.A. Morgan, A.C. Burke, E. Laufer, E. Di-Mambro, L.C. Murtaugh, E. Gonzales, L. Tessarollo, L.F. Parada, and C. Tabin (1996) Analysis of Hox gene expression in the chick limb bud. Development, 122:1449-1466.
65. Niswander, L., S. Jeffrey, G.R. Martin, and C. Tickle (1994) A positive feedback loop coordinates growth and patterning in the vertebrate limb. Nature, 371:609-612.
66. Niswander, L., and G.R. Martin (1992) Fgf-4 expression during gastrulation, myogenesis, limb and tooth development in the mouse. Development, 114:755-768.
67. Nohno, T., S. Noji, E. Koyama, K. Ohyama, F. Myokai, A. Kuroiwa, T. Saito, S. Taniguchi (1991) Involvement of the Chox-4 chicken homeobox genes in determination of anteroposterior axial polarity during limb development. Cell, 64:1197-1205.
68. Noramly, S., J. Pisenti, U. Abbott, and B. Morgan (1996) Gene expression in the limbless mutant: Polarized gene expression in the absence of Shh and an AER. Dev. Biol., 179:339-346.
69. Nusslein-Volhard, C. and E. Wieschaus (1980) Mutations affecting segment number and polarity in Drosophila. Nature, 287:795-801.
70. Orenic, T.V., D.C. Slusarski, K.L. Kroll, and R.A. Holmgren (1990) Cloning and characterization of the segment polarity gene cubitus interruptus dominant of Drosophila. Genes Dev., 4:1053-1067.
71. Pan, D., and G.M. Rubin (1995) cAmp-dependent protein kinase and hedgehog act antagonistically in regulating decapentaplegic transcription in Drosophila imaginal discs. Cell, 80:543-552.
72. Parr, B.A., and A.P. McMahon (1995) Dorsalizing signal Wnt-7a required for normal polarity of D-V and A-P axes of mouse limb. Nature, 374:350-353.
73. Pham, A., P. Therond, G. Alves, F.B. Tournier, D. Busson, C. Lamour-Isnard, B.L. Bouchon, T. Preat, and H. Tricoire (1995) The suppressor of fused gene encodes a novel PEST protein involved in Drosophila segment polarity establishment. Genetics, 140:587-598.
74. Porter, J.A., D.P. von Kessler, S.C. Ekker, K.E. Young, J.J. Lee, K. Moses, and P.A. Beachy (1995) The product of hedgehog autoproteolytic cleavage active in local and long-range signaling. Nature, 374:363-366.
75. Porter, J.A., K.E. Young, and P.A. Beachy (1996) Cholesterol modification of hedgehog signaling proteins in animal development [published erratum appears in Science (1996) 274:1597]. Science, 274:255-259.
76. Preat, T. (1992) Characterization of suppressor of fused, a complete suppressor of the fused segment polarity gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics, 132:725-736.
77. Preat, T., P. Therond, C. Lamour-Isnard, B. Limbourg-Bouchon, H. Tricoire, I. Erk, M.C. Mariol, and D. Busson (1990) A putative serine/threonine protein kinase encoded by the segment-polarity fused gene of Drosophila. Nature, 347:87-89.
78. Preat, T., P. Therond, B. Limbourg-Bouchon, A. Pham, H. Tricoire, D. Busson, and C. Lamour-Isnard (1993) Segmental polarity in Drosophila melanogaster: Genetic dissection of fused in a Suppressor of fused background reveals interaction with costal-2. Genetics, 135:1047-1062.
79. Qu, S., K.D. Niswender, Q. Ji, R. van der Meer, D. Keeney, M.A. Magnuson, and R. Wisdom (1997) Polydactyly and ectopic ZPA formation in Alx-4 mutant mice. Development, 124:3999-4008.
80. Riddle, R.D., R.L. Johnson, E. Laufer, and C. Tabin (1993) Sonic hedgehog mediates the polarizing activity of the ZPA. Cell, 75:1401-1416.
81. Riddle, R.D., M. Ensini, C. Nelson, T. Tsuchida, T.M. Jessell, C. Tabin (1995) Induction of the LIM homeobox gene Lmx1 by WNT7a establishes dorsoventral pattern in the vertebrate limb. Cell, 83:631-640.
82. Robbins, D.J., K.E. Nybakken, R. Kobayashi, J.C. Sisson, J.M. Bishop, and P.P. Therond (1997) Hedgehog elicits signal transduction by means of a large complex containing the kinesin-related protein costal2. Cell, 90:225-234.
83. Roelink, H., A. Augsburger, J. Heemskerk, V. Korzh, S. Norlin, A. Ruiz i Altaba, Y. Tanabe, M. Placzek, T. Edlund, T.M. Jessell, J. Dodd (1994) Floor plate and motor neuron induction by vhh-1, a vertebrate homolog of hedgehog expressed by the notochord. Cell, 76:761-775.
84. Roelink, H., J.A. Porter, C. Chiang, Y. Tanabe, D.T. Chang, P.A. Beachy, and T.M. Jessell (1995) Floor plate and motor neuron induction by different concentrations of the amino-terminal cleavage product of sonic hedgehog autoproteolysis. Cell, 81:445-455.
85. Rowe, D.A., and J.F. Fallon (1982) The proximodistal determination of skeletal parts in the developing chick leg. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 68:1-7.
86. Ruppert, J.M., B. Vogelstein, K. Arheden, and K.W. Kinzler (1990) GLI3 encodes a 190-kilodalton protein with multiple regions of GLI similarity. Mol. Cell. Biol., 10:5408-5415.
87. Saunders, J.W., Jr. and J.F. Fallon (1966) Cell death in morphogenesis. In: Major Problems in Developmental Biology. M. Locke, ed. Academic Press, New York, pp. 289-314.
88. Saunders, J.W., and M.T. Gasseling (1968) Ectodermal-mesenchymal interactions in the origin of limb symmetry. In: Epithelial-Mesenchymal Interactions. R. Fleischmajer and R.E. Billingham, eds. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, pp. 78-97.
89. Saunders, J.W., and M.T. Gasseling (1983) New insights into the problem of pattern regulation in the limb bud of the chick embryo. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 110A:67-76.
90. Saunders, J.W. Jr. (1948) The proximo-distal sequence of origin of the parts of the chick wing and the role of the ectoderm. J. Exp. Zool., 108:363-403.
91. Schimmang, T., M. Lemaistre, A. Vortkamp, and U Ruther (1992) Expression of the zinc finger gene Gli3 is affected in the morphogenetic mouse mutant extra-toes (Xt). Development, 116:799-804.
92. Sisson, J.C., K.S. Ho, K. Suyama, and M.P. Scott (1997) Costal2, a novel kinesin-related protein in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Cell, 90:235-245.
93. Stocker, K.M., and B.M. Carlson (1990) Hensen's node, but not other biological signalers, can induce supernumary digits in the developing chick limb bud. Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol., 198:371-381.
94. Stone, D.M., M. Hynes, M. Armanini, T.A. Swanson, Q. Gu, R.L. Johnson, M.P. Scott, D. Pennica, A. Goddard, H. Phillips, M. Noll, J.E. Hooper, F. de Sauvage, and A. Rosenthal (1996) The tumour-suppressor gene patched encodes a candidate receptor for Sonic hedgehog. Nature, 384:129-134.
95. Stratford, T.H., K. Kostakopoulou, and M. Maden (1997) Hoxb-8 has a role in establishing early anterior-posterior polarity in chick forelimb but not hindlimb. Development, 124:4225-4234.
96. Strigini, M., and S.M. Cohen (1997) A hedgehog activity gradient contributes to AP axial patterning of the Drosophila wing. Development, 124:4697-4705.
97. Strutt, D.I., V. Wiersdorff, and M. Mlodzik (1995) Regulation of furrow progression in the Drosophila eye by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A [see comments]. Nature, 373:705-709.
98. Summerbell, D. (1983) The effect of local application of retinoic acid to the anterior margin of the developing chick limb. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 78:269-289.
99. Summerbell, D. (1974) A quantitative analysis of the effect of excision of the AER from the chick limb-bud. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph., 32:651-660.
100. Takabatake, T., M. Ogawa, T.C. Takahashi, M. Mizuno, M. Okamoto, and K. Takeshima (1997) Hedgehog and patched gene expression in adult ocular tissues. FEBS Lett., 410:485-489.
101. Therond, P.P., J.D. Knight, T.B. Kornberg, and J.M. Bishop (1996a) Phosphorylation of the fused protein kinase in response to signaling from hedgehog. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93:4224-4228.
102. Therond, P., G. Alves, B. Limbourg-Bouchon, H. Tricoire, E. Guillemet, J. Brissard-Zahraoui, C. Lamour-Isnard, and D. Busson (1996b) Functional domains of fused, a serine-threonine kinase required for signaling in Drosophila. Genetics, 142:1181-1198.
103. Tickle, C. (1981) The number of polarizing region cells required to specify additional digits in the developing chick wing. Nature, 289:295-298.
104. Tickle, C., B. Alberts, L. Wolpert, and J. Lee (1982) Local application of retinoic acid to the limb bud mimics the action of the polarizing region. Nature, 296:564-566.
105. Todt, W.L., and J.F. Fallon (1987) Posterior apical ectodermal ridge removal in the chick wing bud triggers a series of events resulting in defective anterior pattern formation. Development, 101:501-515.
106. van den Heuvel, M., and P.W. Ingham (1996) Smoothened encodes a receptor-like serpentine protein required for hedgehog signaling. Nature, 382:547-551.
107. Vogel, A., and C. Tickle (1993) FGF-4 maintains polarizing activity of posterior limb bud cells in vivo and in vitro. Development, 119:199-206.
108. Vogel, A., C. Rodriguez, and J.C. Izpisua-Belmonte (1996) Involvement of FGF-8 in initiation, outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb. Development, 122:1737-1750.
109. Vogel, A., C. Rodriguez, W. Warnken, and J.C. Izpisua-Belmonte (1995) Dorsal cell fate specified by chick Lmx1 during vertebrate limb development. Nature, 378:716-720.
110. Vortkamp, A., K. Lee, B. Lanske, G.V. Segre, H.M. Kronenberg, and C.J. Tabin (1996) Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science, 273:613-622.
111. Wagner, M., C. Thaller, T. Jessell, and G. Eichele (1990) Polarizing activity and retinoid synthesis in the floor plate of the neural tube. Nature, 345:819-822.
112. Wanek, N., D.M. Gardiner, K. Muneoka, and S.V. Bryant (1991) Conversion by retinoic acid of anterior cells into ZPA cells in the chick wing bud. Nature, 350:81-83.
113. Wolpert, L. (1969) Positional information and the spatial pattern of cellular differentiation. J. Theoret. Biol., 25:1-47.
114. Yang, Y., G. Drossopoulou, P.T. Chuang, D. Duprez, E. Marti, D. Bumcrot, N. Vargesson, J. Clarke, L. Niswander, A. McMahon, and C. Tickle (1997) Relationship between dose, distance and time in Sonic Hedgehog-mediated regulation of anteroposterior polarity in the chick limb. Development, 124:4393-4404.
115. Yang, Y., and L. Niswander (1995) Interaction between the signaling molecules WNT7a and SHH during vertebrate limb development: dorsal signals regulate anteroposterior patterning. Cell, 80:939-947.
116. Yokouchi, Y., H. Sasaki, and A. Kuroiwa (1991) Homeobox gene expression correlated with the bifurcation process of limb cartilage development. Nature, 353:443-445.
117. Yonei, S., K. Tamura, K. Ohsugi, and H. Ide (1995) MRC-5 cells induce the AER prior to the duplicated pattern formation in chick limb bud. Dev. Biol., 170:542-552.