Controlled environment transmission electron microscopy

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 260-269

  Robertson, Ian M ^a   Teter, D ^a  

^a University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

Author keywords

Controlled environment; TEM; Transmission electron microscopy

Indexed keywords

CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT; GAS SOLID INTERACTION; HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION; REAL- TIME; TEM;

HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

ARTICLE; CELL KINETICS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DEVICE; EXPERIMENTATION; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR PHYSICS; PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 0032529069     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19980915)42:4<260::AID-JEMT5>3.0.CO;2-U     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. 3 ambient annealing of Cu-Cr thin films. In: Mechanisms of Thin Evolution, S.M. Yalisove, C.V. Thompson, and D.J. Eaglesham, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 317, 245-250.
2. Atzmon, Z., Sharma, R., Russell, S.W., and Mayer, J.W. (1994b). Kinetics of copper grain growth during nitridation of Cu-Cr and Cu-Ti thin films by in situ TEM. In: Advanced Metallization for Devices and Circuits-Science, Technology and Manufacturability Symposium., S.P. Murarka, A. Katz, K.N. Tu, and K. Maex, eds. 625-630.
3. Baker, R.T.K. (1979) In situ EM studies of catalyst particle bahavior. Cat. Rev. Science Engineer., 19:161-209.
4. Baker, R.T.K., Chludzinski, J.J., and Sherwood, R.D. (1987) In-situ electron microscopy study of the reactoivity of molybdenum disulphide in various gaseous environments. J. Mater. Sci. (UK), 22:3831-3842.
5. Baker, R.T.K., and Rodriguez, N.M. (1995). In-situ electron microscopy studies of the behaviour of metal particles on ceramic substrates. In: Structure and Properties of Interfaces in Ceramics Symposium., D. Bonnell, M. Ruhle, and U. Chowdhry, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh 11-16.
6. Bates, J.S., and Goringe, M.J. (1979) In situ studies of the reduction of Tungsten trioxide. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 79, T. Mulvey, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., Bristol, 52:321-322.
7. 6+X. J. Microsc. Spectrosc. Electron. (France), 14:305-314.
8. Beacham, C.D. (1972) A new model for hydrogen-assisted cracking (hydrogen embrittlement). Metallurg. Trans. A, 3:437-451.
9. Berman, A. (1992) Vacuum Engineering Calculations, Formulas and Solved Exercises, Academic Press, San Diego.
10. Birnbaum, H.K. (1984) Mechanical Properties of Metal Hydrides. J. Less Common Metals, 104:31-41.
11. Birnbaum, H.K. (1990) Mechanisms of hydrogen related fracture in metals. In: Hydrogen Effects on Material Behaviour, N.R. Moody and A.W. Thompson, eds., TMS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 639-658.
12. Birnbaum, H.K., Shih, D.S., and Robertson, I.M. (1985). HVEM Environmental Cell Studies of Hydrogen effects in Alpha-Titanium. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Behaviour of lattice Imperfections in Materials.-In-situ Experiments with HVEM, 53-66.
13. 4 under reducing conditions. Phys. Status Solidi A(Germany), 146:461-475.
14. Bithell, E.G., Doole, R.C., Goringe, M.J., and Parkinson, G.M. (1993). Controlled Environment TEM of a model catalyst. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis, A.J. Craven, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., 138:461.
15. Bond, G.M., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1986).-On the determination of the hydrogen fugacity in an cell TEM facility. Scripta Metallurgica, 20:653-658.
16. Bond, G.M., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1987). The influence of hydrogen on deformation and fracture processes in high-strength aluminum alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 35:2289-2296.
17. Bond, G.M. Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1988). Effects of hydrogen on deformation and fracture processes in high-purity aluminum. Acta Metallurgica, 36:2193-2197.
18. 3Al alloys. Acta Metallurgica, 37:1407-1413.
19. Boudart, M., Holstein, W.L., Moorhead, R.D., and Poppa, H. (1984). In situ electron microscopy study of the palladium-amorphous carbon interaction in carbon dioxide and oxygen atmospheres. Applied Catalysis, 11:117-122.
20. Boyes, E.D., and Gai, P.L. (1997). Environmental high resolution electron microscopy and applications to chemical science. Ultramicroscopy, 67:219-232.
21. Boyes, E.D., Gai, P.L., and Hanna, L.G. (1996a). Controlled environment (ECELL) TEM for dynamic in -situ reaction with HREM lattice imaging. In: In Situ Electron and Tunneling Microscopy of Dynamic Processes, R. Sharma, P.L. Gai, M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska, R. Sinclair, and L.J. Whitman, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 404:53-60.
22. Boyes, E.D., Gai, P.L., and Hanna, L.G. (1996b). Controlled environment TEM for dynamic in-situ reaction studies with HREM lattice imaging In: In situ Electron and Tunneling Microscopy of Dynamic Processes, R. Sharma, P.L. Gai, M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska, R. Sinclair, and L.J. Whitman, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 404:53-60.
23. Butler, E.P., and Hale, K.F. (1981). In-situ studies of gas-solid interactions In: Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy, A.M. Glauert, ed., North-Holland, Amsterdam, 239-308.
24. Doole, R.C., Parkinson, G.M. and Stead, J.M. (1991). A high resolution gas reaction cell for the JEM 4000. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1991, F.J. Hymphreys, ed., Institute of Physics Conference Series EMAG 91, Bristol, 119:157-160.
25. 2 in an environmental transmission electron microscope. J.Appl. Phys., 77:2846-2848.
26. Ferreira, P. (1997). "Hydrogen effects on crystal dislocations and stacking-fault energy," Ph.D. Thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana.
27. Ferreira, P.J., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1996). Influence of hydrogen on the stacking-fault energy of an austenitic stainless steel.Materials Science Forum, 207-209, 93-96.
28. Gai, P.L., Humphreys, C.J., Webb, A.E., Pyke, D.R., and Bart, J.C.J. (1979). The influence of crystalline defects on the reduction of metal oxide catalyst. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 79, T. Mulvey, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., 52:317-320.
29. 7. In: In situ electron and tunneling microscopy of dynamic processes, R. Sharma, P.L. Gai, M. Gajdardziska-Josifovska, R. Sinclair, and L.J. Whitman, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 404:61-68.
30. Hanninen, H.E., Lee, T.C., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1993).-In situ observations on effect of hydrogen on deformation and fracture of A533B pressure vessel steel. Journal of Materials Engineering & Performance, 2:807-818.
31. Harris, P.J.F., Goringe, M.J., Parkinson, G.M., and Doole, R.C. (1991) Studies of supportee metal catalysts by conventional and controlled environment TEM. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis, F.J. Humphreys, ed., Institute of Phyics Conf. Ser., Bristol, 119:173-176.
32. Hirsch, P.E., Horne, R.W., and Whelan, M.J. (1956). Direct Observation of the Arrangement and motion of Dislocation in Aluminum. The Philosophical Magazine, 1:1-7.
33. Hutchison, J.L., Holton, D., and Doole, R.C. (1993). In situ oxidation and reduction of complex oxides. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1993, A.J. Craven, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., Bristol, 138:465-468.
34. Kouvetakis, J., Sharma, R., Ramakrisna, B.L., Drucker, J., and Seidler, P. (1995). Electron beam assisted chemical vapor deposition of gold in an environmental TEM. In: Film synthesis and growth using energetic beams, H.A. Atwater, J.T. Dickinson, D.H. Lownes, and A. Polman eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 388.
35. Labun, P., Smith, B.C., and Gai, P.L. (1983). In situ microscopy and microanalysis of industrial catalysts. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1983, P. Doig, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., Bristol, 68:257-262.
36. Lacaze, J.C. (1977). Chambre a Atmosphere controlee destinee a la microscopie electonique. Memoire CNAM Central Regional agree de Toulouse, France, Cited in Butler and Hale, p276.
37. Lee, T.C., Dewald, D.K., Eades, J.A., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1991). An environmental cell transmission electron microscope. Review of Scientific Instruments, 62:1438-1444.
38. Lee, T.C., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1989). HVEM in situ deformation study of nickel doped with sulfur. Acta Metallurgica, 37:407-415.
39. Lee, T.C., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1990). In situ transmission electron microscope deformation study of the slip transfer mechanisms in metals. Metallurgical Transaction A Physical Metallurgy & Materials Science, 2437-2447.
40. Lynch, S.P. (1988). Environmentally assisted cracking: an overview of evidence for an absorption-induced localised slip process. Acta Metallurgica, 36:2639-2661.
41. Marton, L. (1935). Acad. r. Belg. C1. Sci., 21:553.
42. Moorhead, R.D., Poppa, H., and Heinemann, K. (1980). Direct (TEM) observation of the catalytic oxidation of amorphous carbon by Pd particles. J. Vacuum Sci. Techn., 17:248-250.
43. Oh, S.G., and Rodriguez, N.M. (1993). In situ electron microscopy studies of the inhibition of graphite oxidation by phosphorus. J. Mater. Res., 8:2879-2888.
44. Oriani, R.A. (1987). Hydrogen-the Versatile Embrittler. Corrosion, 43:390-397.
45. Pennock, G.M., and Flower, H.M. (1983). The formation of ammonia synthesis catalyst. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 83, P. Doig, ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Ser., Bristol, 68:.
46. Reynolds, O. (1874). Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc., 13, 93.
47. Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1986). An HVEM study of hydrogen effects on the deformation and fracture of nickel. Acta Metall., 34:353-366.
48. Rodriguez, N.M., Oh, S.G., Downs, W.B., Pattabiraman, P., and Baker, R.T.K. (1990). An atomic oxygen environmental cell for a transmission electron microscope. Rev. Sci. Instru., 61:1863-1868.
49. Ross, F.M., and Searson, P.C. (1995a).Dynamic observation of electrochemical etching in silicon. In: Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials, 1995, A.G. Cullis, D.R.A. Malvern, and A.E. Staton-Bevan, eds., Institute of Physics Conference 511-514.
50. Ross, F.M., and Searson, P.C. (1995b). In situ observation of an electrochemical etching reaction in silicon. In: In Situ Electron and Tunneling Microscopy of Dynamic Processes. R. Sharma, P.L. Gai, M. Gajdardziska Josifovska, R. Sinclair, and L.J. Whitman, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 404:69-74.
51. Rozenak, P., Robertson, I.M., and Birnmaum, H.K. (1990). HVEM studies of the effects of hydrogen on the deformation and fracture of AISI type 316 austenitic stainless stell. Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, 38:2031-2040.
52. Sharma, R. (1998). "In Situ Microscopy", Microsc. Res. Tech.
53. Sharma, R., Atzmon, Z., Mayer, J., and Hong, S.Q. (1994). In situ studies of nitridation of Cu/Ti thin films using environmental cell in transmission electron microscopy. In: Mechanisms of Thin Film Evolution, S.M. Yalisove, C.V. Thompson, and D.J. Eaglesham, eds., Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, 317:251-256.
54. Shih, D.S., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1988). Hydrogen embrittlement of a titanium: in-situ TEM studies. Acta Metallurgica, 36:111-124.
55. Sirois, E., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1992). Effects of hydrogen and carbon on thermally activated deformation in Nickel. Acta Metallurgica, 40:1377-1385.
56. Smith, B.C., and Gai, P.L. (1985). Electron microscopy of copper bimetallic systems. In: Electron Microscopy and Analysis 85, G.J. Tatlock ed., Institute of Physics Conf. Se., Bristol, 78:497.
57. Sofronis, P. (1995). The influence of mobility of dissolved hydrogen on the elastic response of a metal. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 43:1385-1407.
58. Sofronis, P., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1993). Hydrogen enhanced localized plasticity: A mechanism for hydrogen related fracture. Fatigue and Fracture of Aerospace Structural Materials American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Aerospace Division, 36:15-25.
59. Sofronis, P., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1995). Mechanics of the Hydrogen-dislocation-impurity interactions-I Increasing Shear Modulus. J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 43:49-90.
60. Tabata, T., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1984a). Direct observation of hydrogen enhanced crack propagation in iron. Scripta Metallurgica, 18:231-236.
61. Tabata, T., and Birnbaum, H.K. (1984b). Direct observation of the effect of hydrogen on the behavior of dislocations in iron. Scripta Metallurgica, 17:947-950.
62. Teter, D. (1996). Ph.D., University of Illinois, Urbana.
63. Teter, D., Ferreira, P., Robertson, I.M., and Birnbaum, H.K. 91995). An environmental Cell TEM for studies of gas-solid interactions. In: New Techniques for Characterizing Corrosion and Stress Corrosion, R.H. Jones and D.R. Baer, eds., TMS, Warrendale, Pa, 53-72.
64. Whelan, M.J., and Hirsch, P.B., Horne, R.W., and Bollmann, W. (1957). Dislocations and Stacking Faults in Stainless Steel. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 240:524-538.