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L. S. Mullineaux and S. C. France, in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, R. E. Thomson, Eds. [American Geophysical Union (AGU), Washington, DC, 1995], pp. 408-424; L. S. Mullineaux, P. H. Wiebe, E. T. Baker, Oceanus 34, 64 (1991).
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Mullineaux, L.S.1
France, S.C.2
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0026379488
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L. S. Mullineaux and S. C. France, in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, R. E. Thomson, Eds. [American Geophysical Union (AGU), Washington, DC, 1995], pp. 408-424; L. S. Mullineaux, P. H. Wiebe, E. T. Baker, Oceanus 34, 64 (1991).
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Oceanus
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Mullineaux, L.S.1
Wiebe, P.H.2
Baker, E.T.3
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2642684132
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in preparation
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E. T. Baker, in preparation.
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Baker, E.T.1
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77952902758
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S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, R. E. Thomson, Eds. AGU, Washington, DC
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K. R. Helfrich and K. G. Speer, in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, R. E. Thomson, Eds. (AGU, Washington, DC, 1995), pp. 347-356.
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Helfrich, K.R.1
Speer, K.G.2
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2642667066
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note
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RAFOS is not an acronym but is SOFAR spelled backward. SOFAR (Sound Fixing and Ranging) floats emit sounds that are detected by fixed hydrophones, which is the opposite of the method of the RAFOS floats.
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2642632336
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Three different response cruises documented the effects of the 1996 Gorda Ridge event on the ocean water column and sea floor. These expeditions are now referred to as GREAT 1, 2, and 3, after the Gorda Ridge Event Assessment Team.
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unpublished data
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J. E. Lupton, unpublished data.
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Lupton, J.E.1
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2642657921
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note
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θ line.
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0024568939
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J. E. Lupton, E. Baker, G. Massoth, Nature 337, 161 (1985); J. E. Lupton et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 155 (1995).
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Baker, E.2
Massoth, G.3
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0028794318
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J. E. Lupton, E. Baker, G. Massoth, Nature 337, 161 (1985); J. E. Lupton et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 155 (1995).
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0003563033
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S. Pond and G. L. Pickard, Introductory Dynamic Oceanography (Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 1978), p. 120.
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Pond, S.1
Pickard, G.L.2
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2642687229
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note
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-1, the angular velocity of Earth's rotation, and φ = latitude. The minus sign for the relative vorticity of the event plumes indicates an anticyclonic sense of rotation.
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31
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For event plume EP96B2, we calculate the internal Rossby radius to be ∼30 km, which is considerably larger than the radius of the plume itself, which was ∼5 km. Thus, the event plume was a submesoscale feature.
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33
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0026474048
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J. W. Lavelle, J. P. Cowen, G. J. Massoth, ibid. 97, 7413 (1992); C. S. Chin et al., ibid. 99, 4969 (1994).
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Lavelle, J.W.1
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Massoth, G.J.3
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34
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0028194237
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J. W. Lavelle, J. P. Cowen, G. J. Massoth, ibid. 97, 7413 (1992); C. S. Chin et al., ibid. 99, 4969 (1994).
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Chin, C.S.1
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0025623390
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D. C. Kadko, N. D. Rosenberg, J. E. Lupton, R. C. Collier, M. D. Lilley, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 99, 315 (1990).
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Collier, R.C.4
Lilley, M.D.5
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2642628300
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note
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3He concentration, particulate Fe, and dissolved Mn between EP96B1 and EP96B2 by means of separate linear regression fits to each of these properties versus Δθ (Fig. 7). In each case, the linear regression fits gave slopes for EP96B1 and EP96B2 that agreed within one standard deviation. The slopes for EP96B1 and EP96B2 differed at most by 15%, a difference we attribute to measurement errors. This 15% difference is the basis for lower limit calculated for the residence time of these properties.
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37
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0026302281
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J. P. Cowen and Y. H. Li, J. Mar. Res. 49, 517 (1991); J. F. Gendron, J. P. Cowen, R. A. Feely, E. T. Baker, Deep-Sea Res. I 40, 1559 (1993).
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Cowen, J.P.1
Li, Y.H.2
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38
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0027836115
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J. P. Cowen and Y. H. Li, J. Mar. Res. 49, 517 (1991); J. F. Gendron, J. P. Cowen, R. A. Feely, E. T. Baker, Deep-Sea Res. I 40, 1559 (1993).
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Deep-Sea Res. I
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Gendron, J.F.1
Cowen, J.P.2
Feely, R.A.3
Baker, E.T.4
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40
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2642661047
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note
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-t/τ.
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42
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2642689236
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note
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We thank G. Lebon, J. Gendron, S. Maenner, J. Resing, E. Olson, X. Wen, D. Tennant, and the officers and crews of the NOAA Ship MacArthur, the R/V Wecoma, and the NOAA Ship Discoverer for assistance with the sample collections at sea; S. Walker for assistance in the collection and analysis of the hydrographic data; and L. Evans, G. Lebon, J. Gendron, S. Maenner, and X. Wen for the analysis of water samples. J. Waddell provided valuable editorial assistance. The paper profited from discussions with C. Collins and G. Cannon and from reviews by two anonymous reviewers. This research was funded by the NOAA VENTS Program, by NSF grant OCE93-20240 to the Monterey Naval Postgraduate School, and by NSF grant OCE96-34637 to the University of Hawaii. This is Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory contribution number 1932.
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