Freshening of the upper ocean in the Arctic: Is perennial sea ice disappearing?

Geophysical Research Letters

Volumn 25, Issue 10, 1998, Pages 1729-1732

  McPhee, Miles G ^a   Stanton, Timothy P ^b   Morison, James H ^c   Martinson, Douglas G ^d  

^a McPhee Research Company   (United States)

^b NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SEA ICE; WATER; ATMOSPHERIC MOVEMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; OCEANOGRAPHY;

ALBEDO FEEDBACKS; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; FRESH WATER; FRESHWATER INPUTS; ICE CONCENTRATION; MULTI-YEAR ICES; PREVIOUS YEAR; SURFACE HEAT BUDGET;

ICE; SEA ICE;

SURFACE HEAT BUDGET;

SEA ICE; UPPER OCEAN;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0032523623     PISSN: 00948276     EISSN: 19448007     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98GL00933     Document Type: Article

References (18)

1. Carmack, E. C., K. Aagaard, J. H. Swift, R. G. Perkin, F. A. McLaughlin, R. W. Macdonald, E. P. Jones, J. Smith, K. Ellis, L. Kilius, Large changes in the Arctic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 1997
2. Chapman, W. L., J. E. Walsh, Recent variations of sea ice and air temperature in high latitudes, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 33-47, 1993
3. Cuffey, K. M., G. D. Clow, R. B. Alley, M Stuiver, E. D. Waddington, R. W. Saltus, Large Arctic temperature changes at the Wisconsin-Holocene glacial transition, Science, 270, 455-458, 1995
4. Cavalieri, D. J., P. Gloersen, C. L. Parkinson, J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, Observed hemispheric asymmetry in global sea ice changes, Science, 278, 1104-1106, 1997
5. Dümenil, L., S. Hagemann, K. Arpe, Validation of the hydrological cycle in the Arctic using river discharge data, paper presented at the Workshop on Polar Processes in Global Climate, 13-15 Nov 1996, Cancun, Mexico, 11-14 American Met. Soc. Boston, 1997
6. Kadko, D., D. Olson, Beryllium-7 as a tracer of surface water subduction and mixed-layer history, Deep-Sea Res. I, 43, 89-116, 1996
7. Manabe, S., R. J. Stouffer, Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean-atmosphere system, Nature, 364, 215-218, 1993
8. Maslanik, J. A., M. C. Serreze, R. G. Barry, Recent decreases in Arctic summer ice cover and linkages to atmospheric circulation anomalies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 1677-1680, 1996
9. Maykut, G. A., M. G. McPhee, Solar heating of the Arctic mixed layer, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 24691-24703, 1995
10. McPhee, M. G., The upper ocean, The Geophysics of Sea Ice, N. Untersteiner, 339-394, Plenum Press, New York, 1986
11. McPhee, M. G., Turbulent heat flux in the upper ocean under sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 5365-5379, 1992
12. McPhee, M. G., T. P. Stanton, Turbulence in the statically unstable oceanic boundary layer under Arctic leads, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6409-6428, 1996
13. Morison, J. H., J. D. Smith, Seasonal variations in the upper Arctic Ocean observed at T-3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 8, 753-756, 1981
14. Morison, J. H., M. Steele, R. Andersen, Hydrography of the upper Arctic Ocean measured from the nuclear submarine USS Pargo, Deep-Sea Res., 1997
15. Pautzke, C. G., and, G. F. Hornof, Radiation program during AIDJEX: A data report, AIDJEX Bull., 39, pp. 165-185, Div. of Mar. Resour., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, 1978.
16. Rind, D., R. Healy, C. Parkinson, D. Martinson, The role of sea ice in 2 X CO2 climate model sensitivity. Part I: The total influence of sea ice thickness and extent, J. Climate, 8, 449-463, 1995
17. Serreze, M. C., J. A. Maslanik, Variability and recent changes in Arctic sea ice extent and relationships with atmospheric circulation, paper presented at the Workshop on Polar Processes in Global Climate, 13-15 Nov 1996, Cancun, Mexico, 110-112 American Met. Soc. Boston, 1997
18. Thompson, D. W. J., J. M. Wallace, The Arctic Oscillation signature in wintertime geopotential height and temperature fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 1998