Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases

European Journal of Biochemistry

Volumn 253, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 357-370

  Gehrmann, Thor ^a   Heilmeyer Jr , Ludwig M G ^a  

^a RUHR UNIVERSITY BOCHUM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Domain structure; Inositide phospholipid signaling; Phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate; Phosphatidylinositol 4 phosphate; Phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase; Phosphatidylinositol transfer protein; Phylogeny; Types and genes of phosphatidylinositol 4 kinases; Vesicular traffic

Indexed keywords

PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL KINASE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ENZYME ACTIVE SITE; ENZYME CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE METABOLISM; PHYLOGENY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

1-PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 4-KINASE; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; CELL MEMBRANE; CELL NUCLEUS; CYTOSKELETON; HUMANS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PHYLOGENY; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN KINASES; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY, AMINO ACID;

DICTYOSTELIUM; EUKARYOTA;

EID: 0032522578     PISSN: 00142956     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1998.2530357.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Apgar, J. R. (1995) Activation of protein kinase C in rat basophilic leukaemia cells stimulates increased production of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: correlation with actin polymerization. Mol. Biol Cell 6, 97-108.
2. Arcaro, A. & Wymann, M. P. (1993) Wortmannin is a potent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor: the role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in neutrophil responses.Biochem, J. 296, 297-301.
3. Balla, T., Downing, G. J., Jaffe, H., Kim, S., Zolyomi, A. & Catt, K. J. (1997) Isolation and molecular cloning of wortmannin-sensitive bovine type III phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 18 353-18 366.
4. Barell, B. G., Rajandream, M. A. & Walsh, S. V. (1996) Schizosaccharomyces pombe chromosome I sequencing project, Sanger Centre, Cambridge.
5. Bazenet, C. E., Brockman, J. L., Lewis, D., Chan, C. & Anderson, R. A. (1990) Erythroid membrane-bound protein kinase binds to a membrane component and is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7369-7376.
6. Belunis, C. J., Bae-Lee, M., Kelley, M. J. & Carman, G. M. (1988) Purification and characterization of phosphatidylinositol kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol, Chem. 263, 18 897-18 903.
7. Berditchevski, F., Tolias, K. F., Wong, K., Carpenter, C. L. & Hemler, M. E. (1997) A novel link between integrins, transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins (CD63 and CD81), and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2595-2598.
8. Boronenkov, I. V. & Anderson, R. A. (1995) The sequence of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphat-5-kinase defines a novel family of lipid kinases, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 2881-2884.
9. Brown, H. A., Gutowski, S. Moomaw, C. R., Slaughter, C. & Sternweis, P. C. (1993) ADP-ribosylation factor, a small GTP-dependent regulatory protein, stimulates phospholipase D activity, Cell 75, 1137-1144.
10. Burgoyne, R. D. (1994) Phosphoinositides in vesicular traffic, Trends Biochem. Sci, 19, 55-57.
11. Cantley, L. C., Auger, K. R., Carpenter, C., Duckworth, B., Graziani, A., Kapeller, R. & Soltoff, S. (1991) Oncogenes and signal transduction, Cell 64, 281-302.
12. Capitani, S., Helms B., Mazzoni, M., Previati, M., Bertagnolo, V., Wirtz, K. W. & Manzoli, F. A. (1990) Uptake and phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol by rat liver nuclei. Role of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 1044, 193-200.
13. Cardenas, M. E. & Heitman, J. (1995) FKBP12-rapamycin target TOR2 is a vacuolar protein with an associated phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase activity, EMBO J. 14, 5892-5907.
14. Carpenter, C. L. & Cantley, L. C. (1990) Phosphoinositide kinases, Biochemistry 29, 11 147-11 156.
15. Carpenter, C. L., Auger, K. R., Duckworth, B. C., Hou, W. M., Schaffhausen, B. & Cantley, L. C. (1993) A tightly associated serine/threonine protein kinase regulates phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity, Mol. Cell. Biol, 13, 1657-1665.
16. Carpenter, C. L. & Cantley, L. C. (1996) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase and the regulation of cell growth, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 1288, M11-M16.
17. Clapham, D. E. (1995) Calcium signaling, Cell 80, 259-268.
18. Clark, A. R. & Docherty, K. (1993) Negative regulation of transcription in eukaryotes, Biochem. J. 296, 521-541.
19. Cocco, L., Gilmour, R. S., Ognibene, A. J., Letcher, A., Manzoli, F. A. & Irvine, R. F. (1987) Synthesis of polyphosphoinositides in nuclei of Friend cells. Evidence for polyphosphonositide metabolism inside the nucleus which changes with cell differentiation, Biochem, J. 248, 765-770.
20. Cochet, C., Filhol, O., Payrastre, B., Hunter, T. & Gill, G. N. (1991) Interaction between the epidermal growth factor receptor and phosphoinositide kinases, J. Biol. Chem. 266, 637-644.
21. Cohen, G. B., Ren, R. & Baltimore, D. (1995) Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins, Cell 80, 237-248.
22. Collins, C. A. & Wells, W. W. (1983) Identification of phosphatidylinositol kinase in rat liver lysosomal membranes, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 2130-2134.
23. Cunningham, E., Thomas, G. M., Ball, A., Hiles, I. & Cockcrott, S. (1995) Phosphatidylnositol transfer protein dictates the rate of inositide trisphosphate production by promoting the synthesis of PIP2, Curr. Biol. 5, 775-783.
24. de Gunzburg, J. (1985) Mode of action of cyclic amp in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, CAP and cAMP-dependent protein kinases, Biochimie 67, 563-82.
25. De Neef, R.-S., Hardy-Dessources, M. D. & Giraud, F. (1996) Relationship between type II phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in membranes from normal and sickle red cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 235, 549-556.
26. de Vries, K. J., Westerman, J., Bastiaens, P. I. H., Jovin, T. M., Wirtz, K, W. A. & Snoek, G. T. (1996) Fluorescently labeled phosphatidylinositol transfer protein isoforrns (α and β), microinjected into fetal bovine heart endothelial cells are targeted to distinct intracellular sites, Exp. Cell Res. 227, 33-39.
27. Dhand, R., Hiles, I., Panayotou, G., Roche, S., Fry, M. J., Gout, I., Totty, N. F., Truong, O., Vicendo, P., Yonezawa, K., Kusuga, M., Courtneidge, S. A. & Waterfield, M. D. (1994) P13K is a dual specificity enzyme: autoregulation by an intrinsic protein-serine kinase activity, EMBO J. 13, 522-533.
28. Divecha, N., Banfic, H. & Irvine, R. F. (1991) The polyphosphoinositide cycle exists in the nuclei of Swiss 3T3 cells under the control of a receptor in the plasma membrane, and stimulation of the cycle increases nuclear diacylglycerol and apparently induces translocation of protein kinase C in the nucleus, EMBO J. 10, 3207-3214.
29. Divecha, N., Brooksbank, C. E. & Irvine, R. F. (1992) Purification and characterization of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases, Biochem. J. 288, 637-642.
30. Divecha, N., Banfic, H. & Irvine, R. F. (1993a) Inositides and the nucleus and inositides in the nucleus, Cell 74, 405-407.
31. Divecha, N., Rhee, S. G., Letcher, A. J. & Irvine, R. F. (1993b) Phosphoinositide signalling enzymes in rat liver nuclei: phosphoinositidase C isoform β1 is specifically, but not predominantly, located in the nucleus, Biochem. J. 289, 617-620.
32. Divecha, N. & Irvine, R. F. (1995) Phospholipid signaling, Cell 80, 269-278.
33. Downes, C. P. & MacPhee, C. H. (1990) Myo-inositol metabolites as cellular signals, Eur. J. Biochem. 193, 1-18.
34. Downing, G. J., Stanley, K., Nakanishi, S., Catt, K. J. & Balla, T. (1996) Characterization of a soluble adrenal phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase reveals Wortmannin sensitivity of Type III phosphatidylinositol kinases, Biochemistry 35, 3587-3594.
35. Endemann, G., Dunn, S. N. & Cantley, L. C. (1987) Bovine brain contains two types of phosphatidylinositol kinase, Biochemistry 26, 6845-6852.
36. Endemann, G. C., Graziani, A. & Cantley, L. C. (1991) A monoclonal antibody distinguishes two types of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, Biochem. J. 273, 63-66.
37. 2, synthesis, Curr. Biol. 6, 730-738.
38. Flanagan, C. A., Schnieders, E. A., Emerick, A. W., Kunisawa, R., Admon, A. & Thorner, J. (1993), Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase: gene structure and requirement for yeast cell viabil, Science 262, 1444-1448.
39. 2-binding proteins involved in signaling by tyrosine kinase, J. Biol. Chem, 269, 1518-1522.
40. Garcia-Bustos, J. F., Marini, K. Stevenson, I., Frei, C. & Hall, M. N. (1994) PIKI, an essential phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase associated with the yeast nucleus, EMBO J. 13, 2352-2361.
41. Gehrmann, T., Vereb, G., Schmidt, M., Klix, D., Meyer, H., Varsanyi, M & Heilmeyer, L. M. G. Jr (1996) Identification of a 200-kDa polypeptide as type 3 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from bovine brain by partial protein and cDNA sequencing, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1311, 53-63.
42. Georgoussi, Z. & Heilmeyer, L. M. G. Jr (1986) Evidence that phosphorylase kinase exhibphosphatidylinositol kinase acitivity, Biochemistry 25, 3867-3874.
43. Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Kim, J. W., Machesky, L. M., Rhee, S, G. & Pollard, T. D. (1991) Regulation of phospholipase Cγ1 by profilin and tyrosine phosphorylation, Science 251, 1231-1233.
44. Gross, S. D., Hoffman, D. P., Fisette, P. L., Baas, P. & Anderson, R. A. (1995) A phoshatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate-sensitive casein kinase I α associates with synaptic vesicles and phosphorylates a subset of vesicle proteins, J. Cell Biol. 130, 711-724.
45. Harlan, J. E., Hajduk, P. J., Yoon, H. S. & Fesik, S. W. (1994) Pleckstrin homology domains hind to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, Nature 371, 168-170.
46. Hartwig, J. H., Kung, S., Kovacsovics, T., Janmey, P. A., Cantley, L. C., Stossel, T. P. & Toker, A. (1996) D3 phosphoinositides and outside-in integrin signaling by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa mediate platelet actin assembly and filopodial extension induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. J, Biol. Chem. 271, 32986-32993.
47. Hay, J. C., Fisette, P. L., Jenkins, G. H., Fukami, K., Takenawa, T., Anderson R. A. & Martin, T. F. (1995) ATP-dependent inositide phosphorylation required for Ca(2+)-activated secretion, Nature 374, 173-177.
48. 32P of pancreas slices, J. Biol. Chem. 203, 967-977.
49. Hunter, T. (1995) When is a lipid kinase not a lipid kinase? When it is a protein kinase, Cell 83, 1-4.
50. Isenberg, G. & Goldmann, W. H. (1995) Actin-binding proteins-lipid interaction, in The cytoskeleton (Hesketh, J. E. & Pryme, I. F., eds) vol. 1, pp. 169-204, Jai Press, London.
51. Janmey, P. A., Lamb, J., Allen, P. G., Matsudaira, P. T. (1992) Phosphoinositide-binding peptides derived from the sequences of gelsolin and villin, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11 818-11 823.
52. Jergil, B. & Sundler, R. (1983) Phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol in rat liver golgi, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 7968-7973.
53. Johnson, L. N. (1997) From phosphorylase to phosphorylase kinase, in Interacting protein domains (Heilmeyer, L. M. G. Jr, ed.), pp. 9-15, Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York.
54. Kato, H., Uno, I., Ishikawa, T. & Takenawa, T. (1989) Activation of phosphatidylinositol kinase and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate kinase by cAMP in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol, Chem. 264, 3116-3121.
55. Kauffmann-Zeh, A., Klinger, R. Endemann, G., Waterfield, M. D., Wetzker, R. & Hsuan, J. J. (1994) Regulation of human type II phosphatidylinositol kinase activity by epidermal growth factor-dependent phosphorylation and receptor association, J. Biol. Chem, 269, 31 243-31 251.
56. Kauffmann-Zeh, A., Thomas, G., Ball, A., Prosser, S., Cunningham, E., Cockcroft, S. & Hsuan, J. (1995) Requirement for phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in epidermal growth factor signaling, Science 268, 1188-1190.
57. Keith, C. T. & Schreiber, S. L. (1995) PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints, Science 270, 50-51.
58. Lavin, M. F., Khanna, K. K., Beamish, H., Spring, K., Watters, D, & Shiloh, Y. (1995) Relationship of the ataxia-telangiectasia protein ATM to phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 382-383.
59. Liscovitch, M. & Cantley, L. C. (1994) Lipid second messengers, Cell 77, 329-334.
60. Liscovitch, M. & Cantley, L. C. (1995) Signal transduction and membrane traffic: The PITP/phosphoinositide connection, Cell 81, 659-662.
61. Loijens, J. C., Boronenkov, I. V., Parker, G. J. & Anderson, R. A. (1996) The phosphatidyl-inositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase family, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 36, 115-140.
62. MacDougall, L. U., Domin, J. & Waterfield, M. D. (1995) A family of phosphoinositide 3-kinases in Drosophila identifies a new mediator of signal transduction, Curr. Biol. 5, 1404-1415.
63. Madhusudan, Trafny, F. A., Xuong, N. H., Adams, J. A., ten Eyck, L. F., Taylor, S. S., Sowadski, J. M. (1994) cAMP-dependent protein kinase: Crystallopraphic insights into substrate recogntion and phospotransfer, Protein Sci. 3, 176-187.
64. Malviya, A. N. (1994) The nuclear inositide 1,4,5-trisphospate and inositide 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate receptor, Cell Calcium 16, 301-313.
65. Martelli, A. M., Gilmour, R. S., Bertagnolo, V., Neri, L. M., Manzoli, L. & Cocco, L. (1992) Nuclear localization and signalling activity of phosphoinositase Cβ in Swiss 3T3 cells, Nature 358, 242 -245.
66. Martelli, A., Bareggi, R., Cocco, L. & Manzoli, F (1996) Stimulation of nuclear polyphosphoinositide synthesis by GTP-γ-S: A potential regulatory role for nuclear GTP-binding proteins, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 218, 182-1866.
67. Matozaki, T. & Williams, J. A. (1989) Multiple sources of 1,2-diacyl-glycerol in isolated rat pancreatic acini stimulated by cholecystokinin. Involvement of phophatidylinositol bisphosphate and phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis, J. Biol, Chem. 264, 14 729-14 734.
68. Mayr, G. W. & Thieleczek, R, (1991) Masses of inositide phosphates in resting and tetancally stimulated vertebrate skeletal muscles, Biochem. J. 280, 631-640.
69. Meyers, R. & Cantley, L. C. (1997) Cloning and characterization of a wortmannin-sensitive human phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 4384-4390.
70. Michell, R. H., Kirk, C. J., Jones, L. M., Downes, C. P. & Creha, J. A., (1981) The stimulation of inositide lipid metabolism that accompanies calcium mobilization in stimulated cells: defined characteristics and unanswered questions, Philos, Trans. R. Soc. Lond, B. Biol. Sci. 296, 123-138.
71. Milting, H., Heilmeyer, L. M. G. Jr & Thieleczek, R. (1994) Phosphoinositides in membranes that build up the triads of rabbit skeletal muscle, FEBS Lett. 345, 211-218.
72. Milting, H., Heilmeyer, L. M. G. Jr, Thieleczek, R. (1996) Cloning of a phospholipase C-δ1 of rabbit skeletal muscle, J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 17, 79-84.
73. Nakagawa, T., Goto, K. & Kondo, H. (1996a) Cloning, expression and localization of a 230-kDa phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 12088-12094.
74. Nakagawa, T., Goto, K. & Kondo, H. (1996b) Cloning and characterization of a 92 kDa soluble phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, Biochem, J. 320, 643-649.
75. Nakanishi, S., Kakita, S., Takahashi, I., Kawahara, K., Tsukuda, E., Sano, T., Yamada, K., Yoshida, M., Kase, H., Matsuda Y., Hashimoto, Y. & Nonomura, Y. (1992) Wortmannin, a microbial product inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 2157-2163.
76. Nakanishi, S., Catt, K. J. & Balla, T. (1994) Inhibition of agonist-stimulated inositide 1,4,5-trisphosphate production and calcium signaling by the myosin light chain kinase inhibtor, wortmannin, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 6528-6535.
77. Nakanishi, S., Catt, K. J. & Balla, T. (1995) A wortmannin-sensitive phosphatidylnositol 4-kinase that regulates hormone-sensitive pools of inositidephospholipids, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92, 5317-5321.
78. Nickels, J. T. Jr, Buxeda, R. J. & Carman, G. M. (1992) Purification, characterization, and kinetic analysis of a 55-kDa form of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisia, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16 297-16 304.
79. Palmer, R. H., Dekker, L. V,. Woscholski, R., Le Good, J. A., Gigg, R. & Parker, P. J. (1995) Activation of PRK1 by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate. A comparison with protein kinase C isotypes, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 22 412-22 416.
80. Payrastre, B., Plantavid, M., Breton, M., Chambaz, E. & Chap, H. (1990) Relationship between phosphoinositide kinase activities and protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plasma membranes from A431 cells, Biochem. J. 272, 665-670.
81. Payrastre, B., Nievers, M., Boonstra, J., Breton, M., Verkleij, A. J. & Van Bergen en Henegouwen, P. M. P. (1992) A differential location of phosphoinositide kinases, diacylglycerol-kinase, and phospholipase C in the nuclear matrix, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 5078-5084.
82. Penner, R., Neher, E., Takeshima, H., Nishimura, S. & Numa, S. (1989) Functional expression of the calcium release channel from skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor cDNA. FEBS Lett. 259, 217-221.
83. Pertile, P. & Cantley, L. C. (1995) Type 2 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase is recruited to CD4 in response to CD4 cross-linking, Biochim. Biophys, Acta 1248, 129-134.
84. Pike, L. J. & Eakes, A. T. (1987) Epidermal growth factor stimulates the production of phosphatidylinositol monophosphate and the breakdown of polyphosphoinositides in A431 cells, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 1644-1651.
85. Pike, L. J. (1992) Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases and the role of polyphosphoinositides in cellular regulation, Endocrinol, Rev. 13, 692-706.
86. Prasad, K. V., Kapeller, R., Janssen, O., Repke, H., Duke-Cohan, J. S., Cantley, L. C. & Rudd, C. E. (1993) Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) 3-kinase and PI 4-kinase binding to the CD4-p461ck complex: the p561ck SH3 domain binds to PI 3-kinase but not PI 4-kinase, Mol. Cell Biol. 13, 7708-7717.
87. Rhee, S. G. (1991) Inositol phospholipids-specific phospholipase C: interaction of the gamma 1 isoform with tyrosine kinase, Trends Biochem. Sci. 16, 297-301.
88. Rhoda-Hardy-Dessources, M.-D., deNeef, R.-S., Merault, G. & Giraud, F. (1993) Characterzation of phasphoinositide kinases in normal and sickle anaemia red cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1181, 90-96.
89. Sahatini, D. M., Pierchala, B. A., Barrow, R. K., Schell, M. J. & Snyder, S. H. (1995) The rapamycin and FKBP12 target (RAFT) displays phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activity, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 20 875-20 878.
90. Scholz, G., Barritt, G. J. & Kwok, F. (1992) Affinity labelling of the active site of brain phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase with 5′-fluorosulphonylbenzoyl-adenosine, Eur. J. Biochem. 210, 461-466.
91. Shoji-Kawuguchi, M., Izuta, S., Tamiya-Koizumi, K., Suzuki, M. & Yoshida, S. (1995) Selective inhibition of DNA polymerase ε by phosphatidylinositol, Biochem. J. 117, 1095-1099.
92. Shu, P. V., Takegawa, K., Fry, M. J., Stack, J. H., Waterfield, M. D. & Emr, S. D. (1993) Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase encoded by yeast VPS34 gene essential for protein sorting, Scence 260, 88-91.
93. Smith, C. D. & Wells, W. W. (1984) Phosphorylation of rat liver nuclear envelopes, J. Biol. Chem. 258, 9360-9367.
94. Stack, J. H. & Emr, S. D. (1994) Vps34p required for yeast vacuolar protein sorting is a multiple specificity kinase that exhibits both protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-specific PI 3-kinase activities. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31 552-31 562.
95. 2+ -ATPase, J. Biol. Chem. 270, 14 467-14 470.
96. Stephens, L., Jackson, T. R. & Hawkins, P. T. (1993) Activation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate supply by agonists and non-hydrolysable GTP analogues, Biochem. J. 296, 481-488.
97. Sylvia, V., Curtin, G., Norman, J., Stec, J. & Busbee, D. (1988) Activation of a low specific activity form of DNA polymerase α by inositide-1,4-bisphosphate, Cell 54, 651-658.
98. Taylor, S. S., Knighton, D. R., Zheng, J., Sowadski, J. M. Gibbs, C. S. & Zoller, M. J. (1993) A template for the protein kinase family, Trends Biochem. Sci. 18, 84-89.
99. Taylor, S. S. & Radio-Andzelm, E. (1994) Three protein kinase structures define a common motif, Curr, Biol. 2, 345-355.
100. Ui, M., Okada, T. Hazeki, K. & Hazeki, O. (1995) Wortmannin as a unique probe for an intracellular signalling protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Trends Biochem. Sci. 20, 303-307.
101. 2+ transport ATPase by phosphorylation of an associated phosphatidylinositol, EMBO J. 2, 1543-1548.
102. Virbasius, J. V. Guilherme, A. & Czech, M. P. (1996) Mouse p170 is a novel phosphatidylnostol 3-kinase containing a C2 domain, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 13 304-13 307.
103. 2+ pump of smooth muscle via phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol, Biochem. J. 255, 855-863.
104. Walker, D. H. & Pike, L. J. (1987) Phosphatidylinositol kinase is activated in membranes derived from cells treated with epidermal growth factor, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7513-7517.
105. Wennstrom, S., Hawkins, P., Cooke, F., Hara, K., Yonezawa, K., Kasuga, M., Jackson, T., Claesson-Welsh, L. & Stephens, L. (1994) Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase is required for PDGF-stimulated membrane ruffling, Curr. Biol. 4, 385-393.
106. Whitman, M., Downes, C. P., Keeler, M., Keller, T. & Cantley, L. (1988) Type 1 phosphatdylinositol kinase makes a novel inositide phospholipid, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, Nature 332, 644-646.
107. Wiedemann, C., Schafer, T. & Burger, M. M. (1996) Chromaffin granule-associated phosphat4-kinase activity is required for stimulated secretion, EMBO 15, 2094-2101.
108. Wilson, R. (1994) 2,2 Mb of contiguous nucleotide sequence from chromosome III of C. elegans, Nature 368, 32-38.
109. Wong, K. & Cantley, L. C. (1994) Cloning and characterization of a human phosphatidylnositol 4-kinase, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 28 878-28 884.
110. Wong, K., Meyers, R. & Cantley, L. C. (1997) Subcellular locations of phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases isoforms, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 13 236-13 241.
111. Wymann, M. P., Bulgarelli-Leva, G., Zvelebil, M. J., Pirola, L., Vanhaesebroeck, B., Waterfield, M. D. & Panayotou, G. (1996) Wortmannin inactivates phosphoinositide 3-kinase by covalent modification of Lys-802, a residue involved in the phosphate transfer reaction, Mol. Cell. Biol. 16, 1722-1733.
112. Yagisawa, H., Hirata, M., Kanematsu, T., Watanabe, Y., Ozaki, S., Sakuma, K., Tanaka, H., Yabuta, N., Kamata, H. & Hirata, H. (1994) Expression and characterization of an inositide 1,4,5-trisphosphate binding domain of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C-δ 1, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20 179-20 188.
113. Yano, H., Nakanishi, S., Kimura, K., Hanai, N., Saitoh, Y., Fukui, Y., Nonomura, Y. & Matsuda, Y. (1993) Inhibition of histamine secretion by wortmannin through the blockade of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in RBL-2H3 cells, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 25 846-25 856.
114. Yoshida, S., Yoshikazu, O., Goebl, M., Nakano, A. & Anraku, Y. (1994) A novel gene, STT4, encodes a phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase in the PKC1 pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Biol. Chem. 269, 1166-1171.
115. Yu, F. X., Sun, H. Q., Janmey, P. A. & Yin, H. L. (1992) Identification of a polyphoshoinostide-binding sequence in an actin monomer-binding domain of gelosin, J. Biol. Chem. 267, 14 616-14 621.
116. Zheng, J., Knighton, D. R., Xuong, N. H., Taylor, S. S., Sowadski, J. M. & ten Eyck, L. F. (1993) Crystal structures of the myristylated catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase reveal open and closed conformations, Protein Sci. 2, 1559-1573.
117. Zhou, K., Tukegawa, K., Emr, S. D. & Firtel, R. A. (1995) A phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) kinase gene family in Dictyostelium discoideum. Biological roles of putative mammalian p110 and yeast VPSP34p PI 3-kinase homologs during growth and development, Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5645-5656.