Ependymal and choroidal cells in culture: Characterization and functional differentiation

Microscopy Research and Technique

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 124-157

  Gabrion, Jacqueline B ^a   Herbuté, Serge ^a   Bouillé, Christian ^a   Maurel, Daniel ^a   Kuchler Bopp, Sabine ^b   Laabich, Aicha ^b   Delaunoy, Jean Pierre ^b,c  

^a CNRS   (France)

^b UPR 9009 CNRS   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

Author keywords

Choroid plexus; Ciliated ependymocytes; Electron microscopy; Endocytosis; Immunocytochemistry; Junctions; Tanycytes; Ventricular walls

Indexed keywords

BODY FLUIDS; CYTOLOGY; ELECTRONS; ENDOTHELIAL CELLS; EPITOPES; HIGH RESOLUTION TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PLASTIC COATINGS; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

CELL TYPES; CHOROID PLEXUS; CILIATED EPENDYMOCYTES; ENDOCYTOSE; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; JUNCTION; LAMININ; PRIMARY CULTURE; TANYCYTES; VENTRICULAR WALLS;

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES;

ACTIN; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM); ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR RECEPTOR; FIBRONECTIN; GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; GLUTAMATE AMMONIA LIGASE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT PROTEIN; ION CHANNEL; LAMININ; LIOTHYRONINE RECEPTOR; MYOSIN; PHOSPHOPROTEIN DARPP 32;

CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL CULTURE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL ULTRASTRUCTURE; CHOROID PLEXUS; CULTURE MEDIUM; ENDOCYTOSIS; EPENDYMA; GAP JUNCTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; MACROGLIA; NONHUMAN; PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; REVIEW; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; TRANSCYTOSIS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

EID: 0032522384     PISSN: 1059910X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19980415)41:2<124::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-U     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Abe, T., and Norton, W.T. (1979) The characterization of sphingolipids of oligodendroglia from calf brain. J. Neurochem., 32:823-832.
2. Agnew, W.F., Alvarez, R.B., Yuen, T.G.M., and Crews, A.H. (1980) Protein synthetis and transport by the rat choroid plexus and ependyma. Cell Tissue Res., 208:261-281.
3. Aizenman, Y., and De Vellis, J. (1987) Synergistic action of thyroid hormone, insulin and hydrocortisone on astrocyte differentiation. Brain Res., 414:301-308.
4. Akmayev, I.G., and Popov, A.P. (1977) Morphological aspects of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal system. VII. The tanycytes: Their relation to hypophyseal adrenocorticotrophic function. An ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res., 180:263-282.
5. +-ATPase rather than with basolateral anion exchanger AE2. J. Clin. Invest., 93: 1430-1438.
6. Alvarez, L.A., Kato, T., Llena, J.F., and Hirano, A. (1987) Ependymal foldings and other related ependymal structures in the cerebral adequat and fourth ventricle of man. Acta Anat., 129:305-309.
7. Araki, M., Sato, F., and Saito, T. (1983) Primary monolayer culture of rat ependymal cells: An ultrastructural study. Arch. Histol. Jap., 46:191-201.
8. Barker, E.L., and Sanders-Bush, E. (1993) 5-HT 1C receptor density and mRNA levels in choroid plexus epithelial cells after treatment with mianserin and 1-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-aminopropane. Mol. Pharmacol., 44:725-730.
9. Barrière, H., Chambard, M., Selzner, J.P., Mauchamp, J., and Gabrion, J. (1988) Polarity reversal of inside-out thyroid follicles cultured within collagen gel: Structure of the junctions assessed by freeze fracture and lanthanum permeability. Biol. Cell, 62:133-144.
10. Benda, P., De Vitry, F., Picart, R., and Tixier-Vidai, A. (1975) Dissociated cell cultures from fetal mouse hypothalamus. Patterns of organization and ultrastructural features. Exp. Brain Res., 23: 29-47.
11. Birch, N.P., Rodriguez, C., Dixon, J.E., and Mezey, E. (1990) Distribution of carboxypeptidase H messenger RNA in rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry: Implications for neuropeptide-biosynthesis. Mol. Brain Res., 7:53-59.
12. Bodega, G., Suarez, I., Rubio, M., and Fernandez, B. (1994) Ependyma: Phylogenic evolution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin expression in vertebrate spinal cord. Histochemistry, 102:113-122.
13. Booher, J., and Sensenbrenner, M. (1972) Growth and cultivation of dissociated neurons and glial cells from embryonic chick rat and human brain in flask cultures. Neurobiology, 2:97-105.
14. Bottenstein, J.E., and Sato, G.H. (1979) Growth of a rat neuroblastoma cell line in serum-free supplemented medium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76:514-517.
15. Bouillé, C., Simonneau, M., Peraldi-Roux, S., Gabrion, J., Assenmacher, I., and Tauc, L. (1989) Identification par la technique du "Patch-Clamp" de canaux ioniques dans la membrane apicale de cellules épendymaires cultivées in vitro. 3e Colloque National, Société Française des Neurosciences, Montpellier.
16. Bouillé, C., Mesnil, M., Barriere, H., and Gabrion, J. (1991) Gap junctional intercellular communication between cultured ependymal cells, revealed by Lucifer Yellow CH transfer and freeze-fracture. Glia, 4:25-36.
17. Bruneau, C., Staedel-Flaig, C., Cremel, G., Leray, C., Beck, J.P., and Hubert, P. (1992) Influence of lipid environment on insulin binding via cultured hepatoma cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 928:287-296.
18. Bruni, J.E., Del Bigio, M.R., and Clattenburg, R.E. (1985) Ependyma: Normal and pathological: A review of the literature. Brain Res. Rev., 9:1-19.
19. Chambard, M., Gabrion, J., and Mauchamp, J. (1981) Influence of collagen gel on the orientation of epithelial cell polarity: Follicle formation from isolated thyroid cells and from preformed monolayers. J. Cell Biol., 91:157-166.
20. Chatterjee, S., and Kwiterovitch, P.O. (1975) Glycosphingolipids of human plasma lipoproteins. Lipids, 11:461-466.
21. Chauvet, N., Privat, A., and Alonso, G. (1996) Aged median eminence glial cell cultures promote survival and neurite outgrowth of cocultured neurons. Glia, 18:211-223.
22. Cortés, R., Hökfelt, T., Schalling, M., Goldstein, M., Goldsmith, P., Spiegel, A., Unson, C., and Walsh, J. (1988) Antiserum raised against residues 159-168 of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gi3-α reacts with ependymal cells and some neurons in the rat brain containing cholecystokinin-or cholecystokinin and tyrosine 3-hydroxylase-like immunoreactivities. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:9351-9355.
23. Crook, R.B., and Prusiner, S.B. (1986) Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulated cyclic AMP metabolism in choroid plexus epithelial cells. Brain Res., 384:138-144.
24. Crook, R.B., Kasagami, H., and Prusiner, S.B. (1981) Culture and characterization of epithelial cells from bovine choroid plexus. J. Neurochem., 37:845-854.
25. Crook, R.B., Farber, M.B., and Prusiner, S.B. (1984) Hormones and neurotransmitters control cyclic AMP metabolism in choroid plexus epithelial cells. J. Neurochem., 42:340-350.
26. Dahl, D., and Bignami, A. (1973) Immunochemical and immunofluorescence studies of the GFAP in vertebrates. Brain Res., 61:279-293.
27. Delaunoy, J.P., Roussel, G., and Mandel, P. (1977) Localisation immunochimique de l'anhydrase carbonique forme C dans le système nerveux central du rat. C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris série D, 285:801-803.
28. Delaunoy, J.P., Hog, F., Devilliers, G., Bansart, M., Mandel, P., and Sensenbrenner, M. (1980) Developmental changes and localization of carbonic anhydrase in cerebral hemispheres of the rat and in glial cell cultures. Cell. Mol. Biol., 26:235-240.
29. Del Bigio, M.R. (1995) The ependyma: A protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Glia, 14:1-13.
30. Dellmann, H.D., and Simpson J.B. (1979) The subfornical organ. Int. Rev. Cytol., 58:333-421.
31. Dellmann, H.D., Gabrion, J., and Privat, A. (1991) Fine structural changes in explants of neural lobe of the rat hypophysis. J. Neuroendocrinol. 3:339-347.
32. De Vitry, F., Picart, R., Jacque, C., Legault, L., Dupouey, P., and Tixier-Vidal, A. (1980) Presumptive common precursor for neuronal and glial cell lineages in mouse hypothalamus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 77:4165-4169.
33. De Vitry, F., Picart, R., Jacque, C., and Tixier-Vidal, A. (1981) Glial fibrillary acidic protein. A cellular marker of tanycytes in the mouse hypothalamus. Dev. Neurosci., 4:457-460.
34. Didier, M., Harandi, M., Aguera, M., Bancel, B., Tardy, M., Fages, C., Calas, A., Stagaard, M., Mollgard, K., and Belin, M.F. (1986) Differential immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic (GFA) protein, S-100 protein and glutamine synthetase in the rat subcommisural organ, nonspecialized ventricular ependyma and adjacent neuropil. Cell Tissue Res., 245:343-351.
35. Didier-Bazes, M., Voutsinos, B., Chouaf, L., Joubert, Y., and Belin, M.F. (1993) Tropism between serotoninergic neurons and their glial targets in a graft model of the third periventricular region. J. Neurochem., 61:8171.
36. Dolphin, A.C., and Scott, R.H. (1987) Calcium channel currents and their inhibition by (-)baclofen in rat sensory neurons: Modulation by guanine nucleotides. J. Physiol., 386:1-7.
37. Dunlap, K., Holz, G.G., and Rane, S.G. (1987) G protein as regulators of ion channel function. Trends Neurosci., 10:241-244.
38. Elliott, W.H. (1955) Glutamine synthesis. In: Methods in Enzymology, vol. 2. S.P. Colowick and N.O. Kaplan, eds. Academic Press, New York, pp. 337-342.
39. Engwall, E., and Ruoslahti, E. (1972) Binding of a soluble form of fibroblast cell surface protein, fibronectin to collagen. Int. J. Cancer, 20:1-15.
40. Enomoto, T., Martel, N., Kanno, Y., and Yamasaki, H. (1984) Inhibition of cell communication between Balb/c 3T3 cells by tumor promoters and protein by cAMP. J. Cell Physiol., 121:323-333.
41. Esterle, T.M., and Sanders-Bush, E. (1992) Serotonin agonists increase transferrin levels via activation of 5-HT 1C receptors in choroid plexus epithelium. J. Neurosci., 12:4775-1782.
42. Faivre-Bauman, A., Puymirat, J., Loudes, C., and Tixier-Vidal, A. (1984a) Differentiated mouse fetal hypothalamic cells in serum-free medium. In: Methods for Serum-Free Culture of Neuronal and Lymphoid Cells, vol. 4. D.W. Barnes, D.A. Sirbasku, and G.H. Sato, eds. Alan R Liss Inc., New York, pp. 37-56.
43. Faivre-Bauman, A., Puymirat, J., Loudes, C., Barret, A., and Tixier-Vidal, A. (1984b) Laminin promotes attachment and neunte elongation of fetal hypothalamic neurons grown in serum-free medium. Neurosci. Lett., 44:83-89.
44. Farquhar, M.G., and Palade, G.E. (1963) Junctional complexes in various epithelia. J. Cell Biol., 17:375-412.
45. Flament-Durand, J., and Dustin, P. (1979) Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of the third ventricular floor of rat and human brains. J. Physiol. Paris, 75:97-99.
46. Fressinaud, C., Weinrauder, H., Delaunoy, J.P., Tholey, G., Labourdette, G., and Sarlieve, L.L. (1991) Glutamine synthetase expression in rat oligodendrocytes in culture regulation by hormones and growth factors. J. Cell. Physiol., 149:459-468.
47. Gabrion, J., Péraldi, S., Faivre-Bauman, A., Klotz, C., Ghandour, M.S., Paulin, D., Assenmacher, I., and Tixier-Vidal, A. (1988) Characterization of ependymal cells in hypothalamic and choroidal primary cultures. Neuroscience, 24:993-1007.
48. Gee, P., Rhodes, C.H., Fricker, L.D., and Angeletti, R.H. (1993) Expression of neuropeptide-processing enzymes and neurosecretory proteins in ependyma and choroid plexus epithelium. Brain Res617:238-248.
49. Ghandour, M.S., Langley, O.K., Gombos, G., Hirn, M., Hirsch, M.R., and Goridis, C. (1982) A surface marker for murine vascular endothelial cells defined by monoclonal antibody. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 30:165-170.
50. Ghandour, M.S., Foucaud, B., and Gombos, G. (1984) Monoclonal antibodies specific for glial and neuronal antigens in the young rat cerebellum. Neurosci. Lett., 51:119-125.
51. Giordano, J., and Hartig, P. (1987) Activation and regulation of the serotonin 5HT-1c receptor of the choroid plexus by CSF-borne serotonin. Neuroscience, 13:1236.
52. Goldman, S.A., Lemmon, V., and Chin, S.S. (1993) Migration of newly generated neurons upon ependymally derived radial guide cells in expiant cultures of the adult songbird forebrain. Glia, 8:150-160.
53. Graff, M.N., Baas, D., Puymirat, J., Sarlieve, L.L., and Delaunoy, J.P. (1993a) The a and B thyroid receptors are expressed by cultured ependymal cells. Correlation with the effect of L-3,5,3′-triiodothyronine on glutamine synthetase mRNAs. Neurosci. Lett., 150: 174-178.
54. Graff, M.N., Laabich, A., Dunel-Erb, S., Sensenbrenner, M., and Delaunoy, J.P. (1993b) Protein endocytosis by rat astrocytes and ependymal cells in primary culture. Circ. Métab. Cerveau, 10:11-24.
55. Graham, R.C., and Karnovsky, M.J. (1966) The early stages of absorption of injected horseradish peroxidase in the proximal tubules of mouse kidney: Ultrastructural cytochemistry by a new technique. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 14:291-302.
56. Hartmann, K.P., Papa, V., Brown, E.J., Doerries, V., Rosenthals, and Goldfin, J. (1990) A rapid and simple one step method for isolation of poly-A RNA from cells in monolayer. Endocrinology, 127:2038-2040.
57. Hemmings, H.C., and Greengard, P. (1986) DARPP-32, a dopamine-and adenosine 3′-5′ monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein: Regional, tissue, and phylogenetic distribution. J. Neurosci., 6: 1469-1481.
58. Herbuté, S., Bouillé, C., Oliver, J., Peraldi-Roux, S., Nguyen-Thanh-Dao, B., and Gabrion, J. (1991) Accessibility of hormone receptors and ionic channels in primary cultures of choroidal ependymocytes which also express transductions proteins. Biol. Cell, 73:8a.
59. Holm, N.R., Hansen, L.B., Nillson, C., and Gammeltoft, S. (1994) Gene expression and secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 from cultured sheep choroid plexus epithelial cells. Mol. Brain Res., 21:67-74.
60. Horstmann, E. (1954) Die Faserglia des Selarchiergehirns. Z. Zellforsch., 39:588-617.
61. Hull, B.E., and Staehelin, L.A. (1976) Functional significance of the variations in the geometrical organization of tight junction network. J. Cell Biol., 68:688-704.
62. Humphrey, P.P.A., Hartig, P., and Hoyer, D. (1993) A proposed new nomenclature for 5-HT receptors. Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 14: 233-236.
63. Jackson, I. (1984) Neuropeptides in cerebrospinal fluid. In: Neuroendocrine Perspectives. E.F. Muller and R.M. Macleod, eds. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, pp. 121-159.
64. Jennings, M.T., Kaariainen, I.T., Gold, L., Maciunas, R.J., and Commers, P.A. (1994) TGF β1 and TGF β2 are potential growth regulators for medulloblastomas, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and ependymomas: Evidence in support of an autocrine hypothesis. Hum. Pathol., 25:464-475.
65. Jimenez-Hakim, E., El-Azouzi, M., and Black, P.M. (1993) The effect of prolactin and bombesin on the growth of meningioma-derived cells in monolayer culture. J. Neuro-Oncol., 16:185-190.
66. Joseph, S.A., and Knigge, K.M. (1978) The endocrine hypothalamus: Recent anatomical studies. In: The Hypothalamus. S. Reichlin, R.J. Baldessarini, and J.B. Martin, eds. Raven Press, New York, pp. 15-47.
67. Kean, E.L. (1966) Separation of gluco and galactocerebroside by means of borate thin-layer chromatography. J. Lipid Res., 7: 449-452.
68. Kim, S.U., Stern, M., Kim, M.W., and Pleasure, D.E. (1983) Culture of purified rat astrocytes in serum-free medium supplemented with mitogen. Brain Res., 274:79-86.
69. Hotz, C., Bordes, N., Laine, M.C., Sandoz, D., and Bornens, M. (1986) A protein of 175,000 Daltons associated with striated rootlets in ciliated epithelia, as revealed by a monoclonal antibody. Cell Motil. Cytoskel., 6:56-67.
70. Knowles, F. (1972) Ependyma of the third ventricle in relation to pituitary function. Prog. Brain Res., 38:255-270.
71. Kobayashi, H. (1975) Absorption of cerebrospinal fluid by ependymal cells of the median emminence. In: Brain-Endocrine Interactions. II. The Ventricular System. K.M. Knigge, D.E. Scott, H. Kobayashi, and S. Ishii, eds. Karger, Basel, pp. 109-122.
72. Kobayashi, H., Wada, M., Uemura, H., and Ueck, M. (1972) Uptake of peroxidase from the third ventricle by ependymal cells of the median eminence. Z. Zellforsch., 127:545-551.
73. Kuhry, J.G., Fontenau, P., Du Portail, G., Maechling, G., and Laustriat, G. (1983) TMA-DPH a suitable fluorescence polarization probe tor specific plasma-membrane fluidity studies in intact living cells. Cell Biophys., 5:129-295.
74. Kumar, S., Holmes, E., Scully, S., Birren, B.W., Wilson, R.H., and De Vellis, J. (1986) The hormonal regulation of gene expression of glial markers: Glutamine synthetase and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase in primary culture of rat brain and in C6 cell line. J. Neurosci. Res., 16:251-264.
75. Laabich, A., Sensenbrenner, M., and Delaunoy, J.P. (1989) Monolayer cultures of ependymal cells on porous bottom dishes. A tool for transport studies across the brain cerebrospinal barrier. Neurosci. Lett., 103:157-161.
76. Laabich, A., Graff, M.N., Dunel-Erb, S., Sensenbrenner, M., and Delaunoy, J.P. (1991) A study of in vitro and in vivo morphological changes of ependymal cells induced by galactocerebrosides. Glia, 4:504-513.
77. Laabich, A., Delaunoy, J.P., Cremel, G., and Staedel, C. (1992) Modifications of ependymal cells membranes by galactocerebrosides in cell culture. Neurosci. Lett., 142:196-199.
78. Labarca, C., and Paigen, K. (1980) A simple, rapid and sensitive DNA assay procedure. Anal. Biochem., 102:344-352.
79. Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227:680-685.
80. Langley, O.K., Ghandour, M.S., and Gombos, G. (1984) Immunohistochemistry of cell markers in the central nervous system. In: Handbook of Neurochemistry, vol. 7. A. Lajtha, ed. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 545-611.
81. Leonhardt, H. (1980) Ependym and circumventriculäre organe. In: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, vol. 4. I. Neuroglia. A. Oksche and L. Vollrath, eds. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 177-665.
82. Levin, E.R., Franck, H.J.L., Gelfand, R., Loughlin, S.E., and Kaplan, G. (1990) Natriuretic peptide receptors in cultured rat diencephalon. J. Biol. Chem., 265:10019-10024.
83. Lewitt, P., and Rakic, P. (1980) Immunoperoxidase localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in radial glial cells and in astrocytes of the developing rhesus monkey brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 193:815-840.
84. Lewitt, P., Lee Cooper, M., and Rakic, P. (1981) Coexistence of neuronal and glial precursor cells in the cerebral ventricular zone of the fetal monkey: An ultrastructural immunoperoxidase analysis. J. Neurosci., 1:27-39.
85. Luft, J.H. (1971) Ruthenium red and violet. II. Fine structural localization in animal tissues. Anat. Rec., 171:369-416.
86. MacCumber, M.W., Snyder, S.H., and Ross, C.H. (1990) Carboxypeptidase E (enkephalin convertase): mRNA distribution in rat brain by in situ hybridization. J. Neurosci., 10:2850-2860.
87. Manthorpe, C.M., Wilkin, G.P., and Wilson, J.E. (1977) Purification of viable ciliated cuboital ependymal cells from rat brain. Brain Res., 134:407-415.
88. Mapstone, T.B., and Galloway, P.G. (1991) Expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, fibronectin and N-myc oncoprotein in primary human brain tumor cell explants. Pediatr. Neurosurg., 17:169-174.
89. Matsuura, T., Takeuchi, Y., Kojima, M., Ueda, S., Yamada, H., Nojyo, Y., Ushijima, K., and Sano, Y. (1985) Immunohistochemical studies of the serotoninergic supraependymal plexus in the mammalian ventricular system, with special reference to the characteristic reticular ramification. Acta Anat., 123:207-219.
90. Maxwell, D.S., and Pease, D.C. (1956) The electron microscopy of the choroid plexus. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 2:467-474.
91. Mayer, S.E., and Sanders-Bush, E. (1993) Sodium-dependent antiporters in choroid plexus epithelial cultures from rabbit. J. Neurochem., 60:1308-1316.
92. Mearow, K.M., Mill, J.F., and Vitkovic, L. (1989) The ontogeny and localization of glutamine synthetase gene expression in rat brain. Mol. Brain Res., 6:223-232.
93. Meister, B. (1989) DARPP 32; possible involvement in glial control of neurosecretion. In: Hypothalamic Neurosecretory Neurons. PhD thesis, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, pp. 31-36.
94. Meister, B., Hökfelt, T., Tsuruo, Y., Hemmings, H., Ouimet, C., Greengard, P., and Goldstein, M. (1988) DARPP-32, a dopamine-and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein in tanycytes of the medio-basal hypothalamus: Distribution and relation to dopamine and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons and other glial elements. Neuroscience, 27:607-622.
95. Meister, B., Villar, M.J., Schalling, M., Greengard, P., and Hökfelt, T. (1989) Demonstration of DARPP-32 in pituicytes of the neurohypophysis; decreased expression after administration of hyperosmotic stimuli. Acta Physiol. Scand., 137:461-62.
96. Mestres, P. (1978) Old and new concepts about circumventricular organs: An overview. Scan. Electr. Microsc., 2:137-143.
97. Miettinen, M., Clark, R., and Virtanen, I. (1986) Intermediate filament proteins in choroid plexus and ependyma and their tumors. Am. J. Pathol., 123:231-240.
98. Milhorat, T.H. (1976) Structure and function of the choroid plexus and other sites of cerebrospinal fluid formation. Int. Rev. Cytol., 47: 225-288.
99. Miller, R.J. (1987) Multiple calcium channels and neuronal function. Science, 235:46-52.
100. Mischler-Stuke, A., Wolff, J., and Bottenstein, J. (1984) Factors influencing astrocyte growth and development in defined media. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 2:575-584.
101. Monroe, B.G., and Holmes, E.M. (1982) The freeze-fractured median eminence: Development of intercellular junctions in the ependyma of the 3rd ventricle of the rat. Cell Tissue Res., 222:389-408.
102. Morrison, R.S., and De Vellis, J. (1984) Preparation of a chemically defined medium for purified astrocytes. In: Method for Serum-Free Culture of Neuronal and Lymphoid Cells. D.W. Barnes, D.A. Sirbasku, and G.H. Sato, eds. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, pp. 15-22.
103. Nakamura, Y., and Sato, K. (1993) Role of disturbance of ependymal ciliary movement in development of hydrocephalus in rats. Child Nerv. Syst., 9:65-71.
104. Nancy, K., and Bourne, G.H. (1965) Histochemical studies on the ependyma lining the central canal of the spinal cord in the rat with a note on its functional significance. Acta Anat., 60:539-550.
105. Nathanson, J.A. (1979) β-Adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in secretory cells of choroid plexus. Science, 204:843-844.
106. Nathanson, J.A. (1980) β-Adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in choroid plexus: Properties and cellular localization. Mol. Pharmacol., 18:199-209.
107. Nilsson, C., Lindvall-Axelsson, M., and Owman, C. (1992) Neuroendocrine regulatory mechanisms in the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid system. Brain Res. Rev., 17:109-138.
108. Nogradi, A., Kelly, C., and Carter, N.D. (1993) Localization of acetazolamide-resistant carbonic anhydrase III in human and rat choroid plexus by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Neurosci. Lett., 151:162-165.
109. O'Hara, C.M., and Chernoff, E.A. (1994) Growth factor modulation of injury-reactive ependymal cell proliferation and migration. Tissue Cell, 26:599-611.
110. Oksche, A. (1973) Circumventricular structures and pituitary functions. In: Endocrinology. R.O. Scow, ed. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, pp. 73-79.
111. Olivieri-Sangiacomo, C., and Correr, S. (1973) Ultrastructural features of rat pituicytes in organotypic culture. Z. Zellforsch., 143: 107-116.
112. Oppenheimer, J.H. (1983) The nuclear receptor-triiodothyronine complex: Relationship to thyroid hormone distribution, metabolism and biological action. In: Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action. J.H. Oppenheimer and H.H. Samuels, eds. Academic Press, New York, pp. 34.
113. Page, R.B., and Leure-Dupree, A.E. (1982) Ependymal alterations in hydrocephalus. In: Neurobiology of the Cerebrospinal Fluid, vol. 2. J.H. Wood, ed. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 789-820.
114. Pazos, A., Hoyer, D., and Pallacios, J.M. (1985) The binding of serotonergic ligands to the porcine choroid plexus: Characterization of a new type of serotonin recognition site. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 106:539-546.
115. Péraldi, S., Nguyen-Than Dao, B., Brabet, P., Homburger, V., Rouot, B., Toutant, M., Bouille, C., Assenmacher, I., Bockaert, J., and Gabrion, J. (1989) Apical localization of alpha subunit of the GTP-binding protein Go in choroidal and ciliated ependymocytes. J. Neurosci., 9:156-169.
116. Péraldi-Roux, S., Nguyen Than Dao, B., Hirn, M., and Gabrion, J. (1990) Choroidal ependymocytes in culture: Expression of markers of polarity and function. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 8:575-588.
117. Péraldi-Roux, S., Klotz, C., Nguyen Than Dao, B., and Gabrion, J. (1991) A common epitope is shared by ciliary rootlets and cell-cell adherens junctions in ciliated ependymal cells. J. Cell Sci., 99: 297-306.
118. Perraud, F., Besnard, F., Sensenbrenner, M., and Labourdette, G. (1987) Thrombin is a potent mitogen for rat astroblasts but not for oligodendroblasts and neuroblasts in primary culture. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., 5:181-188.
119. Peters, A. (1974) The surface fine structure of the cheroid plexus and ependymal lining of the rate lateral ventricle. J. Neurocytol., 3:99-108.
120. Peters, A., and Swann, R.C. (1979) The choroid plexus of the mature and aging rat: The choroid epithelium. Anat. Rec., 194:325-354.
121. Privat, A. (1977) The ependyma and subependymal layer of the young rat: A new contribution with freeze fracture. Neuroscience, 2: 447-457.
122. Puymirat, J., Gadbois, P., Dussault, L., Garceau, L., and Dussault, J.H. (1991) Production of a specific polyclonal antibody against the rat β thyroid receptor, using synthetic peptide as antigen. Acta Endocrinol., 125:197-400.
123. Raff, M.C., Kirsky, R., and Fields, K.L. (1978) Galactocerebroside is a specific cell-surface antigenic marker for oligodendrocytes in culture. Nature, 274:813-816.
124. Raub, T.J., Sawada, G.A., and Kuentzel, S.L. (1994) Expression of a widely distributed, novel sulfated membrane glycoprotein by bovine endothelia and certain transporting epithelia. J. Histochem. Cytochem., 42:1237-1250.
125. Ray, P.K., and Choudbury, S.R. (1984) Response of ependyma of the rat third ventricle to operation loss of cerebrospinal fluid: A transmission electron microscopical study. J. Anat., 138:513-523.
126. Rieke, G.K., Jordan, F.L., Wynder, H.J., and Thomas, W.E. (1987) Ultrastructural of ependymal cells in primary cultures of cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. Res., 18:484-492.
127. Rodriguez, E.M. (1976) The cerebrospinal fluid as a pathway in neuroendocrine integration. J. Endocrinol., 71:407-443.
128. Rodriguez, E.M., Gonzalez, C.B., and Delannoy, L. (1979) Cellular organization of the postinfundibular regions of the median eminence in the rat. Cell Tissue Res., 201:377-108.
129. Rodriguez, E.M., Oksche, A., Hein, S., Rodriguez, S., and Yulis, R. (1984) Spatial and structural interrelationships between secretory cells of the subcommissural organ and blood vessels. Cell Tissue Res., 237:443-449.
130. Roessmann, U., Velasco, M.E., Sindely, S.D., and Gambetti, P. (1975) Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in ependymal cells during development. An immunocytochemical study. Brain Res., 200: 13-21.
131. Ruel, J., and Dussault, J.H. (1985) Triiodothyronine increases glutamine synthetase activity in primary cultures of rat cerebellum. Dev. Brain Res., 21:83-88.
132. Ryser, H.J.P. (1968). Uptake of proteins by mammalian cells: an underdeveloped area. Science, 159:390-394.
133. Sanders-Bush, E., and Breeding, M. (1991) Choroid plexus epithelial cells in primary culture: A model of 5-HT 1C receptor activation by hallucinogenic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 105:340-346.
134. Sawyers, J.R., Sammartino, G., Husain, M., Boop, F.A., and Chadduck, W.M. (1994) Chromosome aberrations in four ependymomas. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 74:132-138.
135. Schnitzer, J., Franke, W.W., and Schachner, M. (1981) Immunocytochemical demonstration of vimentin in astrocytes and ependymal cells of developing and adult mouse nervous system. J. Cell Biol., 90:435-447.
136. Schreiber, E., Merchant, R.E., Wiestler, O.D., and Fontana, A. (1994) Primary brain tumors differ in their expression of octamer DNA-binding transcription factors from long-term cultured glioma cell lines. Neurosurgery, 34:129-135.
137. Scott, D.E., Gash, D.M., Sladek, J.R., Clayton, C., Mitchell, J.A., Calderon, S., and Paull, W.K. (1982) Organization of the mammalian cerebral ventricular system: Ultrastructural correlates of CSF-neuropeptide secretion. Front. Horm. Res., 9:15-35.
138. Sebben, M., Gabrion, J., Manzoni, O., Sladeczek, F., Gril, C., Bockaert, J., and Dumuis, A. (1990) Establishment of a long-term primary culture of striatal neurons. Dev. Brain Res., 52:229-239.
139. Shapiro, J.R., Yung, W.K.A., and Shapiro, W.R. (1981) Isolation, karyotopes and clonal growth of heterogeneous subpopulation of human malignant gliomas. Cancer Res., 41:2349-2359.
140. Silverman, A.J., Knigge, K.M., Ribas, J.L., and Sheridan, M.N. (1973) Transport capacity of median eminence. III Amino-acid and thyroxine transport of organ-cultured median eminence. Neuroendocrinology, 11:107-118.
141. Simonnet, G., Allard, M., Legendre, P., Gabrion, J., and Vincent, J.D. (1989) Characteristics and specific localization of receptors foratrial natriuretic peptides at the surface of non-neuronal cells in cultured mouse spinal cord. Neuroscience, 29:189-199.
142. Simpson, D.L., Morrison, R., De Vellis, J., and Hershman, H.R. (1982) Epidermal growth factor binding and mitogenic activity on purified populations of cells from the central nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res., 8:453-462.
143. Sommer, I., Lagenaur, C., and Schachner, M. (1981) Recognition of Bergmann glial and ependymal cells in the mouse nervous system by monoclonal antibody. J. Cell Biol., 90:448-458.
144. Southwell, B.R., Duan, W., Alcorn, D., Brack, C., Richardson, S.J., Köhrle, J., and Schreiber, G. (1993) Thyroxine transport to the brain: Role of protein synthesis by the choroid plexus. Endocrinology, 133:2116-2126.
145. Steardo, L., and Nathanson, J.A. (1987) Brain barrier tissues: End organs for atriopeptins. Science, 235:470-473.
146. Steinman, R.M., Mellman, I.S., Muller, W.A., and Cohn, Z.A. (1983) Endocytosis and the recycling of plasma membrane. J. Cell Biol., 96:1-27.
147. Symonds, H.S., McCarthy, S.A., Chen, J., Pipas, J.M., and Van Dyke, T. (1993) Use of transgenic micereveals cell-specific transformation by a simian virus 40 T-antigen amino-terminal mutant. Mol. Cell. Biol., 13:3255-3265.
148. Tapscott, S.J., Bennett, G.S., Toyama, Y., Kleinburt, F., and Holtzer, H. (1981) Intermediate filament protein in the developing chick spinal cord. Dev. Biol., 86:40-54.
149. Tardieu, M., Noseworthy, J.H., Perry, L., Che, M., Greene, M., and Weiner, H.L. (1983) Generation of monoclonal antibody (Epen 1) which binds selectively to murine ependymal cells. Brain Res., 277:339-346.
150. Tauc, M., Vignon, X., and Bouchaud, C. (1984) Evidence for the effectiveness of the blood-CSF barrier in the fetal rat choroid plexus. A freeze-fracture and peroxidase diffusion study. Tissue Cell, 16:65-74.
151. Thomas, T., Stadler, E., and Dziadek, M. (1992) Effects of the extracellular matrix on fetal choroid plexus epithelial cells: Changes in morphology and multicellular organization do not affect gene expression. Exp. Cell Res., 203:198-213.
152. Thomas, T., and Dziadek, M. (1993) Capacity to form choroid plexus-like cells in vitro is restricted to specific regions of the mouse neural ectoderm. Development, 117:253-262.
153. Tixier-Vidal, A., Nemeskeri, A., and Faivre-Bauman, A. (1978) Primary cultures of dispersed fetal hypothalamie cells. Ultrastructural and functional features of differentiation. In: Biologie cellulaire des processus neurosécrétoires hypothalamiques. J.D. Vincent and C. Kordon, eds. CNRS, Paris, pp. 777-785.
154. Tominaga, K., Inouyé, S.I., and Okamura, H. (1994) Organotypic slice culture of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: Sustenance of cellular architecture and arcadian rhythm. Neuroscience, 59:1025-1042.
155. Tramu, G., Pillez, A., and Leonardelli, J. (1983) Serotonin axons of the ependyma and circumventricular organs in the forebrain of the guinea pig. An immunohistoehemical study. Cell Tissue Res., 228: 297-311.
156. Tuillier, Y., Bubetzki, C., Goujet-Zalc, C., Galli, A., Lhermitte, F., and Zalc, B. (1988) Immunological assay of galaetosylceramide in serum an index of active demyelination. In: Trends in European Sclerosis Research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 235-240.
157. Ugrumov, M.V., and Mitskevich, M.S. (1980) The adsorptive and transport capacity of tanycytes during the perinatal period of the rat. Cell Tissue Res., 211:493-501.
158. Valverde, M.A., Hardy, S.P., and Sepulveda, F.V. (1995) Chloride channels: A state of flux. Faseb J., 9:509-515.
159. Van de Zande, L., Labruyere, W.T., Arnberg, A.C., Wilson, R.H., Van de Bogaert, A.J.W., Das, A.T., Van Oorshot, D.A.J., Frijtres, C., Charles, R., Moorman, A.F.M., and Lamers, W.H. (1990) Isolation and characterization of the rat glutamine synthetase encoding gene. Gene, 87:225-232.
160. Van Deurs, M., Moller, M., and Amporp, O. (1978) Uptake of horseradish peroxidase from CSF into the choroid plexus of the rat, with special reference to transepithelial transport. Cell Tissue Res., 187:215-234.
161. Weibel, M., Pettmann, B., Artault, J.C., Sensenbrenner, M., and Labourdette, G. (1986) Primary culture of rat ependymal cells in serum-free denned medium. Dev. Brain. Res., 25:199-209.
162. 125I-lysergic acid diethylamide binds to a novel serotonergic site on rat choroid plexus epithelial cells. J. Neurosci., 5:3178-3183.