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2-terminal cytoplasmic region of mGluRs 1α, 2, and 3 by mutagenesis with Sculptor kit (Amersham). These mutations did not cause amino acid substitution in mGluR1α and caused one mutation in mGluR2 (A566I, in which Ala at position 566 is mutated to Ile) and in mGluR3 (A575I). These amino acid substitutions did not affect the responses. The introduced Eco RV sites were then used to prepare chimeric molecules R2(N)-R1 and R3(N)-R1. The point mutants in Fig. 3D were also prepared with Sculptor kit (Amersham), and the sequences of the primer regions were determined by a DNA sequencer (ABI 377). To avoid unexpected mutations, we confirmed that two independent clones of the same mutation showed identical properties.
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2 expression vector [H. Niwa, K. Yamamura, J. Miyazaki, Gene 108, 193 (1991)] and then transiently transfected into CHO cells with Lipofectamine Plus (Gibco). Forty-eight hours later, the living cells were observed or fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% picrinic acid for immunohistochemistry analysis. For observation of living cells, pEGFP (Clonetech) was cotransfected to identify transfected cells. For the experiment in Fig. 1D, a CHO cell line stably expressing mGluR3 was established by G418 (Gibco) selection.
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The transfected cells were identified by staining with polyclonal antibody to mGluR1 (Chemicon) and Cy3-labeled secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, West Grove, PA). The morphology of the actin filaments was visualized by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled phalloidin
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The transfected cells were identified by staining with polyclonal antibody to mGluR1 (Chemicon) and Cy3-labeled secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs, West Grove, PA). The morphology of the actin filaments was visualized by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled phalloidin.
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2+) at 37°C for 10 min. Cells were lysed by 5% trichloroacetic acid, and the cAMP levels were measured by the cAMP EIA system (Amersham) following the manufacture's protocol. In the experiment of mGluR1α-expressing cells, forskolin was not added.
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L. Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; and Y, Tyr
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Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L. Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; and Y, Tyr.
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2 vector, respectively; R. Murrell-Lagnado for comments on the manuscript; and K. Kubokawa, H. Okado, and K. Takahashi for discussion. Supported by research grants from the ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan for Exploratory Research to Y.K. and for scientific research on the priority area of "Channel-Transporter Correlation" to Y.K. Y.K. is also supported by Core of Research for Evolutional Science and Technology of the Japan Science and Technology Corporation.
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