Endocranial capacity in an early hominid cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa

Science

Volumn 280, Issue 5370, 1998, Pages 1730-1731

  Conroy, Glenn C ^a   Weber, Gerhard W ^b   Seidler, Horst ^b   Tobias, Phillip V ^c   Kane, Alex ^a   Brunsden, Barry ^d  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^c UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^d WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRANIUM;

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN SIZE; COMPUTER; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER MODEL; EVOLUTION; HOMINID; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKULL; SOUTH AFRICA;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; COMPUTER SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; FOSSILS; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HOMINIDAE; HUMANS; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MODELS, ANATOMIC; SKULL; SOUTH AFRICA; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0032511018     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.280.5370.1730     Document Type: Article

References (13)

1. P. V. Tobias, "23rd Annual Report of the Palaeo-Anthropology Research Unit" (Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 1989).
2. D. Johanson and B. Edgar, From Lucy to Language (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996).
3. CT scans were taken on a Siemens Somatom Plus4 CT scanner at Selby Park Medical Centre, Marshalltown, South Africa. The density histogram values for the fossil lie between 1800 and 3000 Hounsfield units (HU), whereas normal bone is normally between about 400 and 3000 HU. The CT settings were as follows: matrix = 512 × 512, scan time = 1.5 s, kilovoltage (kV) = 140, milliamperes (mA) = 129, 12-bit gray scale, and pixel size of 0.39 mm. Computer models were made with ANALYZE software on a Silicon Graphics Workstation.
4. H. Seidler et al., J. Hum. Evol. 33, 691 (1997); G. Weber et al., Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 26, 228 (1998).
5. H. Seidler et al., J. Hum. Evol. 33, 691 (1997); G. Weber et al., Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. Suppl. 26, 228 (1998).
6. 3.
7. R. J. Clarke, in Integrative paths to the past, R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon, Eds. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994), pp. 205-222; C. A. Lockwood, thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (1997).
8. R. J. Clarke, in Integrative paths to the past, R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon, Eds. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994), pp. 205-222; C. A. Lockwood, thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (1997).
9. R. Holloway, Can. J. Anthropol. 3, 215 (1983).
10. P. V. Tobias, Olduvai Gorge IV: The Skulls, Endocasts and Teeth of Homo habilis (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1991).
11. _, in Integrative Paths to the Past, R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon, Eds. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994), pp. 185-203.
12. G. C. Conroy et al., Science 247, 838 (1990).
13. Supported by a grant from NSF, as well as grants for the excavation at Sterkfontein from the Foundation for Research Development and the Witwatersrand University. We thank D. J. Emby, S. Ralph, D. Zur Nedden, R. Clarke, H. White, L. Boscombe, L. Berger, Siemens (South Africa), Selby Park Medical Centre (Johannesburg), and Zumtobel (Austria) for their support in various phases of this research. We dedicate this work to the late Alun Hughes.