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2642698112
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note
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In whole seawater hydrolysates from the central Pacific, Lee and Bada (8) found D/L ratios of Ala and Asp to be similar in both surface and deep waters, ranging from 0.05 to 0.16. They also reported, however, substantial differences in Asp D/L ratio between the Atlantic and Pacific. In contrast, Bada and Hoopes (9), using similar isolation methods, reported D/L-Ala ratios between 0.4 and 0.7 in surface Pacific waters, increasing to near racemic values of 0.8 to 1.0 in the deep.
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12
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0026447373
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Benner, R.1
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0030804222
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R. Benner, B. Biddanda, B. Black, M. D. McCarthy, Mar. Chem. 57, 243 (1997).
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14
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2642632007
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note
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Most samples were prefiltered with an Amicon DC10 Ultrafiltration system with a 0.1-μm pore size polysulfone hollow-fiber filter, before isolation of UDOM [1 nm < UDOM < 0.1 μm]. The first set of Gulf of Mexico isolates (27°N, 95°W) was prefiltered with Nucleopore 0.2-μm cartridges as an alternate and independent method. Central Pacific samples were collected in April 1992 at 12°S, 135°W from 2 to 4000 m. Gulf of Mexico samples were collected on two separate cruises. In August 1991, the 10-m sample (1000 liters) was collected at 27°N, 95°W. In July of 1995, two very large integrated samples (4000+ liters) were collected from 2 and 400 m at regular intervals on a transect between Corpus Christi, Texas, and Key West, Florida. The North Sea surface sample was also integrated on a transect across the central North Sea in April 1995. Such very large sample sizes are compositionally representative, but result in substantial decreases in relative recovery (Table 1) due to high concentration factors (77).
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15
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2642593291
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note
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UDOM amino acid hydrolysis was conducted at 150°C for 70 min, generally with the method of Cowie and Hedges (29). Individual D-and L-amino acids were quantified as pentafluoropropyl isopropyl esters by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (41), and peak identities were verified by GC-MS. Analytical variability in D/L ratios of UDOM samples was less than 15%. Racemization blanks were determined by multiple hydrolyses of pure L-amino acid mixtures, as well as protein standards. Enantiomeric ratios in commercially available D-amino acid-containing peptides could be repeatably determined to within 5%.
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19
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0021586461
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R. Mitterer and N. Kriausakul, Org. Geochem. 7, 91 (1984); R. W. L. Kimber and P. E. Hare, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 56, 739 (1992).
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G. C. Barrett, Ed. Chapman & Hall, New York
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Bada, J.L.1
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22
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J. D. Hem, Ed. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC
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_, in Kinetics of the Non-Biological Decomposition and Racemization of Aminos Acids in Natural Waters, J. D. Hem, Ed. (American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1971), pp. 308-331.
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24
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2642696029
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Insoluble structural and cell-wall material was concentrated from lysed cells of the cosmopolitan cyanobacterium S. bacillaris, as described (A. Biersmith and R. Benner, Mar. Chem., in press).
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2642694977
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note
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Relative contributions of total UDOM N from proteinaceous material and peptidoglycan were estimated using the proportions of D-and L-Ala necessary to produce observed UDOM D/L ratios. All D-Ala was assumed to derive from peptidoglycans, and L-Ala was assumed to come from a mixture of peptidoglycan and proteinaceous material. Relative amino acid compositions in marine proteinaceous sources are largely invariant (32), and accordingly the total proteinaceous N can be approximated as 12 × (Ala-N). Similarly, an estimate of total peptidoglycan N can be derived from common peptidoglycan architecture as roughly 5.7 × (D-Ala N), which includes N contribution from both amino sugar backbone and peptide interbridges (22). For UDOM D/L ratios of 0.5 to 0.6 (equivalent to ∼30% D) and peptidoglycan D/L ratios of 0.7 to 1.0 (equivalent to near 50% D), this calculation indicates that the peptidoglycan N is 45 to 80% as large as the proteinaceous N contribution.
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33
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0001800858
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K. Oygard, Ed. Falch Hurtigtrykk, Oslo, Norway
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44
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2642604491
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note
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We thank G. Cowie for inspiration and help with amino acid analysis, B. Black for help with sample processing, H. P. Fitznar for sharing work in progress, C. Lee for valuable discussions and insight, and D. Bear for guidance and support.
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