Numerical models of faulting at oblique spreading centers

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 103, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 15473-15482

  Tuckwell, G W ^a,b   Bull, J M ^a   Sanderson, D J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FAULTING; MID-OCEAN RIDGE; SPREADING CENTER;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; REYKJANES RIDGE;

EID: 0032503881     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97jb03673     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. An, L.-J., and C. G. Sammis, A cellular automation for the development of crustal shear zones, Tectonophysics, 253, 247-270, 1996.
2. Appelgate, B., and A. N. Shor, The northern Mid-Atlantic and Reykjanes Ridges: Spreading centre morphology between 55°50′N and 63°00′N, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17,935-17,956, 1994.
3. Bergman, E. A., and S. C. Solomon, Earthquake swarms on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Products of magmatism or extensional tectonics?, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 4943-4965, 1990.
4. Bjarnson, I. T., P. Cowie, M. H. Anders, L. Seeber, and C. H. Scholz, The Iceland 1912 earthquake rupture: Growth and development of a nascent transform system, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 83, 415-435, 1992.
5. Byerlee, J. D., Friction of rocks, Pure Appl. Geophys., 116, 615-626, 1978.
6. Carbotte, S. M., and K. C. Macdonald, Causes of variation in fault-facing direction on the ocean floor, Geology, 18, 749-752, 1990.
7. Chen, Y., and W. J. Morgan, A non-linear rheology model for mid-ocean ridge axis topography, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 17,583-17,604, 1990.
8. Coetzee, M. J., R. D. Hart, P. M. Varona, and P. A. Cundall, FLAC Basics, ITASCA Consulting Group, Minn., 1995.
9. Cowie, P. A., and C. H. Scholz, Physical explanation for the displacement-length relationship of faults using a post-yield fracture mechanics model, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 1133-1148, 1992.
10. Cox, S. J. D., and C. H. Scholz, On the formation and growth of faults: An experimental study, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 3307-3320, 1988.
11. Crouch, S. L., and A. M. Starflield, Boundary Element Methods in Solid Mechanics, 322pp., Unwin, Hyman, Boston, Mass., 1990.
12. Cundall, P.A., Numerical modelling of jointed and faulted rock, in Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, edited by J. Rossmanith, pp. 11-18, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt., 1990.
13. Cundall, P. A., and M. Board, A microcomputer program for modelling large strain plasticity problems, in Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, edited by C, Swoboda, pp. 2101-2108, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt., 1988.
14. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein, Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478, 1990.
15. Dora, J. E., Some fundamental experiments on high temperature creep, in Proceedings of National Physical Laboratory Symposium, Creep and Fracture of Metals at High Temperatures, pp. 89-138, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1956.
16. Erdogan, F., and G. C. Sih, On the crack extension in plates under plane loading and transverse shear, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 85, 519-527, 1963.
17. Freidman, M., J. Handin, and G. Alani, Fracture-surface energy of rocks, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 9, 757-766, 1972.
18. ITASCA Consulting Group Inc., Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, version 3.2, Minneapolis, Minn., 1993.
19. Jacoby, W. R., Morphology of the Reykjanes Ridge crest near 62deg; N, J. Geophys., 47, 81-85, 1980.
20. Johnson, G. L., P. R. Vogt, and E. D. Schneider, Morphology of the northeastern Atlantic and Labrador Sea, Ger. Hydrogr. J., 24, 49-73, 1971.
21. Jones, C., P. G. Meredith, S. A. F. Murrel, and P. R. Sammonds, Mechanical properties of mid-ocean ridge rocks and their influence on hydrothermal circulation, BRIDGE Newsl., 11, 16-18, 1996.
22. Kirby, S. H., Rheology of the lithosphere, Rev. Geophys., 21, 1458-1487, 1983.
23. Lachenbruch, A. H., A simple mechanical model for oceanic spreading centres, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 3395-3417, 1973.
24. Lawn, B. R., and T. R. Wilshaw, Fracture of Brittle Solids, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1975.
25. McAllister, E., J. Cann, and S. Spencer, The evolution of crustal defomation in an oceanic extensional environment, J. Struct. Geol., 17, 183-199, 1995.
26. McCoss, A. M., Simple constructions for deformation in transpression/ transtension zones, J. Struct. Geol.,8, 715-718, 1986.
27. Murton, B. J., and L. M. Parson, Segmentation, volcanism and deformation of oblique spreading centres: A quantitative study of the Reykjanes Ridge, Tectonophysics, 222, 237-257, 1993.
28. Olsen, J. E., and D. D. Pollard, The initiation and growth of en echelon veins, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 585-608, 1991.
29. Parsons, B., and D. P. McKenzie, mantle convection and the thermal structure of the plates, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 4485-4496, 1978.
30. Parsons, B., and J. G. Schlater, An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age, J. Geophys, Res., 82, 803-827, 1977.
31. Ranalli, G., and D. C. Murphy, Rheological stratification of the lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 132, 281-295, 1987.
32. Renshaw, C. E., and C. F. Harvey, Propagation velocity of a natural hydraulic fracture in a poroelastic medium, J. Geophys Res., 99, 21,667-21,677, 1994.
33. Renshaw, C. E., and D. D. Pollard, Numerical simulation of fracture set formation: A fracture mechanics model consistent with experimental observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9359-9372, 1994.
34. Rutter, E. H., and K. H. Brodie, Lithosphere rheology-A note of caution, J. Struct. Geol., 13, 363-367, 1991.
35. Sanderson, D. J., and W. R. D. Marchini, Transpression, J. Struct. Geol., 6, 449-458, 1984.
36. Segall, P., and D. D. Pollard, Nucleation and growth of strike slip faults in granite, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 555-568, 1983.
37. Searle, R. C., P. R. Field, and R. B. Owens, Segmentation and a non-transform ridge offset on the Reykjanes Ridge near 58° N, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,159-24,172, 1994.
38. Searle, R.C., and A. S. Laughton, Fine scale sonar study of tectonics and volcanism on the Reykjanes Ridge, Oceanol. Acta, 26, 5-13, 1981.
39. Sempere, J. C., and K. C. Macdonald, Overlapping spreading centers: Implications from crack growth simulation by the displacement discontinuity method, Tectonics, 5, 161-163, 1986.
40. Shaw, P. R.., and J. Lin, Causes and consequences of variations in faulting style at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 21,839-21,851, 1993.
41. Shaw, W. J., and J. Lin, Models of ocean ridge lithospheric deformation: Dependence on crustal thickness, spreading rate, and segmentation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,977-17,993, 1996.
42. Simpson, C., Displacement and strain patterns from naturally occurring shear zone terminations, J. Struct. Geol., 5, 497-506, 1983.
43. Talwani, M., C. C. Windisch, and M. G. Langseth, Reykjanes Ridge crest: A detailed geophysical study, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 473-517, 1971.
44. Tuckwell, G. W., J. M. Bull, and D. J. Sanderson, Models of fracture orientation at oblique spreading centres, J. Geol. Soc., 153, 185-189, 1996.
45. Wright, D. J., R. M. Haymon, and K. C. Macdonald, Breaking new ground: estimates of crack depth along the axial zone of the East Pacific Rise (9° N-12°54′N), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 130, 441-457, 1995.