Axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise 9°-10°N: Geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 103, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 9827-9855

  Fornari, Daniel J ^a   Haymon, Rachel M ^b   Perfit, Michael R ^c   Gregg, Tracy K P ^a   Edwards, Margo H ^d  

^a WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AXIAL ZONE; MID OCEAN RIDGE; SUMMIT TROUGH; VOLCANISM;

EAST PACIFIC RISE; PACIFIC;

EID: 0032503206     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Auzende, J. -M., et al., Recent tectonic, magmatic, and hydrothermal activity on the East Pacific Rise between 17°S and 19°S: Submersible observations, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,995-18,010, 1996.
2. Bäcker, H., J. Lange and V. Marchig, Hydrothermal activity and sulfide formation in the axial valleys of the East Pacific Rise crest between 18°S and 22°S, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 72, 9-22, 1985.
3. Ballard, R. D., and J. Francheteau, the relationshiop between active sulfide deposition and the axial processes of the mid-ocean ridge, Mar. Technol. Soc. J., 16, 8-20, 1982.
4. Ballard, R. D., R. T. Holcomb, and T. H. van Andel, The Galapagos Rift at 86°W,3, sheet flows, collapse pits, and lava lakes of the rift valley, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 5407-5422, 1979.
5. Ballard, R. D., J. Francheteau, T. Juteau, C. Rangan, and W. Normark, EPR at 21°N: Volcanic, tectonic and hydrothermal processes of the central axis, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 55, 1-10, 1981.
6. Ballard, R. D., R. Hekinian, and J. Francheteau, Geological setting of hydrothermal activity at 12°50'N on the East Pacific Rise: A submersible study, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 69, 176-186, 1984.
7. Ballard, R. D., E. Uchupi, D. K. Blackman, J. L. Cheminee, J. Francheteau, R. Hekinian, W. C. Schwab, and H. Sigurdsson, Geological mapping of the East Pacific Rise axis (10°19'-11°53'N) using Argo and ANGUS imaging systems, Can. Mineral., 26, 467-486, 1988.
8. Billings, M. P., Structural Geology, 606pp., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1972.
9. Bott, M.H.P., Formation of sedimentary basins of graben type by extension of the continental crust, Tectonophys., 36, 77-96, 1976.
10. Brandsdottir, B., W. Menke, P. Einarsson, R. White, R. Staples, and members of FIRE, Crustal structure of the Kiafla central volcano in the northern volcanic zone of Iceland as determined through seismic observations, Rep. RH-95-05, Sci. Inst., Univ. of Iceland, Reykajavik, 1995.
11. Buck, W. R., Effect of lithospheric thickness on the formation of high and low-angle normal faults, Geology, 21, 993-936, 1993.
12. Carbotte, S., and K. C. Macdonald, East Pacific Rise 8°N-10°30'N: Evolution of ridge segments and discontinuities from SeaMARC II and three-dimensional magnetic studies, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6959-6982, 1992.
13. Carbotte, S. M. and K. C. Macdonald, The axial topographic high at intermediate- and fast- spreading ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 128, 85-98, 1994.
14. Carbotte, S.M., J.C. Mutter, and L. Xu, Contribution of volcanism and tectonism to axial and flank morphology of the southern EPR, 17°10'-17°40'S, from a study of layer 2A geometry, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10,165-10,184, 1997.
15. Caress, D.W., M.S. Buraett, and J.A. Orcutt, Tomographic image of the axial low-velocity zone at 12°50'N on the East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9243-9263, 1992.
16. Chadwick, W. W., Jr., and R. W. Embley, Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
17. Christeson, G.L., G.M. Purdy, and G.L. Fryer, Structure of young oceanic crust at the East Pacific Rise near 9°30'N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1045-1048, 1992.
18. Christeson, G. L., G. M. Purdy, and G. J. Fryer, Seismic constraints on shallow crustal emplacement processes at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 17,957-17,974, 1994a.
19. Christeson, G. L., W.S.D. Wilcock, and G.M. Purdy, The shallow attenuation structure of the fast spreading East Pacific Rise near 9°30'N, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 321-324, 1994b.
20. Christesen, G.L., G.M. Kent, G.M. Purdy and R.S. Detrick, Extrusive thickness variability at the East Pacific Rise, 9°-10°N: Constraints from seismic techniques, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 2859-2873, 1996.
21. Cochran, J. R., D. J. Fornari, B. J. Coakley, and R. Herr, Near-bottom underway gravity study of the shallow structure of the axis of the East Pacific Rise, 9°31'N and 9°50'N, Eos Trans. AGU, 77 (46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F698, 1996.
22. Cormier, M. -H., and K. C. Macdonald, East Pacific Rise 18°-19°S: Asymmetric spreading and ridge reorientation by ultrafast migration of axial discontinuities, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 543-564, 1994.
23. Cowie, P. A., and C. H. Scholtz, Displacement-length scaling for faults: Data synthesis and discussion, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 1149-1156, 1992.
24. Cowie, P. A., C. H. Scholz, M. Edwards, and A. Malinverno, Fault strain and seismic coupling on mid-ocean ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 17,911-17,920, 1993.
25. Curewitz, D. and J. A. Karson, Geological consequences of dike intrusion at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers, in Faulting and Magmatism at Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., edited by W. R. Buck et al., AGU, Washington, D. C., in press, 1998.
26. Davis, R., S. Zisk, M. Simpson, M. Edwards, A. Shor, and E. Halter, Hawaii Mapping Research Group Bathymetric and Sidescan Data Processing, in Oceans '93 Proceedings, pp. 449-453, IEEE Press, Piscataway, N. J. , 1993.
27. Dawers, N. H., M. H. Anders, and C. H. Scholz, Fault length and displacement: Scaling laws, Geology, 21, 1107-1110, 1993.
28. Decker, R. W., Dynamics of Hawaiian volcanoes: An overview, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1350, pp. 997-1018, U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1987.
29. DeMets, C. R., G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein, Current plate motions, Geophys. J. Int., 101, 425-478, 1990.
30. DeMets, C., R. G. Gordon, D. F. Argus, and S. Stein, Effect of recent revisions to the geomagnetic reversal time scale on estimates of current plate motions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2191-2194, 1994.
31. Detrick, R. S., P. Buhl, E. E. Vera, J. C. Mutter, J. A. Orcutt, J. A. Madsen, and T. M. Brocher, Multichannel seismic imaging of the axial magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise between 9°N and 13°N, Nature, 326, 35-41, 1987.
32. Detrick, R. S., A. J. Harding, G. M. Kent, J. A. Orcutt, J.C. Mutter and P. Buhl., Seismic structure of the southern East Pacific Rise, Science, 259, 499-403, 1993.
33. Edwards, M. H., The morphotectonic fabric of the East Pacific Rise: Implications for fault generation and crustal accretion, Ph.D. thesis, Columbia Univ., New York, 1991.
34. Edwards, M. H., D. J. Fornari, T. A. O'Brien and R. M. Haymon, High-resolution ARGO sonar data for the EPR crest 9°-10°N: Implications for ridge crest processes, Eos Trans. AGU, 71(17), 621, 1990.
35. Edwards, M. H., D. J. Fornari, A. Malinverno, W. B. F. Ryan and J. Madsen, The regional tectonic fabric of the East Pacific Rise from 12°50'N to 15°10'N, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 7995-8017, 1991.
36. Embley, R. W., and W. W. Chadwick Jr., Volcanic and hydrothermal processes associated with a recent phase of seafloor spreading at the northern Cleft segment: Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4741-4760, 1994.
37. Embley, R. W., W. W. Chadwick Jr., M. R. Perfit, and E. T. Baker, Geology of the northern Cleft segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Recent lava flows, sea-floor spreading, and the formation of megaplumes, Geology, 19, 771-775, 1991.
38. Embley, R. W., W. W. Chadwick Jr., I. R. Jonasson, D. A. Butterfield, and E. T. Baker, Initial results of the rapid response to the 1993 CoAxial event: Relationships between hydrothermal and volcanic processes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 143-146, 1995.
39. Fornari, D. F., and R. W. Embley, Tectonic and volcanic controls on hydrothermal processes at the mid-ocean ridge: An overview based on near-bottom and submersible studies, in Seafloor Hydothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 91, edited by S. Humphris et al., pp. 1-46, AGU, Washington, D. C., 1995.
40. Fornari, D. J., A. Malahoff, and B. C. Heezen, Volcanic structure of the crest of the Puna Ridge, Hawaii: Geophysical implications of submarine volcanic terrain, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89, 605-616, 1978.
41. Fornari, D. J., W. B. F. Ryan, and P. J. Fox, The evolution of craters and calderas on young seamounts: Insights from SeaMARC I and SeaBeam sonar surveys of a small seamount group near the axis of the East Pacific Rise at ∼10°N, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11,069-11,083, 1984.
42. Fornari, D. J., R. M. Haymon, M. H. Edwards and K. C. Macdonald, Volcanic and tectonic characteristics of the East Pacific Rise crest 9°09'N to 9°54'N: Implications for fine-scale segmentation of the plate boundary, Eos Trans. AGU , 71 (17), 625, 1990.
43. Fornari, D. J., M. R. Perfit, R. Batiza, and M. H. Edwards, Submersible transects across the East Pacific Rise crest and upper-flanks 9°31-32'N,: 1, Observations of seafloor morphology and evidence for young volcanism off-axis, Eos Trans. AGU, 73, 525, 1992.
44. Fornari D. J., M. R. Perfit, M. Smith, R. M. Haymon, M. H. Edwards, J. R. Cochran, B. Coakely, K. Von Damm, and M. Lilley, Temporal variations in the morphology and structure of the axial summit caldera and young volcanic flows, and relationship to hydrothermal venting on the East Pacific Rise crest 9°30'-51'N, Eos Trans. AGU, 75(44), 618, Fall Meet. Suppl., 1994.
45. Fornari D. J., et al., Time-series temperature measurements at high-temperature hydrothermal vents, East Pacific Rise 9° 49'-51'N: Evidence for monitoring a crustal cracking event, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., in press, 1998.
46. Francheteau, J., and R. D. Ballard, The East Pacific Rise near 21°N, 13°N and 20°S: Inferences for along-strike variability of axial processes of the Mid-Ocean Ridge, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 64, 93-116, 1983.
47. Francheteau, J., et al., Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise, Nature, 277, 523-528, 1979.
48. Gente, J. M. Auzende, V. Renard, Y. Fouquet and D. Bideau, Detailed geological mapping by submersible of the East Pacific Rise axial graben near 13°N, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 78, 224-236, 1986.
49. Gillis, K. M., and K. Sapp, Distribution of porosity in a section of upper oceanic crust exposed in the Troodos Ophiolite, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10133-10149, 1997.
50. Goff, J., A global and regional stochastic analysis of near-ridge abyssal hill morphology, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21, 713-21, 737, 1991.
51. Goldstein, S. J., M. R. Perfit, R. Batiza, D. J. Fornari, and M. T. Murrell, Temporal variations in East Pacific Rise magmatic activity based on U-series dating of basalts, Nature 367, 157-159, 1994.
52. Golombeck, M. P., Fault type predictions from stress distributions on planetary surfaces: Importance of fault initiation depth, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 3065-3074, 1985.
53. Gregg, T. K. P., and W. W. Chadwick Jr., Submarine lava-flow inflation: A model for the formation of lava pillars, Geology, 23, 73-76, 1996.
54. Gregg, T. K. P., and J.H. Fink, Quantification of submarine lava-flow morphology through analog experiments, Geology, 23, 73-76, 1995.
55. Gregg, T. K. P., D.J. Fornari, M.R. Perfit, and R.M. Haymon, Physical volcanology of the 1991 eruption at the East Pacific Rise Crest 9° 46' N to 9° 52' N, Eos Trans. AGU, 76(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F667, 1995.
56. Gregg, T. K. P., D. J. Fornari, M. R. Perfit, R. M. Haymon, and J. H. Fink, Rapid emplacement of a mid-ocean ridge lava flow on the East Pacific Rise at 9° 46'-51'N, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 144, E1-E7, 1996a.
57. Gregg, T. K. P., D. J. Fornari and M. R. Perfit, Lava pillars: "Rosetta stones" of deep sea eruption dynamics, Eos Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl.F664, 1996b.
58. Griffiths, R. W., and J. H. Fink, Solidification and morphology of submarine lavas: A dependence on extrusion rate, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19,729-19,737, 1992.
59. Gudmundsson, A., Lateral magma flow, caldera collapse, and a mechanism of large eruptions in Iceland, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 34, 65-78, 1987a.
60. Gudmundsson, A., Geometry, formation and development of tectonic fractures on the Reykanes Peninsula, southwest Iceland, Tectonophysics, 139, 295-308, 1987b.
61. Gudmundsson, A., Effect of tensile stress concentration around magma chambers on intrusion and extrusion frequenciese, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 35, 179-194, 1988.
62. Gudmundsson, A., and K. Backstrom, Structure and development of the Sveinagja Graben, northeast Iceland, Tectonophysics, 200, 111-125, 1991.
63. Gudmundsson, O., B. Brandsdottir, W. Menke, and G.E. Sigvaldason, The crustal magma chamber of the Katla volcano in south Iceland revealed by 2-D seismic undershooting, Geophys. J. Int., 119, 277-296, 1994.
64. Harding, A. J., J. A. Orcutt, M. E. Kappus, E. E. Vera, J. C. Mutter, P. Buhl, R. S. Detrick, and T. M. Brocher, Structure of young oceanic crust at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise from expanding spread profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12,163-12,196, 1989.
65. Harding, A. J., G. M. Kent, and J. A. Orcutt, A multichannel seismic investigation of the upper crustal structure at 9°N on the East Pacific Rise: Implications for crustal accretion, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13,925-13,944, 1993.
66. Harper, G. D., Tectonics of slow spreading mid-ocean ridges and consequences of a variable depth of the brittle/ductile transition, Tectonics, 4, 395-409, 1985.
67. Harris, S.E., and R.D. Ballard, ARGO: capabilities for deep ocean exploration, Ocean Eng. Soc., 1, 6-12, 1986.
68. Haymon, R. M., The response of ridge crest hydrothermal systems to segmented, episodic magma supply, in Tectonic, Magmatic and Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges, edited by C. J. MacLeod, P. A. Tyler, and C. L. Walker, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 118, 157-168, 1996.
69. Haymon, R. M., D. J. Fornari, M. H. Edwards, S. Carbotte, D. Wright, and K. C. Macdonald, Hydrothermal vent distribution along the East Pacific Rise crest (9°09'-54'N) and its relationship to magmatic and tectonic processes on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 104, 513-534, 1991.
70. Haymon, R. M., et al., Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise at 9°45-52'N: Direct submersible observation of seafloor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 119, 85-101, 1993.
71. Haymon, R. M., et al., Distribution of fine-scale hydrothermal, volcanic and tectonic features along the EPR crest, 17°15'-18° 30'S:results of near-bottom acoustic and optical surveys, Eos Trans. AGU, 78, 705, 1997.
72. Hekinian, R., M. Fevrier, J.L. Bishchoff, P. Picot, and W.C. Shanks, Sulphide deposits from the East Pacific Rise near 21°N, Science, 207, 1433-1444, 1980.
73. Hekinian, R., J.M. Auzende, J. Francheteau, P. Gente, W.B.F. Ryan and E.S. Kappel, Offset spreading centers near 12°53'N on the East Pacific Rise: Submersible observations and composition of the volcanics, Mar. Geophys. Res., 7, 359-377, 1985.
74. Hirth, G., J. Escartin, and J. Lin, The rheology of the oceanic lithosphere at mid-ocean ridges, in Geophysical Monograph Series, edited by R. Buck, and J. Karson, AGU, Washington, D. C., in press, 1998.
75. Holmes, M. L., H. P. Johnson, Upper crustal densities derived from bottom gravity measurements: Northern Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1871-1874, 1993.
76. Hooft, E. E. E., H. Schouten, and R. S. Detrick, Constraining crustal emplacement processes from the varion of seismic layer 2A thickness at the East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 142, 289-310, 1996.
77. Hooft, E. E. E., R. S. Detrick, and G. M. Kent, Seismic structure and indicators of magma budget along the Southern East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27,319-27,340, 1997.
78. Hussenoeder, S. A., J. A. Collins, G. M. Kent, R. S. Detrick, and TERA Group, Seismic analysis of the axial magma chamber reflector along the southern East Pacific Rise from conventional reflection profiling, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22,087-22,105, 1996.
79. Kappel, E. S., and W. B. F. Ryan, Volcanic episodicity and a non-steady state rift valley along northeast Pacific spreading centers: Evidence from SeaMarc I, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 13,925-13,940, 1986.
80. Kappus, M.E., A.J. Harding, and J.A. Orcutt, A baseline for upper crustal velocity variations along the East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6143-6161, 1995.
81. Kastens, K. A., W. B. F. Ryan, and P. J. Fox, Structural and volcanic expression of a fast slipping ridge-transform-ridge-plate boundary: Sea MARC I and photographic surveys of the Clipperton Transform Fault, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 3469-3488, 1986.
82. Kent, G. M., A. J. Harding, and J. A. Orcutt, Evidence for a smaller magma chamber beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°30'N, Nature, 344, 650-653, 1990.
83. Kent, G. M., A. J. Harding, J. A. Orcutt, R. S. Detrick, J. C. Mutter, and P. Buhl, Uniform accretion of oceanic crust south of the Garrett transform at 14°15'S on the East Pacific Rise, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9097-9116, 1994.
84. Klein, F. W., R. Y. Koyanagi, J. S. Nakata, and W. R. Tanigawa, The seismicity of Kilauea's magma system, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1350, 1019-1186, 1987.
85. Kurras, G., M. H. Edwards, and D. J. Fornari, High-resolution bathymetry of the East Pacific Rise axial summit trough 9° 49'-51'N: A compilation of Alvin scanning sonar and altimetry data from 1991-1995, Geophys. Res. Lett., in press, 1998.
86. Langmuir, C. H., J. F. Bender, and R. Batiza, Petrologic and tectonic segmentation of the East Pacific Rise, 5°30'-14°30'N, Nature, 322, 422-429, 1986.
87. Lin, J., and E. M. Parmentier, Mechanisms of lithospheric extension at mid-ocean ridges, Geophys. J., 96, 1-22, 1989.
88. Lister, J.R., and R.C. Kerr, Fluid-mechanical models of crack propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 10,049-10,077, 1991.
89. Lonsdale, P., Structural geomorphology of a fast spreading rise crest: The East Pacific Rise near 3°25'S, Mar. Geophys. Res., 3, 251-293, 1977.
90. Lonsdale, P., Segmentation of the Pacific-Nazca spreading center, 1°N-20°S, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 12,197-12,225, 1989.
91. Lonsdale, P., and F. Spiess, Deep-tow observations at the East Pacific Rise, 8°45'N, and some interpretations, in Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, edited by B. Rosendahl et al., pp. 43-62, U.S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1980.
92. Lutz, R. A., T. M. Shank, D. J. Fomari, R. M. Haymon, M. D. Lilley, K. V. Von Damm, and D. Desbruyeres, Rapid growth at deep-sea vents, Nature, 371, 663-664, 1994.
93. Luyendyk, B. P., On-bottom gravity profile across the East Pacific Rise crest at 21° North, Geophysics, 49, 2166-2177, 1984.
94. Luyendyk, B. P., and K. C. Macdonald, A geological transect across the crest of the East Pacific Rise at 21°N latitude made from the deep submersible Alvin, Mar. Geophys. Res., 7, 467-488, 1985.
95. Macdonald, G. A., Volcanoes, 510 pp., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1972.
96. Macdonald, K. C., Mid-ocean ridges: Fine scale tectonic volcanic and hydrothermal processes within the plate boundary zone, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 10, 155-190, 1982.
97. Macdonald, K. C., Anatomy of the magma reservoir, Nature, 339, 178-179, 1989a.
98. Macdonald, K. C., Tectonic and magmatic processes on the East Pacific Rise, in The Geology of North America, Vol. N, The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii., edited by E. L. Winterer, D. M. Hussong, and R. W. Decker, pp. 93-110, Geol. Soc. of Am., Boulder, Colo., 1989b.
99. Macdonald, K. C., and P. J. Fox, The axial summit graben and crosssectional shape of the East Pacific Rise as indicators of axial magma chambers and recent volcanic eruptions, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 88, 119-131, 1988.
100. Macdonald, K. C., K. Becker, F. N. Spiess, and R. D. Ballard, Hydrothermal heat flux of the "Black Smoker" vents on the East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 48, 1-7, 1980.
101. Macdonald, K. C., J.-C. Sempere, and P. J. Fox, East Pacific Rise from Siqueiros to Orozco fracture zones: Along-strike continuity of axial neo-volcanic zone and structure and evolution of overlapping spreading centers, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 6049-6069, 1984.
102. Macdonald, K. C., et al., Time-series water column measurements and submersible observations at EPR 9°30'N-10°02'N from 4/91 to 3/92: Evidence for changing hydrothermal activity, Eos Trans. AGU, 73, (43), Fall Meet. Suppl., 530, 1992.
103. Macdonald, K. C., P. J. Fox, R. T. Alexander, R. Pockalny, and P. Gente, Volcanic growth faults and the origin of abyssal hills on the flanks of the East Pacific Rise, Nature, 380, 125-129, 1996.
104. Malinverno, A., M. H. Edwards, and W. B. F. Ryan, Processing of SeaMARC swath sonar data, IEEE J. Oceanic Eng., 15, 14-23, 1990.
105. Mastin, L. G., and D. D. Pollard, Surface deformation and shallow dike intrusion processes at Inyo Craters, Long Valley, California, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 13,221-13,235, 1988.
106. McConachy, T. F., R. D. Ballard, M. J. Mottl and R. P. von Herzen, Geologic form and setting of a hydrothermal vent field at 10°56'N, East Pacific Rise: A detailed study using ANGUS and Alvin, Geology, 14, 295-298, 1986.
107. Melosh, H. J., and C. A. Williams Jr., Mechanics of graben formation in crustal rocks: A finite element analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 13,961-13,973, 1989.
108. Mutter, J. C., S. M. Carbotte, W. Su, L. Xu, P. Buhl, R. S. Detrick, G. Kent, J. Orcutt, and A. Harding, Seismic images of active magma systems beneath the East Pacific Rise 17°05'-17°30'S, Science, 268, 391-395, 1995.
109. Naar, D.F., and R.N. Hey, Speed limit for oceanic transform faults, Geology, 17, 420-422, 1989.
110. Nicolas, A., Structure of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Oceanic Lithosphere, vol. 4, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1989.
111. Nicolas, A., C. Freydier, M. Godard, and A. Vauchez, Magma chambers at oceanic ridges: How large?, Geology, 21, 53-56, 1993.
112. Normark, W. R., J. L. Morton, and S. L. Ross, Submersible observations along the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: 1984 Alvin program, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 11,283-11,290, 1987.
113. O'Brien, T. O., M. H. Edwards, D. J. Fornari, and R. M. Haymon, Digital co-registration and comparisons between electronic still camera images and 100 kHz side-looking sonar data from the East Pacific Rise crest 9°-10°N, Eos Trans. AGU, 71(17), 621, 1990.
114. Oosting, S. E., and K. L.Von Damm, Bromide/chloride fractionation in seafloor hydrothermal fluids from 9°-10°N East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 144, 133-145, 1996.
115. Parfitt, E. A., L. Wilson, and J. W. Head III, Basaltic magma reservoirs: factors controlling their rupture characteristics and evolution, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 55, 1-14, 1993.
116. Perfit, M. R., D. J. Fornari, M. C. Smith, J. F. Bender, C. H. Langmuir, and R. M. Haymon, Small-scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes, Geology, 22, 375-379, 1994.
117. Perfit, M. R., M. C. Smith, K. Sapp, D. J. Fornari, T. Gregg, M. H. Edwards, W. I. Ridley, and J.F. Bender, Geochemistry and morphology of the crestal plateau of the East Pacific Rise ∼9°50′' N, Eos Trans. AGU, 76(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F694, 1995.
118. Pezard, P., Electrical properties of mid-ocean ridge basalt and implications for the structure of the upper oceanic crust in Hole 504B, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 9237-9264, 1990.
119. Phipps Morgan, J., and Y.J. Chen, Dependence of ridge-axis morphology on magma supply and spreading rate, Nature, 364, 706-708, 1993.
120. Phipps Morgan, J., E. M. Parmentier, and J. Lin, Mechanisms for the origin of mid-ocean ridge axial topography: Implications for the thermal and mechanical structure of accreting plate boundaries, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12,823-12,836, 1987.
121. Pollard, D. D., P. T. Delaney, W. A. Duffield, E. T. Endo, and A. T. Okamura, Surface deformation in volcanic rift zones, Tectonophysics, 94, 541-584, 1983.
122. Renard, V., R. Hekinian, J. Francheteau, R.D. Ballard and H. Bäcker, Submersible observations at the axis of the ultra-fast spreading East Pacific Rise (17°30'-21°30'S), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 75, 339-353, 1985.
123. Reynolds, J., C. Langmuir, J. Bender, K. Kastens, and W. B. F. Ryan, Spatial and temporal variability in the geochemistry of basalts from the East Pacific Rise, Nature, 359, 493-499, 1993.
124. Rubin, A. M., A comparison of rift-zone tectonics in Iceland and Hawaii, Bull. Volcanol., 52, 302-319, 1990.
125. Rubin, A. M., Dike-induced faulting and graben subsidence in volcanic rift zones, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1839-1858, 1992.
126. Rubin, A. M., Propagation of magma-filled cracks, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci, 23, 287-336, 1995.
127. Rubin, A. M. and D. D. Pollard, Origins of blade-like dikes in volcanic rift zones, in Volcanism in Hawaii, edited by R. W. Decker, T. L. Wright, and P. H. Stauffer, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 1350, 1449-1470, 1987.
128. Rubin, A. M., and D. D. Pollard, Dike-induced faulting in rift zones of Iceland and Afar, Geology, 16, 413-417, 1988.
129. 210Pb dating of recent volcanic eruptions on the sea floor, Nature, 368, 841-844, 1994.
130. Ryan, M. P., Neutral buoyancy and the structure of mid-ocean ridge magma reservoirs, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,321-22,338, 1993.
131. Scheirer, D. S., and K. C. Macdonald, Variation in cross-sectional area of the axial ridge along the East Pacific Rise: Evidence for the magmatic budget of a fast spreading center, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 22,321-22,338, 1993.
132. Schlische, R. W., S. S. Young, R. V. Ackermann, and A. Gupta, Geometry and scaling relations of a population of very small rift-related normal faults, Geology, 24, 683-686, 1996.
133. Shank, T. M., et al., Temporal and spatial development of biological community structure in the nascent deep-sea hydrothermal vents 9°-10°N East Pacific Rise, Deep Sea Res., in press, 1998.
134. Shaw, W. J., and J. Lin, Models of ocean ridge lithospheric deformation: Dependence on crustal thickness, spreading rate, and segmentation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 17,977-17,993, 1996.
135. Shipboard Engineering and Scientific Parties, Introduction, background, and scientific objectives: Engineering Leg 142 at the East Pacific Rise, edited by M. A. Storms et al., Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Rep., 142, 31-37, 1993.
136. Sigurdsson, H., and S. R. J. Sparks, Lateral magma flow within rifted Icelandic crust, Nature, 274, 126-130, 1978.
137. Sims, K. W. W., S. J. Goldstein, M. R. Perfit, D. J. Fornari, S. R. Hart, M. C. Smith, and M. T. Murrell, Spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge basalt geochemistry along the East Pacific Rise crest: U-series disequilibria, radiogenic isotopes and elemental variability in a closely spaced, two-dimensional grid of samples from 9°48'-9°52'N EPR. paper presented at the 7th V. M. Goldschmidt Conference, Lunar and Planet. Inst., Tucson, Arizona, 1997.
138. Sinton, J. M, and R. S. Detrick, Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 197-216, 1992.
139. Smith, D. K., and J. R. Cann, The role of seamount volcanism in crustal construction along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 24°-30°N, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1645-1658, 1992.
140. Smith, M. C., M. R. Perfit, and I. R. Jonasson, Petrology and geochemistry of basalts from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Controls on the spatial and temporal evolution of mid-ocean ridge basalt., J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4787-4812, 1994.
141. Smith, M. C., Perfit, M. R., and A. L. Heatherington, High-resolution petrochemical mapping of individual eastern Pacific lava flows: variances and genetic fingerprints, Eos Trans. AGU, 77(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., F706, 1996.
142. Spiess, F. N., and RISE Project Group, East Pacific Rise: Hot springs and geophysical experiments, Science, 207, 1421-1433, 1980.
143. Spiess, F. N., and R. C. Tyce, Deep tow instrumentation system, Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. Rep. 73-4, 37 pp, La Jolla, Calif., 1973.
144. Stein, R. S., P. Briole, J. C. Ruegg, P. Tapponier, and F. Gasse, Contemporary, Holocene, and Quaternary deformation of the Asal Rift, Djibouti: Implications for the mechanics of slow spreading ridges, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 21,789-21,806, 1991.
145. Stevenson, J. M., and J. A. Hildebrand, Gravity modelling of a volcanically active site on the East Pacific Rise axis, Tectonophysics, 254, 57-68, 1996.
146. Stevenson, J. M., J. A. Hildebrand, and M. A. Funberge, An ocean bottom gravity study of the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 4875-4888, 1994.
147. Swanson, D. A., W. A. Duffield, D. B. Jackson, and D. W. Peterson, Chronological narrative of the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 1056, 55, 1979.
148. Toomey, D. R., G. M. Purdy, S. C. Solomon, and W. Wilcox, The three-dimensional seismic velocity structure of the East Pacific Rise near latitude 9°30'N, Nature, 347, 639-644, 1990.
149. Toomey, D. R., S. C. Solomon, and G. M. Purdy, Tomographic imaging of the shallow crustal structure of the East Pacific Rise at 9°30'N, J. Geophys. Res., 992, 4,135-24,157, 1994.
150. Tryggvason, E., Multiple magma reservoirs in a rift zone volcano: Ground deformation and magma transport during the September 1984 eruption of Krafla, Iceland, J. Volcanol. and Geotherm. Res., 28, 1-44, 1986.
151. Uchupi, E., et al., An ANGUS/Argo study of the neovolcanic zone along the East Pacific Rise from the Clipperton fracture zone to 12°N, Geo. Mar. Lett., 8, 131-138, 1988.
152. U.S. Geological Survey Juan de Fuca Study Group, Submarine fissure eruptions and hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge: Preliminary observations from the submersible Alvin, Geology, 14, 823-827, 1986.
153. Vera, E. E., and J. B. Diebold, Seismic imaging of oceanic layer 2A between 9°30'N and 10°N on the East Pacific Rise from two-ship wide-aperture profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3031-3041, 1994.
154. Vera, E. E., P. Buhl, J. C. Mutter, A. J. Harding, J. A. Orcutt, and R. S. Detrick, The structure of 0-0.2 My old oceanic crust at 9°N in the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 15,529-15,556, 1990.
155. Von Damm, K. L., D. C. Colodner and H.N. Edmonds, Hydrothermal fluid chemistry at 9-10°N EPR '92: big changes and still changing, Eos Trans. AGU, 73, 524, 1992. .
156. Von Damm, K. L., S. E. Ousting, R. Kozlowski, L. G. Buttermore, D. C. Colodner, H.N. Edmonds, J. M. Edmonds, and J. M. Grebmeier, Short term chemical and temperature changes in seafloor hydrothermal vents at 9°46.5'N EPR following a volcanic eruption, Nature, 375, 47-50, 1995.
157. Von Damm, K. L., L. G. Buttermore, S. E. Oosting, A. M. Bray, D. J. Fornari, and W. C. Shanks III, Direct observation of the evolution of a seafloor 'Black Smoker" from vapor to brine, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 149, 101-112, 1997.
158. Walsh, J. J., and J. Watterson, Analysis of the relationship between displacements and dimensions of faults, J. Struct. Geol., 9, 1039-1046, 1988.
159. Wright, D. J., R. Haymon, and K. C. Macdonald, Breaking new ground: Estimates of crack depth along the axial zone of the East Pacific Rise (9°12'-54'N), Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 134, 441-457, 1995a.
160. Wright, D. J., R. M. Haymon, and D. J. Fornari, Crustal fissuring and its relationship to magmatic and hydrothermal processes on the East Pacific Rise crest (9° 12'-54'N), J. Geophys. Res., 100, 6097-6120, 1995b.