Fine structure of the 410-km discontinuity

Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth

Volumn 103, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 10091-10102

  Melbourne, Tim ^a,b   Helmberger, Don ^a,b  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISCONTINUITY; MANTLE DISCONTINUITY; VELOCITY STRUCTURE;

USA;

EID: 0032503188     PISSN: 21699313     EISSN: 21699356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/98jb00164     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Aki, K., and P.G. Richards, Quantitative Seismology, vol.1. W. H. Freeman, New York., 1980.
2. Anderson, D.L, Theory of the Earth, Blackwell, Cambridge, Mass., 1989.
3. Benz, H., and J. Vidale, Sharpness of upper-mantle discontinuities determined from high-frequency reflections, Nature ,365, 147-150, 1993.
4. Bina, C., and G. Helffrich, Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography, J. Geophys. Res., 99 , 15,853-15,860, 1994.
5. Bina, C., and B. J. Wood, Olivine-spinel transitions: Experimental and thermodynamic constraints and implications for the nature of the 400-km seismic discontinuity, J. Geophys. Res., 92 , 4853-4866, 1987.
6. Burdick, L., and D. V. Helmberger, The upper mantle P velocity structure of the western United States, J. Geophys. Res., 83 , 1699-1712, 1987.
7. Dueker, K. G., and A. F. Sheehan, Mantle discontinuity structure from midpoint stacks of converted P waves to S waves across the Yellowstone hotspot track, J. Geophys. Res., 102 , 8313-8327, 1997.
8. Flanagan, M.P., and P. Shearer, Global mapping of topography on transition zone velocity discontinuities by stacking SS precursors, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 2673-2692, 1998.
9. Gilbert, F., and D. Helmberger, Generalized ray theory for a layered sphere, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 27 , 57-80, 1972.
10. Gossler, J., and R. Kind, Seismic evidence for very deep roots of continents, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 138 , 1-13, 1996.
11. Helffrich, G., and C. R. Bina, Frequency dependence of the visibility and depths of mantle seismic discontinuities, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21 , 2613-2616, 1994.
12. Helffrich, G., and B. Wood, 410 km discontinuity sharpness and the form of the olivine alpha-beta phase diagram- resolution of the apparent seismic contradictions, Geophys. J. Int., 126, F7-F12, 1996.
13. Helmberger, D. V., On the structure of the low velocity zone, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 34 , 251-263, 1973.
14. Helmberger, D. V., Theory and applications of synthetic seismograms, in Earthquakes: Observation, Theory and Interpretation, edited by H. Kanamori, pp. 173-222, Soc. It. di Fis., Bologna, Italy, 1983.
15. Humphreys, E. D., and K. Dueker, Physical state of the western U.S. upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 9635-9650, 1994.
16. Jordan, T., The continental tectosphere, Rev. Geophys., 13, 1-12, 1975.
17. 4 at high pressures and temperatues: Precise determination of stabilities of olivine, modified spinel, and spinel, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15,663-15,670, 1989.
18. LeFevre, V., and D. Helmberger, Upper mantle P velocity structure of the Canadian shield, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 17,749-17,765, 1989.
19. Nakanishi, I., Reflections of P'P' from upper mantle discontinuities beneath the mid-Atlantic ridge, Geophys. J., 93, 335-346, 1988.
20. Neele, F., Sharp 400 km discontinuity from P reflections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 419-422, 1996.
21. Polet, J., and D. Anderson, Depth extent of cratons as inferred from tomographic studies, Geology, 23, 205-208, 1995.
22. Priestley, K. F., J. Cipar, A. Egorkin, and N. Pavlenkova, Upper-mantle velocity structure beneath the Siberian platform., Geophys. J. Int., 118, 369-378, 1994.
23. Revenaugh, J., and T. Jordan, Mantle layering from ScS reverberations, 1, Waveform inversion of zeroth-order reverberations, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 19,749-19,762, 1991.
24. Ringwood, A.E., Phase transformations in the mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, 5,402-422, 1969.
25. Shearer, P., Constraints on upper mantle discontinuities from observations of long-period reflected and converted phases, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 18,147-18,182, 1991.
26. Shearer, P., Global mapping of upper mantle reflectors from long-period SS precursors, Geophys. J. Int., 115, 878-904, 1993.
27. Sipkin, S., and T. Jordan, Lateral heterogeneity of the upper mantle determined from the travel times of multiple ScS, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 6307-6320, 1976.
28. Solomatov, V., and D. J. Stevenson, Can sharp seismic discontinuities be caused by non-equilibrium phase transformations?, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 125, 267-279, 1994.
29. Stixrude, L., Structure and sharpness of phase-transitions and mantle discontinuities, J. Geophys. Res. 102 14,835-14,852, 1997.
30. U. S. Geological Survey(USGS), Preliminary Determination of Epicenters, U. S. Gov. Print. Off., Washington, D.C., 1995.
31. Vidale, J., X. Y. Ding, and S. P. Grand, The 410-km-depth discontinuity: A sharpness estimate from near critical reflections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 2557-2560, 1995.
32. Walck, M., The P wave upper mantle structure beneath an active spreading centre: The Gulf of California, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 76, 697-723, 1984.