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Stems ≥2 m or ≤30 cm tall were mapped. We distinguished 66 adults from 136 saplings by dbh of the smallest flowering individual (8.5 cm). A total of 434 old seedlings were distinguished from 284 young seedlings with swollen hypocotyls. Seedlings likely antedated fragmentation (<10 years old). Sufficient DNA was retrieved for analysis from 66 adults, 137 saplings, and 413 old and 270 new seedlings.
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15444350399
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note
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gl, is the allele frequency. Progeny of adults that die before sampling are attributed to the pool of adults off-plot, producing an inflated gene flow estimate (a conservative bias in fragmented forest).
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G tests used numbers of selfed and outcrossed progeny assigned to adults in a habitat.
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R. Borgella Jr., master's thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1995; _ and T. Gavin, unpublished data. Hummingbird capture rates (>10, 1994 to 1997) from the same site are as follows; territorial-Lampornis (castaneoventris) cinereicauda (continuous/fragmented forest) = (0/41), Amazilia tzacatl (15/5); plastic-Heliodoxa jacula (4/25); trapliner-Phaethornis guy (53/42), Eutoxeres aquila (18/2); rarely territorial-Campylopterus hemileucurus (13/10); and uncertain-Elvira chionura (11/9). Behavior descriptions are from F. G. Stiles and A. F. Skutch, A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1989).
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Borgella Jr., R.1
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unpublished data
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R. Borgella Jr., master's thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1995; _ and T. Gavin, unpublished data. Hummingbird capture rates (>10, 1994 to 1997) from the same site are as follows; territorial-Lampornis (castaneoventris) cinereicauda (continuous/fragmented forest) = (0/41), Amazilia tzacatl (15/5); plastic-Heliodoxa jacula (4/25); trapliner-Phaethornis guy (53/42), Eutoxeres aquila (18/2); rarely territorial-Campylopterus hemileucurus (13/10); and uncertain-Elvira chionura (11/9). Behavior descriptions are from F. G. Stiles and A. F. Skutch, A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1989).
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R. Borgella Jr., master's thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1995; _ and T. Gavin, unpublished data. Hummingbird capture rates (>10, 1994 to 1997) from the same site are as follows; territorial-Lampornis (castaneoventris) cinereicauda (continuous/fragmented forest) = (0/41), Amazilia tzacatl (15/5); plastic-Heliodoxa jacula (4/25); trapliner-Phaethornis guy (53/42), Eutoxeres aquila (18/2); rarely territorial-Campylopterus hemileucurus (13/10); and uncertain-Elvira chionura (11/9). Behavior descriptions are from F. G. Stiles and A. F. Skutch, A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica (Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1989).
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note
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We thank P. Chavarriaga and G. Kochert for marker assistance; R. Borgella and T. Gavin for hummingbird data; and V. Apsit, M. Arnold, C. R. Carroll, J. Doebley, D. Hinrichs, W. J. Kress, J. Nason, P. Stevens, R. Wyatt, and three anonymous reviewers for discussions and comments. Field support was from L. D. Gomez, G. Hewson, R. Menjivar, and D. Biggs, Organization for Tropical Studies (OTS), and Stanford Center for Conservation. P.R.A. supported by a NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant and a NSF training grant, Sigma Xi, OTS, and University of Georgia Botany Department.
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