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Volumn 282, Issue 5386, 1998, Pages 115-117

A carrot leucine-rich-repeat protein that inhibits ice recrystallization

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN; INHIBITOR PROTEIN; LEUCINE;

EID: 0032475833     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5386.115     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (235)

References (41)
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    • TH was assayed as described by A. L. DeVries [Methods Enzymol. 127, 293 (1986)]. Purified AFP was adjusted to a protein concentration of 1 mg/ml; homogenate of leaves from transgenic tobacco line 35-9-CA was assayed at a total protein concentration of 14.2 mg/ml, and that from line 35-9-CB was assayed at a total protein concentration of 7.5 mg/ml.
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    • Monoclonal antibody YZ1/2.23 [M. T. McManus et al., Planta 175, 56 (1988)] was used for immunodetection of N-glycans. Enzymic deglycosylation: Purified carrot AFP (2.5 mg/ml) was incubated with α-mannosidase (50 U/ml), β-hexosaminidase (10 U/ml), and β-galactosidase (1 U/ml) from jack bean; β-mannosidase (4 U/ml) from Helix pomatia (all from Oxford Glycosciences, Abingdon, UK); β-xylosidase (0.1 U/ml) from tobacco (F. Khan and D. Ashford, unpublished data); and α-fucosidase (2 U/ml) from bovine kidney (Boehringer-Mannheim) in 0.1 M citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.02% sodium azide and bovine serum albumin (1.1 mg/ml) for 16 hours at 37°C together with appropriate controls.
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    • Monoclonal antibody YZ1/2.23 [M. T. McManus et al., Planta 175, 56 (1988)] was used for immunodetection of N-glycans. Enzymic deglycosylation: Purified carrot AFP (2.5 mg/ml) was incubated with α-mannosidase (50 U/ml), β-hexosaminidase (10 U/ml), and β-galactosidase (1 U/ml) from jack bean; β-mannosidase (4 U/ml) from Helix pomatia (all from Oxford Glycosciences, Abingdon, UK); β-xylosidase (0.1 U/ml) from tobacco (F. Khan and D. Ashford, unpublished data); and α-fucosidase (2 U/ml) from bovine kidney (Boehringer-Mannheim) in 0.1 M citrate-phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) containing 0.02% sodium azide and bovine serum albumin (1.1 mg/ml) for 16 hours at 37°C together with appropriate controls.
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    • Internal peptide sequences were obtained according to J. Rosenfeld, J Capdevielle, J. C. Guillemot, and P. Ferrara [Anal. Biochem. 203, 173 (1992)]. The peptide sequences are as follows: CP1, PNLFGKFN; CP2, QFFDXTAYL; CP208, IPEESALK; CP209, LTXLDLSFNK; CP3, LRLSSTSLSGPVPLFFPQL; and CP4, LL(G/R)(V/L) IPKQLSTLPNL (26).
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    • 2 and primer concentrations of 1 μM. The ∼800-base pair amplified fragment was cloned and used to screen a cold-acclimated carrot tap root cDNA library (ZAP cDNA kit; Stratagene) to obtain the full-length AFP clone. Seventeen hybridizing plaques were identified, seven were partially sequenced, and two were sequenced to completion, both of which contained identical coding regions representing the carrot AFP.
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    • Leaves were either homogenized in buffer A [50 mM tris-HCl, 10 mM EDTA, and 20 mM ascorbic acid (pH 7.5)] containing 30% (w/w) sucrose or vacuum infiltrated with buffer A and ICF prepared as described [R. Rohringer, F. Ebrahim-Nesbat, G. Wolf, J. Exp. Bot. 34, 1589 (1983)]. Where necessary, protein was concentrated by precipitation with 5× volume ice-cold acetone. Protein concentration was determined by the Bio-Rad assay according to the manufacturer's instructions.
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    • Ten microliters of PG enzyme [A. niger PG (1 U/ml); Sigma] was added to 40 μl of 300 mM sodium acetate buffer with purified carrot AFP (±0.2 mg/ml). After 15 min of preincubation at 37°C, 100 μl of polygalacturonan substrate [0.5% (w/v) deesterified citrus polygalacturonic acid] was added and incubated at 37°C for 20 min. Reducing end groups released by PG were assayed [K. C. Gross, Hortic. Sci. 17, 933 (1982)]. PG activity was eluted from a cell wall fraction of ripe tomato fruit [L. S. Zheng, R. C. Heupel, D. Dellapenna, Plant Cell 4, 1147 (1992)] and assayed as above. When testing for inhibition of the tomato enzyme, AFP was also preincubated with substrate present at limiting concentrations (>0.05% polygalacturonan) before assay.
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    • Ten microliters of PG enzyme [A. niger PG (1 U/ml); Sigma] was added to 40 μl of 300 mM sodium acetate buffer with purified carrot AFP (±0.2 mg/ml). After 15 min of preincubation at 37°C, 100 μl of polygalacturonan substrate [0.5% (w/v) deesterified citrus polygalacturonic acid] was added and incubated at 37°C for 20 min. Reducing end groups released by PG were assayed [K. C. Gross, Hortic. Sci. 17, 933 (1982)]. PG activity was eluted from a cell wall fraction of ripe tomato fruit [L. S. Zheng, R. C. Heupel, D. Dellapenna, Plant Cell 4, 1147 (1992)] and assayed as above. When testing for inhibition of the tomato enzyme, AFP was also preincubated with substrate present at limiting concentrations (>0.05% polygalacturonan) before assay.
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    • note
    • Single-letter abbreviations for the amino acid residues are as follows: A, Ala; C, Cys; D, Asp; E, Glu; F, Phe; G, Gly; H, His; I, Ile; K, Lys; L, Leu; M, Met; N, Asn; P, Pro; Q, Gln; R, Arg; S, Ser; T, Thr; V, Val; W, Trp; X, any amino acid; and Y, Tyr.
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    • note
    • D. Worrall, L. Elias, and M. Smallwood were supported by a grant from Unilever Central Research Fund. L. Doucet and A. Sutcliffe are thanked for technical support. S. Sparrow and P. Crosby are thanked for help with manuscript preparation.


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