Vietnam-China relations since the end of the cold war

Asian Survey

Volumn 38, Issue 12, 1998, Pages 1122-1141

  Guan, Ang Cheng ^a  

^a NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY   (Singapore)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POST-COLD WAR;

CHINA; VIET NAM;

EID: 0032466925     PISSN: 00044687     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2645825     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Cited in William J. Duiker, Vietnam since the Fall of Saigon (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, Center for International Studies, 1985), pp. 133-34.
2. Grant Evans and Kevin Rowley, Red Brotherhood at War (London: Verso, 1984), pp. 132-34.
3. Associated Press, September 12, 1991, and "China, Vietnam to Normalize Relations," Beijing Review, September 23-29, 1991, pp. 4-5.
4. Xinhua (New China) News Agency (hereafter Xinhua), November 10, 1991, in British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Summary of World Broadcasts: Far East (SWB/FE), 1227/A3/1.
5. The second meeting was held in August 1994 in Hanoi, while the third, fourth, and fifth were in Beijing in July 1995, September 1996, and August 1997.
6. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report: East Asia (DR:AS), 92-230, November 30, 1992; Xinhua, August 28, 1993, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1780/G/2-3; and Xinhua and Voice of Vietnam (VOV), October 19, 1993, in ibid., 1825/B/2-3.
7. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report: East Asia (DR:AS), 92-230, November 30, 1992; Xinhua, August 28, 1993, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1780/G/2-3; and Xinhua and Voice of Vietnam (VOV), October 19, 1993, in ibid., 1825/B/2-3.
8. Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report: East Asia (DR:AS), 92-230, November 30, 1992; Xinhua, August 28, 1993, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1780/G/2-3; and Xinhua and Voice of Vietnam (VOV), October 19, 1993, in ibid., 1825/B/2-3.
9. Alistair Lamb, Asian Frontiers (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 174-75, cited in Lim Joo-Jock, Territorial Power Domains, Southeast Asia, and China: The Geo-Strategy of an Overarching Massif (Singapore: Regional Strategic Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984), pp. 56-57. See also Jane's Intelligence Review 4:2 (December 1, 1997), p. 8.
10. Alistair Lamb, Asian Frontiers (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 174-75, cited in Lim Joo-Jock, Territorial Power Domains, Southeast Asia, and China: The Geo-Strategy of an Overarching Massif (Singapore: Regional Strategic Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984), pp. 56-57. See also Jane's Intelligence Review 4:2 (December 1, 1997), p. 8.
11. Alistair Lamb, Asian Frontiers (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 174-75, cited in Lim Joo-Jock, Territorial Power Domains, Southeast Asia, and China: The Geo-Strategy of an Overarching Massif (Singapore: Regional Strategic Studies Programme, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1984), pp. 56-57. See also Jane's Intelligence Review 4:2 (December 1, 1997), p. 8.
12. Lim Joo-Jock, Territorial Power Domains, p. 57.
13. Xinhua, November 10, 1991, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1227/A3/1.
14. The working group meets three times a year, except in 1997 when it met only twice. Alternating between Hanoi and Beijing, the next meeting was scheduled to take place in Hanoi in late 1998.
15. VOV, October 20, 1995, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2441/B/5.
16. For details, see ibid., January 22, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3133/B/8-10, for the Vietnamese version;
17. and Xinhua, January 24, 1998, in ibid., 3134/G/1, for the Chinese version of the issue.
18. Xinhua, January 24, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3134/G/1.
19. Vietnam News Agency (VNA), June 6, 1998, in BBC, SWB, on the Internet at 〈http:// ftdasia.ft.com/login.cgi〉.
20. On the volume of transborder trade, see Xinhua, February 5, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3145/G/2-3. For details on the mine-clearing inspections, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998. On development in the cleared areas, see ibid., 97-305, October 29, 1997; 97-334, November 28, 1997; 98-006, January 6, 1998; 98-135, May 12, 1998; and 98-146, May 26, 1998.
21. On the volume of transborder trade, see Xinhua, February 5, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3145/G/2-3. For details on the mine-clearing inspections, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998. On development in the cleared areas, see ibid., 97-305, October 29, 1997; 97-334, November 28, 1997; 98-006, January 6, 1998; 98-135, May 12, 1998; and 98-146, May 26, 1998.
22. On the volume of transborder trade, see Xinhua, February 5, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3145/G/2-3. For details on the mine-clearing inspections, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998. On development in the cleared areas, see ibid., 97-305, October 29, 1997; 97-334, November 28, 1997; 98-006, January 6, 1998; 98-135, May 12, 1998; and 98-146, May 26, 1998.
23. "Special Dispatch: Sino-Vietnamese Relations Are Likely to Go Backwards," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), August 4, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-218, August 6, 1998; and Xinhua, August 8, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-220, August 8, 1998.
24. "Special Dispatch: Sino-Vietnamese Relations Are Likely to Go Backwards," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), August 4, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-218, August 6, 1998; and Xinhua, August 8, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-220, August 8, 1998.
25. "Special Dispatch: Sino-Vietnamese Relations Are Likely to Go Backwards," Ming Pao (Hong Kong), August 4, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-218, August 6, 1998; and Xinhua, August 8, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-220, August 8, 1998.
26. On the seventh meeting, see Agence France Press (AFP), August 9, 1996. On the ninth, see VNA, July 18, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2977/B/5.
27. On the seventh meeting, see Agence France Press (AFP), August 9, 1996. On the ninth, see VNA, July 18, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2977/B/5.
28. VOV, May 12, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2919/B/2; AFP, November 24, 1997; and VOV, March 30, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3190/B/5-6.
29. VOV, May 12, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2919/B/2; AFP, November 24, 1997; and VOV, March 30, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3190/B/5-6.
30. For the Vietnamese protest, see Xinhua, May 19, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2003/G/1-2. For the comments of diplomats and oil industry officials, see Kyodo, May 12, 1994, in ibid., 1997/B/5-6; and Central Broadcasting System (Taipei), July 21, 1994, in ibid., 2055/B/2. At the first meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum in Bangkok in July 1994, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen rejected the view that a military conflict was imminent. See Xinhua, July 25, 1994, in ibid., 2058/G/1-2.
31. For the Vietnamese protest, see Xinhua, May 19, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2003/G/1-2. For the comments of diplomats and oil industry officials, see Kyodo, May 12, 1994, in ibid., 1997/B/5-6; and Central Broadcasting System (Taipei), July 21, 1994, in ibid., 2055/B/2. At the first meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum in Bangkok in July 1994, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen rejected the view that a military conflict was imminent. See Xinhua, July 25, 1994, in ibid., 2058/G/1-2.
32. For the Vietnamese protest, see Xinhua, May 19, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2003/G/1-2. For the comments of diplomats and oil industry officials, see Kyodo, May 12, 1994, in ibid., 1997/B/5-6; and Central Broadcasting System (Taipei), July 21, 1994, in ibid., 2055/B/2. At the first meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum in Bangkok in July 1994, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen rejected the view that a military conflict was imminent. See Xinhua, July 25, 1994, in ibid., 2058/G/1-2.
33. For the Vietnamese protest, see Xinhua, May 19, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2003/G/1-2. For the comments of diplomats and oil industry officials, see Kyodo, May 12, 1994, in ibid., 1997/B/5-6; and Central Broadcasting System (Taipei), July 21, 1994, in ibid., 2055/B/2. At the first meeting of the ASEAN Regional Forum in Bangkok in July 1994, Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen rejected the view that a military conflict was imminent. See Xinhua, July 25, 1994, in ibid., 2058/G/1-2.
34. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
35. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
36. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
37. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
38. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
39. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
40. For the August 1994 talks, see Nation (Bangkok), July 23, 1994, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2057/B/4; Kyodo, August 16, 1994, in ibid., 2077/B/7; Xinhua, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2078/B/6; and VOV, August 18, 1994, in ibid., 2079/B/2. For Qian's comment, see Xinhua, November 22, 1994, in ibid., 2161/B/5. For the 1995 vice-ministerial meeting, see VNA, July 13, 1995, in ibid 2356/G/6; and Xinhua, July 13, 1995, in ibid., 2356/G/6-7.
41. "Hanoi Says ASEAN Membership No Cause for China's Concern," Kyodo, July 24, 1995; and Nikkei Weekly, October 30, 1995.
42. "Hanoi Says ASEAN Membership No Cause for China's Concern," Kyodo, July 24, 1995; and Nikkei Weekly, October 30, 1995.
43. Xinhua, November 15, 1995.
44. VNA July 10 1996, in BBC, SWB, on the Internet at . Vietnam ratified the convention in June 1994 and China in May 1996, though China's interpretation remains controversial. See, for example, "The People's Republic of China Straight Baseline Claim," Boundary- and Security Bulletin 4:2 (Summer 1996).
45. VNA July 10 1996, in BBC, SWB, on the Internet at 〈http://ftdasia.ft.com/logm.cgi/〉. Vietnam ratified the convention in June 1994 and China in May 1996, though China's interpretation remains controversial. See, for example, "The People's Republic of China Straight Baseline Claim," Boundary- and Security Bulletin 4:2 (Summer 1996).
46. For Jiang's comments, see Central Broadcasting Station, November 9, 1993, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1843/G/1-2. For Do Muoi's, see BBC, SWB/FE, 2793/G/1-5.
47. For Jiang's comments, see Central Broadcasting Station, November 9, 1993, in BBC, SWB/FE, 1843/G/1-2. For Do Muoi's, see BBC, SWB/FE, 2793/G/1-5.
48. See Sino-Vietnamese Joint Communiqué, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2477/G/1-2.
49. VOV, December 4, 1995, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2479/B/4.
50. VNA, September 20, 1996, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2724/B/4.
51. VOV, March 15, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2870/B/4; Xinhua, March 18, 1997, in ibid., 2871/G/1: VOV, March 20, 1997, in ibid., 2874/B/3; and VOV, March 25, 1997, in ibid., 2878/B/7. The area in dispute is 64.5 nautical miles (119 kilometers) from Vietnam's coast and 71 nautical miles (130 kilometers) from Hainan Island.
52. VOV, March 15, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2870/B/4; Xinhua, March 18, 1997, in ibid., 2871/G/1: VOV, March 20, 1997, in ibid., 2874/B/3; and VOV, March 25, 1997, in ibid., 2878/B/7. The area in dispute is 64.5 nautical miles (119 kilometers) from Vietnam's coast and 71 nautical miles (130 kilometers) from Hainan Island.
53. VOV, March 15, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2870/B/4; Xinhua, March 18, 1997, in ibid., 2871/G/1: VOV, March 20, 1997, in ibid., 2874/B/3; and VOV, March 25, 1997, in ibid., 2878/B/7. The area in dispute is 64.5 nautical miles (119 kilometers) from Vietnam's coast and 71 nautical miles (130 kilometers) from Hainan Island.
54. VOV, March 15, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2870/B/4; Xinhua, March 18, 1997, in ibid., 2871/G/1: VOV, March 20, 1997, in ibid., 2874/B/3; and VOV, March 25, 1997, in ibid., 2878/B/7. The area in dispute is 64.5 nautical miles (119 kilometers) from Vietnam's coast and 71 nautical miles (130 kilometers) from Hainan Island.
55. AFP, April 3, 1997.
56. Xinhua, March 27, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2880/G/15.
57. AFP, April 3, 1997.
58. VNA, April 11, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2892/B/3.
59. Saigon giai phong (Saigon liberation), April 5, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2895/B/4-5.
60. VNA, July 21, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2978/B/5-6.
61. Ibid., August 16, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3002/B/3-4. According to Chinese premier Zhu Rongji, the decision to settle the border negotiations by the year 2000 was made by President Jiang Zemin and Secretary-General Do Muoi during their July 1997 meeting. See Xinhua, October 19, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-292, October 19, 1998.
62. Ibid., August 16, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3002/B/3-4. According to Chinese premier Zhu Rongji, the decision to settle the border negotiations by the year 2000 was made by President Jiang Zemin and Secretary-General Do Muoi during their July 1997 meeting. See Xinhua, October 19, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-292, October 19, 1998.
63. VOV, March 5, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3169/B/10.
64. Lu Ning, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Decision Making in China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 124-27. A very useful account based on Chinese sources is John W. Garver, "China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, no. 132 (December 1992). For the Hainan discussion, see Ming Pao (Hong Kong), in BBC, SWB/FE, 2042/G/1.
65. Lu Ning, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Decision Making in China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 124-27. A very useful account based on Chinese sources is John W. Garver, "China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, no. 132 (December 1992). For the Hainan discussion, see Ming Pao (Hong Kong), in BBC, SWB/FE, 2042/G/1.
66. Lu Ning, The Dynamics of Foreign-Policy Decision Making in China (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997), pp. 124-27. A very useful account based on Chinese sources is John W. Garver, "China's Push Through the South China Sea: The Interaction of Bureaucratic and National Interests," China Quarterly, no. 132 (December 1992). For the Hainan discussion, see Ming Pao (Hong Kong), in BBC, SWB/FE, 2042/G/1.
67. VOV, May 12, 1998, in BBC, SWB/FE, 3230/B/14.
68. Ni Xiayun, "Trends in Vietnam's Domestic and Foreign Policies after the Eighth Party Congress," Xiandai guoji guanxi [Contemporary international relations] (Beijing), cited in Indochina Chronology 15:4 (October-December 1996), p. 19. Ni is a Vietnam expert with the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR), a think-tank sponsored by the Ministry of State Security.
69. Xinhua, February 19, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2849/G/20.
70. Ibid., February 21, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2951/S1/9-10.
71. Ibid., July 15, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2973/G/1-2.
72. VOV, February 20, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2850/S1/8-9. For the Laotian condolence letter, see Xinhua, February 22, 1997, in ibid., 2851/S1/9.
73. VOV, February 20, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2850/S1/8-9. For the Laotian condolence letter, see Xinhua, February 22, 1997, in ibid., 2851/S1/9.
74. VOV, March 7, 1997, in BBC, SWB/FE, 2863/B/5.
75. Beijing Review, September 23-29, 1991, pp. 4-5.
76. The International Conference on Vietnamese Studies in Hanoi, July 15-17, 1998, reported in Cao Cuong, Saigon Times.
77. "Li Peng: Common Interests Underpin Sino-Viet Ties," Business Times, September 14, 1998.
78. Nhan dan (The people), October 16, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI. 98-289, October 16, 1998. For details of the plenum's discussions, see communiqué issued at the end of the plenum in BBC, SWB/FE, B/5-7. For Khai's comments on his visit, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998.
79. Nhan dan (The people), October 16, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI. 98-289, October 16, 1998. For details of the plenum's discussions, see communiqué issued at the end of the plenum in BBC, SWB/FE, B/5-7. For Khai's comments on his visit, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998.
80. Nhan dan (The people), October 16, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI. 98-289, October 16, 1998. For details of the plenum's discussions, see communiqué issued at the end of the plenum in BBC, SWB/FE, B/5-7. For Khai's comments on his visit, see FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-280, October 7, 1998.
81. Xinhua, October 19, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-292, October 19, 1998.
82. Ibid.
83. "A Preliminary Analysis of Prime Minister Phan Van Khai's Visit to China," Wen weipo (Hong Kong), in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-295, October 22, 1998.
84. Ibid.
85. Xinhua September 28, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-271, September 28, 1998. Tang Jiaxuan who had been the Chinese representative since the talks were inaugurated, was promoted to foreign minister earlier in the year. Wang Yi was previously chief of the Chinese Foreign Ministry's Asian Affairs Department and had led the Chinese team in the Tonkin Gulf Joint Working Group.
86. Paper by Hasjim Djalal presented at the International Symposium on Preventive Diplo-macy in the Asia-Pacific Region, Beijing, July 20-21, 1998, reproduced in Jakarta Post, August 26 and 27, 1998.
87. Xinhua, September 8, 1998, in FBIS, DR:CHI, 98-251, September 8, 1998.
88. Quoted in Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers (London: Sphere Books, 1971), pp. 444-45.