China: Environmental protection, domestic policy trends, patterns of participation in regimes and compliance with international norms

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 156, 1998, Pages 809-835

  Ross, Lester ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;

CHINA;

EID: 0032459432     PISSN: 00094439     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0305741000051353     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. The North American Agreement on Environmental Co-operation among the United States, Canada and Mexico is an exception. Adopted as part of the NAFTA accord, this agreement provides that one party may submit to the Commission that another party is failing to enforce its own environmental laws. It also requires that each party provide private judicial remedies for environmental harms.
2. U. S. General Accounting Office, International Environment: International Agreements are not Well-monitored (Washington: GAO/RCED-92-43, January 1992).
3. Robert O. Keohane, Peter M. Haas and Marc A. Levy, "The effectiveness of international environmental institutions," in P. M. Haas, R. O. Keohane and M. A. Levy (eds.), Institutions of the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1994), p. 14.
4. Abram Chaycs and Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 6-8; see also the discussion of the non-zero sum game or co-operative principle in Wang Yi, China's Position and Role in the Global Environmental Challenge, paper presented to the 1997 China Environment Forum (Beijing: 24-28 February 1997), p. 9.
5. Abram Chaycs and Antonia Handler Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 6-8; see also the discussion of the non-zero sum game or co-operative principle in Wang Yi, China's Position and Role in the Global Environmental Challenge, paper presented to the 1997 China Environment Forum (Beijing: 24-28 February 1997), p. 9.
6. Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1984); Peking Review, 23 June 1972, p. 8; Lester Ross, Environmental Policy in China (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 137.
7. Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1984); Peking Review, 23 June 1972, p. 8; Lester Ross, Environmental Policy in China (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 137.
8. Lynton Keith Caldwell, International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1984); Peking Review, 23 June 1972, p. 8; Lester Ross, Environmental Policy in China (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), p. 137.
9. Keohane, Haas and Levy, "The effectiveness of international environmental institutions," p. 16, classifies states by four categories of behaviour: "laggards" which (1) avoid international obligations or (2) accept such obligations but fail to comply with them; and "leaders" which (3) comply with such obligations or (4) lead others to exceed such obligations and assume additional obligations.
10. State Council, "Environmental protection structure and the scope of environmental protection responsibilities and key work items of concerned departments," Guo huan ban (State Environmental Document) [74] No. 1, reprinted in State Commission on Environmental Protection (SCEP) and People's University Research Office on Population, Environment and Development, A Complete Work on the Policies, Laws and Regulations Concerning China's Environment and Natural Resources (Beijing: Zhongxin chubanshe, 1996), p. 14. The SCEP was abolished in March 1998.
11. State Council, "Environmental protection structure and the scope of environmental protection responsibilities and key work items of concerned departments," Guo huan ban (State Environmental Document) [74] No. 1, reprinted in State Commission on Environmental Protection (SCEP) and People's University Research Office on Population, Environment and Development, A Complete Work on the Policies, Laws and Regulations Concerning China's Environment and Natural Resources (Beijing: Zhongxin chubanshe, 1996), p. 14. The SCEP was abolished in March 1998.
12. Guo Nei, "Agency given greater powers," China Daily, 1 April 1998, p. 1. Until March 1998, SEPA was known as the National Environmental Protection Agency. SEPA as used herein will refer to SEPA both under its present and former names.
13. U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service, "The fading of Chinese environmental secrecy" (Hong Kong: American Consulate General, 23 March 1998), paragraphs 13-17. There has been speculation that SEPA will be further elevated to ministerial status in a later round of government restructuring.
14. State Council, "Some regulations on protecting and improving the environment (provisional draft) (29 August 1973)," in China Environmental Management, Economics and Law Society et al. (eds.), Huanjing fa cankao ziliao xuanbian (Compendium of Reference Materials on Environmental Law), Vol. 1 (1982), p. 41, circulated as Appendix 2 to State Council, "Approval of the circulation of the State Planning Commission's report on conditions at the national environmental protection conference."
15. Law on Environmental Noise Pollution Prevention and Control (1996).
16. The Huai, Hai and Liao rivers; Lakes Tai, Dianchi and Chao; and sulphur dioxide and acid rain emissions controls in parts of every province except Hainan, Tibet and Qinghai. State Council, "Instructions concerning the plan for demarcating the acid rain control regions and the sulphur dioxide pollution control regions submitted for approval" (28 January 1998). On recent developments, see "Environmental protection," in Chen Mianhua (ed.), 1998 nian Zhongguo guomin jingji he shehui fazhan baogao (1998 Report on China's National Economic and Social Development) (Beijing: Zhongguo jihua chubanshe, 1998), pp. 282-290. The focus on particular areas reflects the Chinese government's penchant for implementing policies on a trial basis before applying them nation-wide, as well as the practical constraints presented by funding and other factors.
17. On environmental and energy issues in U.S.-China relations, see Wang Yi, Zhang Jiqiang, Wu Changhua and He Kebin, "Co-operation of energy and environment on global background: strategic capitals in Sino-American Relations," Zhanlüe yu guanli (Strategy and Management), No. 6 (1997), pp. 54-59.
18. These and other accomplishments in this regard are recited in the "White paper on China's environmental protection," People's Daily, 5 June 1996, pp. 1 ff. Spending is projected to increase to 1.5% of GDP by 2000, up from 0.7-0.8% in the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Ma Chenguang, "Plan for greener future," China Daily, 16 December 1995, p. 1.
19. These and other accomplishments in this regard are recited in the "White paper on China's environmental protection," People's Daily, 5 June 1996, pp. 1 ff. Spending is projected to increase to 1.5% of GDP by 2000, up from 0.7-0.8% in the Eighth Five-Year Plan. Ma Chenguang, "Plan for greener future," China Daily, 16 December 1995, p. 1.
20. Li Peng, "Protecting the environment is a major task facing China," translated in Lester Ross and Mitchell A. Silk, Environmental Law and Policy in the People's Republic of China (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987), pp. 35-43.
21. Jiang Zemin, "Speech at the Fourth National Environmental Protection Conference," People's Daily (overseas edition), 19 July 1996, p. 1.
22. Ma Chenguang, "Plan for a greener future." (China can realize its environmental goals "only ... if necessary caution is taken in the nation's rapid development.")
23. 14-19 June 1991.
24. State Council, "Decisions concerning certain issues in environmental protection (August 3, 1996)," Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 13 August 1996, p. 1.
25. Peter M. Haas with Jan Sundgren, "Evolving international environmental law: changing practices of national sovereignty," in Nazli Choucri (ed.), Global Accord: Environmental Challenges and International Responses (Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1993), pp. 405, 410-11.
26. Haas, "Evolving international environmental law," pp. 416-17.
27. Address of state councillor and SCEP (19 October 1998), in SCEP Secretariat (ed.), Guowuyuan huanjing baohu weiyuanhui wenjian huibian (Compendium of SCEP Documents) (Beijing: China Environmental Sciences Press, 1995), Vol. 2, p. 72, cited in Zhang Haibing, Lun Zhongguo de huanjing waijiao (On China's Environmental Diplomacy) (Unpublished PhD dissertation: Beijing University, 1997), p. 7.
28. Address of state councillor and SCEP (19 October 1998), in SCEP Secretariat (ed.), Guowuyuan huanjing baohu weiyuanhui wenjian huibian (Compendium of SCEP Documents) (Beijing: China Environmental Sciences Press, 1995), Vol. 2, p. 72, cited in Zhang Haibing, Lun Zhongguo de huanjing waijiao (On China's Environmental Diplomacy) (Unpublished PhD dissertation: Beijing University, 1997), p. 7.
29. State Council, "Decisions on further strengthening environmental protection," in SEPA and Ministry of Forestry, Quanguo huanjing baohu zhifa jianchao zhinan (Investigation Guide to the Implementation of Nationwide Environmental Protection Laws 1993), p. 132, cited in Zhang Haibing, On China's Environmental Diplomacy, p. 13.
30. State Council, "Decisions on further strengthening environmental protection," in SEPA and Ministry of Forestry, Quanguo huanjing baohu zhifa jianchao zhinan (Investigation Guide to the Implementation of Nationwide Environmental Protection Laws 1993), p. 132, cited in Zhang Haibing, On China's Environmental Diplomacy, p. 13.
31. SEPA Policy and Law Section (ed.), Zhongguo huanjing baohu fagui quanshu (1982-1997) (Complete Book of China's Environmental Protection Laws and Regulations (1982-1997)) (Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 1997).
32. Principle 21, United Nations Conference on the Human Environment.
33. "Priority given to animal, plant sanctuaries," China Daily, 5 June 1996, p. 4.
34. State Council 1994.
35. Then known as the State Meteorological Administration.
36. Office of the State Climate Change Co-ordinating Small Group, "Conditions for developing follow-on work to the Framework Convention on climate change" (20 December 1992), in Compendium of Documents of the SCEP, Vol. 2, p. 569.
37. Jan Fuglestvedt et al. "A review of country case studies on climate change," Global Environment Facility Working Paper (Washington: The World Bank, 1994), No. 7, p. 30.
38. Lin Zongtang, "Explanation of the 'Air Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's Republic of China (Revised Draft)'" (21 October 1994), in Gazette of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China (1995), p. 547.
39. Tom Korski, "Chinese official says Western nations attempting to shirk climate responsibility," BNA: Daily Report for Executives, 10 December 1997, p. B-5.
40. The World Bank, Clear Waters, Blue Skies: China's Environment in the New Century (Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997), p. 34.
41. Although the principal concerns are domestic and even local, a survey by Friends of Nature also found increased coverage of global issues in the media. Liu Yingtang, "Newspapers fix environment," China Daily, 20 May 1998, p. 1; State Science and Technology Commission Chinese Research Centre on the Advancement and Development of Science and Technology, "Zhongguo jumin de huanjing zhishi zhuangkuang ji qi duice" ("The state of environmental knowledge among residents of China and corresponding countemeasures"), Diaoyan baogao (Research Report), No. 7 (5 May 1995). For a concise summary of the risks facing China, see Michael B. McElroy and Chris P. Nielsen, "Energy, agriculture and the environment: prospects for Sino-American co-operation," in Ezra F. Vogel (ed.), Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 225-27.
42. Although the principal concerns are domestic and even local, a survey by Friends of Nature also found increased coverage of global issues in the media. Liu Yingtang, "Newspapers fix environment," China Daily, 20 May 1998, p. 1; State Science and Technology Commission Chinese Research Centre on the Advancement and Development of Science and Technology, "Zhongguo jumin de huanjing zhishi zhuangkuang ji qi duice" ("The state of environmental knowledge among residents of China and corresponding countemeasures"), Diaoyan baogao (Research Report), No. 7 (5 May 1995). For a concise summary of the risks facing China, see Michael B. McElroy and Chris P. Nielsen, "Energy, agriculture and the environment: prospects for Sino-American co-operation," in Ezra F. Vogel (ed.), Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 225-27.
43. Although the principal concerns are domestic and even local, a survey by Friends of Nature also found increased coverage of global issues in the media. Liu Yingtang, "Newspapers fix environment," China Daily, 20 May 1998, p. 1; State Science and Technology Commission Chinese Research Centre on the Advancement and Development of Science and Technology, "Zhongguo jumin de huanjing zhishi zhuangkuang ji qi duice" ("The state of environmental knowledge among residents of China and corresponding countemeasures"), Diaoyan baogao (Research Report), No. 7 (5 May 1995). For a concise summary of the risks facing China, see Michael B. McElroy and Chris P. Nielsen, "Energy, agriculture and the environment: prospects for Sino-American co-operation," in Ezra F. Vogel (ed.), Living with China: U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 225-27.
44. "China signs Kyoto Protocol on climate change," Asian Wall Street Journal, 1 June 1998, p. 16.
45. Robert Repetto and Jonathan Lash, "Planetary roulette: gambling with the climate," Foreign Policy (Fall 1997), p. 97; Cheryl Hogue, "U.S. not ready to reject Kyoto deal, Eizenstat tells House Science Committee," BNA: Daily Report for Executives, 6 March 1998; "Forecast is dim in the Senate for global warming treaty," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 13 December 1997, pp. 3068-69.
46. Robert Repetto and Jonathan Lash, "Planetary roulette: gambling with the climate," Foreign Policy (Fall 1997), p. 97; Cheryl Hogue, "U.S. not ready to reject Kyoto deal, Eizenstat tells House Science Committee," BNA: Daily Report for Executives, 6 March 1998; "Forecast is dim in the Senate for global warming treaty," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 13 December 1997, pp. 3068-69.
47. Robert Repetto and Jonathan Lash, "Planetary roulette: gambling with the climate," Foreign Policy (Fall 1997), p. 97; Cheryl Hogue, "U.S. not ready to reject Kyoto deal, Eizenstat tells House Science Committee," BNA: Daily Report for Executives, 6 March 1998; "Forecast is dim in the Senate for global warming treaty," Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, 13 December 1997, pp. 3068-69.
48. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ("UNCTAD"), Self-Regulation of Environmental Management (Geneva: United Nations, 1996). The United States has encouraged United States businesses to adopt and implement voluntary codes of conduct for doing business around the world including such areas as environmental protection and environmental practices. Model Business Principles (26 May 1996).
49. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ("UNCTAD"), Self-Regulation of Environmental Management (Geneva: United Nations, 1996). The United States has encouraged United States businesses to adopt and implement voluntary codes of conduct for doing business around the world including such areas as environmental protection and environmental practices. Model Business Principles (26 May 1996).
50. Approximately 90 banks have subscribed to the United Nations Environment Programme's Statement by Banks on the Environment and Sustainable Development (1992); National Wildlife Federation, Global Survey on Environmental Policies and Practices of the Financial Services Industry: The Private Sector (Washington, DC: 1997); United States v. Fleet Factors, 901 F.2d 1550 (11th Cir. 1990); Jaret Seiberg, "Banks learn clean-up liability fears the hard way," American Banker, 6 June 1995, p. 3. Lender concern in the United States has been alleviated in part under the Asset Conservation, Lender Liability and Deposit Insurance Protection Act of 1996, enacted into law as Title II. Subtitle E of the FY 1997 Defense Appropriations Act. This statute exempts lenders from the definition of "owner or operator" under Superfund so long as the lender does not "participate in the management" of the property prior to foreclosure. Fiduciary liability also is limited under the new law. U.S. Cong. Conf. Rpt. 104-863 (Sept. 28, 1996). ("Superfund" is the more commonly-used name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980) (CERCLA), the fund governing the clean-up of abandoned disposal sites, for example.)
51. Approximately 90 banks have subscribed to the United Nations Environment Programme's Statement by Banks on the Environment and Sustainable Development (1992); National Wildlife Federation, Global Survey on Environmental Policies and Practices of the Financial Services Industry: The Private Sector (Washington, DC: 1997); United States v. Fleet Factors, 901 F.2d 1550 (11th Cir. 1990); Jaret Seiberg, "Banks learn clean-up liability fears the hard way," American Banker, 6 June 1995, p. 3. Lender concern in the United States has been alleviated in part under the Asset Conservation, Lender Liability and Deposit Insurance Protection Act of 1996, enacted into law as Title II. Subtitle E of the FY 1997 Defense Appropriations Act. This statute exempts lenders from the definition of "owner or operator" under Superfund so long as the lender does not "participate in the management" of the property prior to foreclosure. Fiduciary liability also is limited under the new law. U.S. Cong. Conf. Rpt. 104-863 (Sept. 28, 1996). ("Superfund" is the more commonly-used name for the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980) (CERCLA), the fund governing the clean-up of abandoned disposal sites, for example.)
52. The World Bank, Operational Manual, Part 4; The World Bank, Industrial Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (preliminary version, July 1995). Multilaterals in China are, for example, increasingly reluctant to finance thermal power plants and, when they do, tend to demand stringent compliance with environmental regulations.
53. The World Bank, Operational Manual, Part 4; The World Bank, Industrial Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook (preliminary version, July 1995). Multilaterals in China are, for example, increasingly reluctant to finance thermal power plants and, when they do, tend to demand stringent compliance with environmental regulations.
54. Article 2, Standardization Law (1988).
55. Article 4, Standardization Law (1988).
56. China Law and Practice, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1988), p. 54.
57. Article 7, Standardization Law (1988).
58. Article 8, Standardization Law (1988).
59. Article 9, Standardization Law (1988).
60. Article 11, Standardization Law (1988).
61. Chapter 4.
62. Formerly the State Bureau of Technology Supervision.
63. Article 12, Standardization Law (1988).
64. State Economic Commission, State Science and Technology Commission and former State Administration of Standards 1982. The scope of international standards provided therein includes: (1) international standards set by (a) international standard-setting organizations, namely the International Organization for Standardization and the International Electrotechnical Commission, and (b) United Nations agencies such as the International Telecommunications Union and standards established by international agreement; and (2) advanced foreign standards set by (a) regional standard-setting organizations such as the European Committee for Standardization, (b) national standard-setting bodies in advanced industrialized countries such as the United States and (c) internationally recognized standard-setting organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials, the American Petroleum Institute and Underwriters Laboratories.
65. This section draws heavily on UNCTAD, ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Systems Standards: Five Key Questions for Developing Country Officials (Geneva: United Nations, 1996, draft). For a more practice-oriented introduction, see John Voorhees and Robert A. Woellner, International Environmental Risk Management: ISO 14000 and the Systems Approach (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1998).
66. This section draws heavily on UNCTAD, ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Systems Standards: Five Key Questions for Developing Country Officials (Geneva: United Nations, 1996, draft). For a more practice-oriented introduction, see John Voorhees and Robert A. Woellner, International Environmental Risk Management: ISO 14000 and the Systems Approach (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1998).
67. Correspondent members are organizations with observer status that do not qualify as national standard-setting bodies. Subscriber members are national standard-setting organizations from small countries and have limited participation rights.
68. For more on ISO 9000, see Robert W. Peach (ed.), The ISO 9000 Handbook (Fairfax, VA: CEEM Information Services, 1992).
69. International Environmental Systems Update, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1996), p. 20.
70. Ma Zhiping, "Revised ISO 9000 Series discussed," China Daily, 22 April 1995, p. 2.
71. Announcement No. 1, 1995, China Daily, 26 April 1995, p. 3. The CSBTS has its own mandate to verify that products satisfy quality standards. "Products must attain standards of quality," China Daily (28 September 1995), p. 4.
72. Announcement No. 1, 1995, China Daily, 26 April 1995, p. 3. The CSBTS has its own mandate to verify that products satisfy quality standards. "Products must attain standards of quality," China Daily (28 September 1995), p. 4.
73. Qiu Qi, "100 Chinese firms aim for ISO quality standard," China Daily, 29 May 1995, p. 5.
74. Established in 1906, the IEC sets international standards for electrical equipment and electronic products. China is a member of the IEC. Vice Premier Wu Bangguo stated in an address to an IEC advisory body that China must adopt international standards and raise product quality to be successful in international markets. Ma Zhiping, "Experts discuss standardization," China Daily, 23 May 1995, p. 2.
75. On the standard-setting process including China's role therein, see Office of the China Steering Committee for Environmental Management Certification, "Jianli tongyide guojia guanli zhidu baozheng ISO 14000 biaozhun zai woguo youxiao shishi" ("Establish a unified national management system, ensure that the ISO 14000 standards are effectively implemented in our country"), Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 11 December 1997, p. 3.
76. See, e.g. Daniel C. Esty, Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment and the Future (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1994), p. 173, n. 30 ("ISO procedures have only limited opportunities for public involvement. More disturbingly, the only representatives at many meetings are invited business representatives from the industry to be regulated").
77. "ISO 14001 should not be required by law or regulation, attorney says," BNA: Daily Executive Report, 14 February 1996, p. A-23.
78. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ISO 14000: International Environmental Management Standards (Washington: EPA/742-F95-006, May 1995).
79. Chan Yee Hon, "Law fails to punish polluters," South China Morning Post, 4 April 1998, p. 8; Oksenberg and Economy, China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects.
80. Chan Yee Hon, "Law fails to punish polluters," South China Morning Post, 4 April 1998, p. 8; Oksenberg and Economy, China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects.
81. SEPA, "Guanyujiaqiang huanjing xingzheng zhifa gongzuo de ruogan yijian" ("Some opinions on strengthening the work of environmental administration and law enforcement" (March 26 1998)), in Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 2 May 1998, p. 3.
82. For a similar analysis with respect to the diffusion of ISO 9000 certification in China, see Jane Parry, "New environmental standards introduced as ISO craze hits China firms," China Joint Venturer, Vol. 2, No. 4 (December 1996/January 1997), pp. 1 ff.
83. "Our country develops environmental management systems standards and certification," People's Daily, overseas edition, 13 July 1996, p. 5.
84. CSBTS Standards Section and National Environmental Management Standards Technical Committee, GB/T 24000-ISO 14000 (1997).
85. China Daily Business Weekly, 24 May 1998, p. 1.
86. SEPA, China National Cleaner Production Centre, United Nations Environment Programme Industry and Environment and the World Bank, Cleaner Production in China: A Story of Successful Cooperation (Paris: 1996).
87. Motorola (China) Electronics Ltd's large Tianjin plant is among the earliest facilities to be ISO 14000 certified in China. "Motorola Tianjin plant receives ISO 14000 certification," Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 28 April 1998, p. 1.
88. Xiao Zhu, "Environmental exams awaiting Chinese firms," China Daily, 20 May 1998, p. 2.
89. Dong Wenxuan, "Woguo shishi ISO 14000 xilie biaozhun de dongtai fenxi" ("An analysis of the trends in China for implementing the ISO 14000 series standards: part I"), Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 28 April 1998, p. 4.
90. Dong Wenxuan, "Woguo shishi ISO 14000 xilie biaozhun de dongtai fenxi" ("An analysis of the trends in China for implementing the ISO 14000 series standards: part II"), Zhongguo huanjing bao (China Environment News), 12 May 1998, p. 4.
91. Article 24(2) (v). This provision is more stringent than Article 25(3) (iv) in the version previously adopted for trial implementation in 1995 which prohibited loans only in case of actual violations of environmental regulations.
92. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, MTN/FA II-A1A-6 (1994), p. 1.
93. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, MTN/F II-A1A-4, Annexe A.
94. See Oksenberg and Economy, China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects.
95. U.S. sanctions under the Pelly Amendment to the Fishermen's Protective Act of 1967, 22 U.S.C. § 1987, were applied against Taiwan in 1994 and lifted on 11 September 1996. Regulations to curb illegal international trade in endangered species are being drafted by the Endangered Species Import and Export Managing Office under the State Council. Chen Chunmei, "State curbs illicit wildlife trade," China Daily, 17 May 1996, p. 2.
96. Stephen L. Kass, "ISO plans uniform standards," National Law Journal, 6 November 1995, p. C4 ("ISO 14000 sponsors can have considerable confidence that their efforts will survive challenges under both the Uruguay Round agreements and NAFTA").
97. Zhu Baoxia, "China seeks bilateral protection initiatives," China Daily, 11 May 1998, p. 2; "Mr. Xie goes fishing,"Business China, 16 February 1998, pp. 3-4; Liu Yingang, "Green fund increasing," China Daily, 24 November 1995, p. 1.
98. Zhu Baoxia, "China seeks bilateral protection initiatives," China Daily, 11 May 1998, p. 2; "Mr. Xie goes fishing,"Business China, 16 February 1998, pp. 3-4; Liu Yingang, "Green fund increasing," China Daily, 24 November 1995, p. 1.
99. Zhu Baoxia, "China seeks bilateral protection initiatives," China Daily, 11 May 1998, p. 2; "Mr. Xie goes fishing,"Business China, 16 February 1998, pp. 3-4; Liu Yingang, "Green fund increasing," China Daily, 24 November 1995, p. 1.
100. "Japan: China's largest donor," China Environmental Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1998), p. 10; Peter Evans, "Japan's green aid," The China Business Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1994), p. 39.
101. "Japan: China's largest donor," China Environmental Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1998), p. 10; Peter Evans, "Japan's green aid," The China Business Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1994), p. 39.
102. Vanessa Lide Whitcomb, "A cleaner tiger," The China Business Review, Vol. 21, No. 4 (1994), p. 44.
103. Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured Global Environment Facility (September 1994). On the United States decision to fund the Montreal Protocol Fund under pressure from other countries, sec Richard J. Smith, "The ozone layer and beyond - towards a global environmental diplomacy," presented to the American Chemical Society (24 August 1994). China was among the few developing countries participating in the establishment of GEF to support the principle that all participants should contribute to the core fund, regardless of their level of development. See Helen Sjöberg, "From idea to reality: the creation of the global environment facility," Global Environment Facility Working Paper (Washington 1994), No. 10, p. 30. China's contribution is the minimum amount of 4 million SDRs (special drawing right from the IMF).
104. Instrument for the Establishment of the Restructured Global Environment Facility (September 1994). On the United States decision to fund the Montreal Protocol Fund under pressure from other countries, sec Richard J. Smith, "The ozone layer and beyond - towards a global environmental diplomacy," presented to the American Chemical Society (24 August 1994). China was among the few developing countries participating in the establishment of GEF to support the principle that all participants should contribute to the core fund, regardless of their level of development. See Helen Sjöberg, "From idea to reality: the creation of the global environment facility," Global Environment Facility Working Paper (Washington 1994), No. 10, p. 30. China's contribution is the minimum amount of 4 million SDRs (special drawing right from the IMF).
105. Chayes and Chayes, The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements.
106. David M. Lampton, "Chinese security objectives and U.S. interests in policy," testimony presented before the House Committee on National Security (20 March 1996).
107. Other examples arc the Environmental Trade Working Group co-chaired by the Department of Commerce and Environmental Protection Agency, and the Office of Environmental Technologies Exports within the Department of Commerce. Trade Promotion Co-ordinating Committee Environment Trade Working Group, China: Environmental Technologies Export Market Plan (Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration March 1996).
108. Framework Agreement for Environmental Protection Governing the Tumen River Economic Development Area and North-East Asia (19 December 1995); Memorandum of Understanding on Environmental Principles Governing the Tumen River Economic Development Area and North-East Asia (30 May 1995).
109. Framework Agreement for Environmental Protection Governing the Tumen River Economic Development Area and North-East Asia (19 December 1995); Memorandum of Understanding on Environmental Principles Governing the Tumen River Economic Development Area and North-East Asia (30 May 1995).
110. See also Oksenberg and Economy, China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects.
111. Article 4(2) of the Framework Convention establishes different commitments for developed country parties and other parties. Sec also the discussion of the equity principle in Wang Yi, China's Position and Role in the Global Environment Challenge, p. 9.
112. "Emergency meeting lays down garbage law," China Daily, 30 May 1996, p. 2.
113. SEPA, State Planning Commission, UNDP and The World Bank, China: Issues and Options in Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control (Washington: The World Bank, 1994), Summary Report, p. 56.
114. Jasper Becker, "Journey through Jiang's utopia," South China Morning Post International Weekly, 3 February 1996, p. 7 (describing Zhangjiagang county).
115. Oksenberg and Economy, China Joins the World: Progress and Prospects.
116. See, for example, Sun Hong, "Foreign investment sought for ecology protection," China Daily, 7 August 1995, p. B8.