Education, a health imperative: The case of Afghanistan

Health and Human Rights

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 99-108

  Iacopino, Vincent ^a   Rasekh, Zohra ^a  

^a PHYSICIANS FOR HUMAN RIGHTS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EDUCATION; GENDER ISSUE; HUMAN RIGHTS; WOMENS HEALTH;

AFGHANISTAN;

EID: 0032457324     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/4065302     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Universal Declaration on Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. GAOR Res.71, U.N. Doc.A/810 (1948).
2. Ibid.
3. R.L. Sivard, World Military and Social Expenditures, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: World Priorities, 1996), pp. 36-38.
4. Constitution of the World Health Organization, in: Basic Documents, 39th ed. (Geneva: WHO, 1992).
5. M. Grossman, "The Correlation Between Health and Schooling," in: (ed.) N.E. Terleckyj, Household Production and Consumption, NBER Studies in Income and Wealth, No. 40 (NY: National Bureau of Economic Research and Columbia University, 1995).
6. R. Auster, I. Levenson, and D. Sarachek, "The Production of Health: An Explanatory Study," Journal of Human Resources 4(Fall, 1969):412-436.
7. J. Reldman, D. Makuc, J. Kleinman, et al., "National Trends in Educational Differentials in Mortality," American Journal of Epidemiology 129 (1989):919-933.
8. T. Pincus and L.F. Callahan, "Formal Education as a Marker for Increased Mortality and Morbidity in Rheumatoid Arthritis," Journal of Chronic Diseases 38(1985):973-984.
9. T. Pincus, L.F. Callahan, and R.V. Burkhauser, "Most Chronic Diseases Are Reported More Frequently by Individuals with Fewer than 12 Years of Formal Education in the Age 18-64 U.S. Population," Journal of Chronic Diseases 40(1987):865-874.
10. K. Matthews, S. Kelsey, E. Meilahn, et al., "Educational Attainment And Behavioral And Biologic Risk Factors For Coronary Heart Disease In Middle-Aged Women," American Journal of Epidemiology 129(6)(1989):1132-44
11. A. Bandura, "Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement," in: (ed.) W. Reich, Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind (NY: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 161-191.
12. R.W. Franke and B.H. Chasin, Kerala, Development Through Radical Reform, 2nd Edition (New Dehli: Promilla, in collaboration with Oakland: The Institute for Food and Development Policy, 1994), pp. 1-133.
13. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan: Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any Part of the World, with Particular Reference to Colonial and Other Dependent Countries and Territories, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/1997/59.
14. Historically, Afghan women had an illiteracy rate of over 80 percent, but it was not based on legal prohibitions on their attendance in school. Afghanistan had free public education for all before the Taliban, but facilities for schooling of both boys and girls were inadequate and scarce in rural areas. In addition, conservative families often restricted girls' access to public education.
15. Ibid.
16. Associated Press, "100 Girls' School in Afghan Capital Are Ordered Shut," The New York Times, June 17, 1998 (Associated Press, June 16, 1998).
17. Z. Rasekh, H. Bauer, M. Manos, et al, "Women's Health and Human Rights in Afghanistan" Journal of the American Medical Association 280(5):449-455.
18. V. Iacopino, Z. Rasekh, A.E. Yamin, et al., The Taliban's War on Women: A Health and Human Rights Crisis in Afghanistan (Physicians for Human Rights: Boston, 1998).
19. Frontier Post, "Pakistan Closes Down Educational Academies near Afghan Border," Frontier Post, August 28, 1998.
20. Physicians for Human Rights interview, Spring 1996.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan: Question of the Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in any Part of the World, with Particular Reference to Colonial and Other Dependent Countries and Territories, U. N. Doc. E/CN.4/1996/64.
27. United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), Consolidated Appeal for Afghanistan, January 1998.
28. Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Living in a Mine Field: MSF Report on the Mine Problem in Afghanistan (France: MSF, May 1997).
29. Statement by Under Secretary-General Akashi to the Secretary-General's meeting on Afghanistan, Nov. 1996.
30. These principles are widely accepted and practiced in Muslim countries following a range of traditions and schools of Islamic law, including the Sunni Hanafi school which the Taliban assert they followed. In recent years, Islamic scholars have convened meetings and issued statements and declarations upholding these principles. For example, The Cairo Declaration; Final Report of the International Conference on Population and Reproductive Health in the Muslim World (February 21-24, 1998, Al-Azhar University, Cairo); Health Promotion through Islamic Lifestyles: The Amman Declaration (WHO, 1996).
31. These principles are widely accepted and practiced in Muslim countries following a range of traditions and schools of Islamic law, including the Sunni Hanafi school which the Taliban assert they followed. In recent years, Islamic scholars have convened meetings and issued statements and declarations upholding these principles. For example, The Cairo Declaration; Final Report of the International Conference on Population and Reproductive Health in the Muslim World (February 21-24, 1998, Al-Azhar University, Cairo); Health Promotion through Islamic Lifestyles: The Amman Declaration (WHO, 1996).
32. V. Iacopino, "Human Rights: Health Concerns for the Twenty-First Century," in: (eds.) S.K. Majumdar, L.M. Rosenfeld, D.B. Nash, A.M. Audet, Medicine and Health Care Into the Twenty-First Century (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Academy of Science, 1995), pp. 376-392.
33. J. Mann, L. Gostin, S. Gruskin, et al, "Health and Human Rights" Health and Human Rights1(1)(1994):7-23.
34. th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights," Journal of the American Medical Association 280(5)(1998):462-4.
35. A.E. Yamin, "Defining Questions: Situating Issues of Power in the Formulation of a Right to Health Under International Law," Human Rights Quarterly 18(2)(1996):398-438.
36. S.R. Benatar, "Global Disparities in Health and Human Rights: A Critical Commentary," American Journal of Public Health 88 (1998):295-300.