Wolf predation in a multiple-ungulate system in northern British Columbia

Canadian Journal of Zoology

Volumn 76, Issue 8, 1998, Pages 1551-1569

  Bergerud, A T ^a   Elliott, J P ^b  

^a Ministry of Environment ^*  (Canada)

^b Ministry of Environment British Columbia   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MAMMAL; PREDATION;

BRITISH COLUMBIA; CANADA;

ALCES ALCES; CANIDAE; CANIS; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CARNIVORA; CERVUS CANADENSIS; CERVUS ELAPHUS; MAMMALIA; OVIS ARIES; OVIS DALLI; RANGIFER TARANDUS; UNGULATA;

EID: 0032456566     PISSN: 00084301     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1139/z98-083     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Adams, L.G., Dale, B.W., and Mech, L.N. 1995a. Wolf predation on caribou calves in Denali National Park, Alaska. In Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Edited by L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton. pp. 245-260.
2. Adams, L.G., Singer, F.J., and Dale, B.W. 1995b. Caribou calf mortality in Denali National Park. J. Wildl. Manage. 59: 584-594.
3. Albright, C.A., and Keith, L.B. 1987. Population dynamics of moose (Alces alces) on the south-coast barrens of Newfoundland. Can. Field-Nat. 101: 373-387.
4. Antifeau, T.D. 1987. The significance of snow and arboreal lichens in the winter ecology of mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) in the North Thompson watershed of British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
5. Bailey, T.N. 1978. Moose populations on the Kenai National Moose Range. Alces, 14: 1-20.
6. Ballard, W.B., and Larsen, D.G. 1987. Implications of predator-prey relationships to moose management. Swed. Wildl. Res. Suppl. No. 1. pp. 581-602.
7. Ballard, W.B., and Miller, S.D. 1990. Effects of reducing bear density in moose calf survival in south-central Alaska. Alces, 26: 9-13.
8. Ballard, W.B., Whitman, J.S., and Gardner, C.L. 1987. Ecology of an exploited wolf population in south-central Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. No. 98.
9. Ballard, W.B., Whitman, J.S., and Reed, D.J. 1991. Population dynamics of moose in south-central Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. No. 114.
10. Bergerud, A.T. 1974. The decline of caribou in North America following settlement. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 757-770.
11. Bergerud, A.T. 1980. A review of the population dynamics of caribou and wild reindeer in North America. In Proceedings of the Second International Reindeer/Caribou Symposium, 17-21 September 1979, Røros, Norway. Edited by E. Reimers, E. Gaare, and S. Skjenneberg. Direktoratet for vilt og ferskvannsfisk, Trondheim. pp. 556-581.
12. Bergerud, A.T. 1983. The natural population control of caribou. In Proceedings of a Symposium on Natural Regulation of Wildlife Populations. Edited by F. Bunnell, D. Eastman, and J. Peek. Forest, Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow. pp. 14-61.
13. Bergerud, A.T. 1988. Caribou, wolves and man. Trends Ecol. Evol. 3: 68-72.
14. Bergerud, A.T. 1990. Rareness as an antipredator strategy to reduce predation risk. In Transactions of the 14th Conference of the International Union of Game Biologists, Troudheim, Norway, 8-13 September 1989. Edited by S. Myrberget. pp 15-25.
15. Bergerud, A.T. 1992. Rareness as an antipredator strategy to reduce predation risk for moose and caribou. In Wildlife 2001: populations. Edited by D.R. McCullough and R.B. Barrett. Elsevier, London. pp. 1008-1021.
16. Bergerud, A.T. 1996. Evolving perspectives on caribou population dynamics, have we got it right yet? Rangifer Spec. Issue No. 9. pp. 95-116.
17. Bergerud, A.T., and Elliott, J.P. 1986. Dynamics of caribou and wolves in northern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 64: 1515-1529.
18. Bergerud, A.T., and Manuel, F. 1969. Aerial census of moose in central Newfoundland. J. Wildl. Manage. 33: 910-916.
19. Bergerud, A.T., and Page, R.E. 1987. Displacement and dispersion of parturient caribou at calving as antipredator tactics. Can. J. Zool. 65: 1597-1606.
20. Bergerud, A.T., and Snider, J.B. 1988. Predation in the dynamics of moose population: a reply. J. Wildl. Manage. 52: 559-564.
21. Bergerud, A.T., Wyett, W., and Snider, J.B. 1983. The role of a wolf population in limiting a moose population. J. Wildl. Manage. 47: 977-988.
22. Bergerud, A.T., Butler, H.E., and Miller, D.R. 1984. Antipredator tactics of calving caribou: dispersion in mountains. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1566-1575.
23. Blood, D.A. 1974. Variations in reproduction and productivity of an enclosed herd of moose (Alces alces). In Transactions of the 14th International Congress of Game Biologists. pp. 59-66.
24. Boertje, R.D., Gasaway, W.C., Grangaard, D.V., and Kelleyhouse, D.C. 1988. Predation on moose and caribou by radio-collared grizzly bears in east-central Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 66: 2492-2499.
25. Boertje, R.D., Gardner J.W., and Valkenburg, P. 1995. Factors limiting the Fortymile Caribou Herd, Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Progress Rep., Project W-24-3. Juneau, Alaska.
26. Boertje, R.D., Valkenburg, P., and McNay, M.E. 1996. Increases in moose, caribou, and wolves following wolf control in Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 60: 474-489.
27. Boyce, M.S. 1993. Predicting the consequences of wolf recovery to ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. In Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Edited by R.S. Cook. Scientific Monogr. NPS/NRYEEL/NRSM 93-22, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. pp. 234-269.
28. Brunt, K.R., Becker, D.O., and Youds, J.A. 1989. Vancouver Island Roosevelt elk/intense forestry interaction. Wildlife Bull. No. 51, Wildlife Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Nanaimo, and Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria.
29. Bunnell, F.L. 1987. Reproductive tactics of Cervidae and their relationships to habitat. In Biology and management of the Cervidae. Edited by C. Wemmer. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 145-167.
30. Burles, D.W., and Hoefs, M., 1984. Winter mortality of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) in Kluane National Park, Yukon. Can. Field-Nat. 98: 479-488.
31. Carbyn, L.N. 1989. Wolves in Riding Mountain National Park: ecosystem protection and thoughts on a holistic conservation strategy. In Wolf-Prey Dynamics and Management: Proceedings, Vancouver, B.C., 10-11 May. Edited by D. Seip, S. Pettigrew, and R. Archibald. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria. pp. 87-97.
32. Cichowski, D.B. 1989. Seasonal movements, habitat use, and winter feeding ecology of woodland caribou in west-central British Columbia M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
33. Crête, M. 1987. The impact of sport hunting on North American moose. Swed. Wildl. Res. Suppl. No. 1. pp. 553-563.
34. Crête, M. 1989. Approximation of K carrying capacity for moose in eastern Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 67: 373-380.
35. Crête, M., and Jolicoeur, H. 1987. Impact of wolf and black bear removal on cow:calf ratio and moose density in southwestern Quebec. Alces, 23: 61-87.
36. Dale, B.W., Adams, L.G., and Bowyer, R.T. 1995. Winter wolf predation in a multiple ungulate prey system. Gates of the Arctic National Park, Alaska. In Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Edited by L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton. pp. 223-230.
37. Edmonds, E.J. 1988. Population status, distribution, and movements of woodland caribou in west central Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 66: 817-826.
38. Elliott, J.P. 1997. 1996-97 CLIB surveys in the Liard Area of the Peace-Liard. Process Rep., British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria.
39. Fancy, S.G., Whitten, K.R., and Russell, D.E. 1994. Demography of the Porcupine caribou herd. 1983-1992. Can. J. Zool. 72: 840-846.
40. Farnell, R., and McDonald, J. 1988. The influence of wolf predation on caribou mortality in Yukon's Finlayson Caribou Herd. In Proceedings of the Third North American Caribou Workshop, Chena Hot Springs, Alaska, 4-6 November 1987. Edited by R.D. Cameron and J.L. Davis. Tech. Bull. No. 8, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau. pp. 52-70.
41. Ferguson, S.H., Bergerud, A.T., and Ferguson, R. 1988. Predation risk and habitat selection in the persistence of a remnant caribou population. Oecologia, 76: 236-245.
42. Fuller, T.K. 1989. Population dynamics of wolves in north-central Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. No. 105.
43. Gasaway, W.C., and DuBois, S.D. 1987. Estimating moose population parameters. Swed. Res. Suppl. No. 1. pp. 603-617.
44. Gasaway, W.C., Stephenson, R.O., Davis, J.L., Sheppard, P.E.K., and Burris, O.E. 1983. Interrelationships of wolves, prey, and man in interior Alaska. Wildl. Monogr. No. 84.
45. Gasaway, W.C., DuBois, S.D., Reed, D.J., and Harbo, S.J. 1986. Estimating moose population parameters from aerial surveys. Biol. Pap. Univ. Alsk. No. 21.
46. Gasaway, W.C., Boertje, R.D., Grangaard, D.V., Kellyhouse, D.G., and Larsen, D.G. 1992. Factors limiting moose population growth in subunit 20E. Wildl. Monogr. No. 120.
47. Geist, V. 1971. Mountains heep: a study in behavior and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
48. Geist, V. 1982. Adaptive behavioral strategies. Elk of North America: ecology and management. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg. Pa.
49. Haber, G.C. 1977. Socio-ecological dynamics of wolves and prey in a subarctic ecosystem. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
50. Hatler, D.F. 1986. Studies of radio-collared caribou in Spatsizi Wilderness Park area, British Columbia, 1980-1984. Rep. No. 3, Spatsizi Association for Biological Research, Smithers, B.C.
51. Hatter, J. 1950. The moose of central British Columbia. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
52. Hayes, R., Baer, A., Farnell, R., Sumanik, R., and Larsen, D. 1989. Wolf/prey studies in the Yukon Territory 1983-1988. In Wolf/prey dynamics and management. Edited by D. Seip, S. Pettigrew, and R. Archibald. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria. pp. 70-81.
53. Hearn, B.J., Luttich, S.N., Crête, M., and Berger, M.B. 1990. Survival of radio-collared caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) from the George River herd, Nouveau-Quebec - Labrador. Can. J. Zool. 68: 276-283.
54. Hickey, J.J. 1955. Some American population research on gallinaceous birds. In Recent studies in avian biology. Edited by A. Wolfson. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. pp. 326-396.
55. Hoefs, M., and Bayer, M. 1983. Demographic characteristics of an unhunted Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) population in southwest Yukon, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 61: 1346-1357.
56. Hoefs, M., and Cowan, I. McT. 1979. Ecological investigations of a population of Dall sheep (Ovis dalli Nelson). Syesis No. 12 Suppl. 1.
57. Keith, L.B. 1974. Some features of population dynamics in mammals. In Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Game Biologists. pp. 17-58.
58. Keith, L.B. 1983. Population dynamics of wolves. Can. Wildl. Serv. Rep. Ser. No. 45. pp. 66-77.
59. Larsen. D.G., Gauthier, D.A., and Markel, R.L. 1989a. Causes and rate of moose (Alces alces) calf mortality. J. Wildl. Manage. 53: 548-557.
60. Larsen, D.G., Gauthier, D.A., Markel, R.L., and Hayes, R.D. 1989b. Limiting factors on moose population growth in the southwest Yukon. Final Rep., Yukon Department of Renewable Resources, Whitehorse.
61. Leopold, A.S., Riney, T., McCain, R., and Tevis, L., Jr. 1951. The Jawbone Deer Herd. Game Bull. No. 4, California Division of Fish and Game, Sacramento.
62. Lime, D.W., Koth, B.A., and Vlaming, J.C. 1993. Effects of restoring wolves on Yellowstone big game and grizzly bears: opinions of scientists. In Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Edited by R.S. Cook. Scientific Monogr. NPS/NRYELL/NRSM-93/22, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. pp. 306-328.
63. Main, M.M., and Coblentz, B.E. 1990. Sexual segregation among ungulates: a critique. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18: 204-210.
64. McCullough, D. 1985. Long range movements of terrestrial mammals. Contrib. Mar. Sci. Suppl. 27: 444-465.
65. Mech, L.D. 1966. The wolves of Isle Royale. Fauna Ser. 7, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
66. Mech, L.D., Meier, T.J., Buich, J.W., and Adams, L.G. 1995. Patterns of prey selection by wolves in Denali National Park. In Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. Edited by L.N. Carbyn, S.H. Fritts, and D.R. Seip. Canadian Circumpolar Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton. pp. 231-244.
67. Messier, F. 1991. The significance of limiting and regulating factors on the demography of moose and white-tailed deer. J. Anim. Ecol. 60: 377-393.
68. Messier, F. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with North American moose. Ecology, 72: 478-488.
69. Messier, F., and Crête, M. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and the natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia, 65: 503-512.
70. Miller, D.R. 1975. Observations of wolf predation on barren-ground caribou in winter. In Proceedings of the First International Reindeer and Caribou Symposium, Fairbanks, Alaska, 9-11 August 1972. Edited by J.R. Luick, P.C. Lent, D.R. Klein, and R.G. White. pp. 209-220.
71. Murie, A. 1944. The wolves of Mount McKinley. Fauna Series 5, U.S. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
72. Packard, J.M., and Mech, L.D. 1980. Population regulation in wolves. In Biosocial mechanisms of population regulation. Edited by A.G. Klein and M. Cohen. Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. pp. 135-150.
73. Packard, J.M., and Mech, L.D. 1983. Population regulation in wolves. In Proceedings of a Symposium on Natural Regulation of Wildlife Populations, Vancouver, B.C., 10 March 1978. Edited by F.L. Bunnell, D.S. Eastman, and J.M. Peek. Forest Wildlife and Range Experiment Station, University of Idaho, Moscow. pp. 151-174.
74. Page, R.E. 1988. Early caribou calf mortality in northwestern British Columbia. In Caribou research and management in British Columbia. Edited by R. Page. Rep. WHR 27, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria. pp. 113-123.
75. Parker, K.L., Robins, C.T., and Hanley, T.A., 1984. Energy expenditures for locomotion by mule deer and elk. J. Wildl. Manage. 48: 474-488.
76. Peck, V.R. 1980. The Muskwa-Liard elk herd, an historic and economic perspective. In Proceedings of the Western States Elk Workshop, Cranbrook, B.C. Edited by W. MacGregor. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria. pp. 57-66.
77. Peck, V.R. 1988. Reponses of elk and vegetation to prescribed fire, Tuchodi River area northeastern British Columbia. M.Sc. thesis, University of Idaho, Moscow.
78. Peterson, R.O. 1977. Wolf ecology and prey relationships on Isle Royale. Scientific Monogr. No. 11, U.S. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
79. Peterson, R.O., and Page. R.E. 1988. The rise and fall of Isle Royale wolves 1975-1986. J. Mammal. 69: 89-99.
80. Pimlott, D.H. 1967. Wolf predation and ungulate populations. Am. Zool. 7: 267-278.
81. Schlegel, M. 1976. Factors affecting calf elk survival in northcentral Idaho. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Conference of Western Associated State Game and Fish Commissioners. pp. 342-355.
82. Schwartz, C.C., and Franzmann, A.W. 1989. Bear, wolves, moose, and forest succession: some management considerations on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Alces, 25: 1-11.
83. Seip, D. 1992. Factors limiting woodland caribou populations and their interrelationships with wolves and moose in southeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 70: 1494-1503.
84. Simmons, N.M., Bayer, M.B., and Sinkey, L.O. 1984. Demography of Dall's sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwest Territories. J. Wildl. Manage. 48: 156-162.
85. Singer, F.J., and Mack, J.A. 1993. Potential ungulate prey for grey wolves. In Ecological issues on reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone National Park. Edited by R.S. Cook. Scientific Monogr. NPS/NRYEll.NRSM 93-22, Deptartment of the Interior, National Park Service. pp. 75-117.
86. Skogland, T. 1985. The effects of density-dependent resource limitation on the demography of wild reindeer. J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 359-374.
87. Slobodkin, L.B. 1968. How to be a predator. Am. Zool. 8: 43-81.
88. Slobodkin, L.B. 1974. Prudent predation does not require group selection. Am. Nat. 108: 665-678.
89. Spalding, D.J. 1990. The early history of moose (Alces alces) distribution and relative abundance in British Columbia. No. 11, Contributions to Natural Science, Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria.
90. Spalding, D.J. 1992. The history of elk (Cervus elaphus) in British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria.
91. Stephenson, R.O. 1978. Characteristics of exploited wolf populations. Final Rep., Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau.
92. Sumanik, R.S. 1987. Wolf ecology in the Kluane Region, Yukon Territory. M.Sc. thesis, Michigan Technical University, Houghton.
93. Taylor, J. 1976. The advantages of spacing out. J. Theor. Biol. 59: 485-490.
94. Van Ballenberghe, V. 1987. Effects of predation on moose numbers: a review of recent North American studies. Swed. Wildl. Res. Suppl. No. 1. pp. 431-460.
95. Van Ballenberghe, V., and Ballard, W.B. 1994. Limitation and regulation of moose populations: the role of predation. Can. J. Zool. 72: 2071-2077.
96. Van Ballenberghe, V., Erickson, A.W., and Bymum, D. 1975. Ecology of the timber wolf in northeastern Minnesota. Wildl. Monogr. No. 43.
97. Wolfe, M.L. 1977. Mortality patterns in the Isle Royale moose population Am. Midl. Nat. 97: 267-294.
98. Walters, C.J., Stocker, M., and Haber G.C. 1981. Simulation and optimization models for a wolf-ungulate system. In Dynamics of large mammal populations. Edited by C.W. Fowler and T.D. Smith. John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 317-337.
99. Woodgerd, W. 1964. Population dynamics of bighorn sheep on Wildhorse Island. J. Wildl. Manage. 28: 381-391.