Problems in Sino-Russian economic relations

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 50, Issue 7, 1998, Pages 1133-1156

  Kerr, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

China; Economic relations; Geopolitics; International trade; Political relations; Russian Federation

Indexed keywords

ECONOMIC RELATIONS; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL TRADE;

CHINA; RUSSIAN FEDERATION;

EID: 0032454303     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09668139808412588     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. See 'Sovmestnaya Rossiisko-Kitaiskaya Deklaratsiya', Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1994, 17/18, pp. 17-18.
2. See various releases, including text of joint communiqué, by Xinhua, Beijing, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service-China, 96-081, (hereafter FBIS-CHI), 25 April 1996, pp. 13-29.
3. 'Rossiisko-Kitaiskaya Sovmestnaya Deklaratsiya o mnogopolyarnom mire i formirovanii novogo mezhdunarodnogo poryadka', Diplomaticheskii vestnik, 1997, 5, pp. 19-21.
4. For a Chinese assessment of the strategic partnership see Li Jingjie, 'Razvitie kitaisko-rossiiskikh otnoshenii: ot druzhby k strategicheskomu partnerstvu', Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka, 1997, 3. For a realistic appraisal from the Russian side see V. Gel'bras, 'Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskii region i problemy integratsii Rossii v mirovuyu ekonomiku', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1997, 12.
5. For a Chinese assessment of the strategic partnership see Li Jingjie, 'Razvitie kitaisko-rossiiskikh otnoshenii: ot druzhby k strategicheskomu partnerstvu', Problemy Dal'nego Vostoka, 1997, 3. For a realistic appraisal from the Russian side see V. Gel'bras, 'Aziatsko-Tikhookeanskii region i problemy integratsii Rossii v mirovuyu ekonomiku', Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1997, 12.
6. Xinhua, 22 April 1996, in FBIS-CHI-96-078, p. 23, lists 25 exchanges at ministerial level and above for the four years March 1992 to March 1996.
7. Financial Times, 10 September 1997.
8. The author would like to express his appreciation for the financial support under ESRC research grant L324253005 that made this trip possible.
9. The World Bank Development Report of 1994 suggested a factor in excess of four for 1992 GDP per capita (i.e. market exchange, $490; PPP, $1910) but this is at the upper limit of estimates. See The World Bank, China. Macroeconomic Stabilisation in a Decentralised Economy (Washington, 1995), p. 3, for discussion.
10. Almanac of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, 1996-97, (hereafter ACFERT) (Beijing, 1997).
11. According to Chinese returns; Japanese figures, which include Hong Kong trade amongst other factors, suggest a different structure.
12. Foreign capital used by China rose 10-fold between 1990 and 1995 reaching $37.8 billion in the latter year, but the share originating in Asia remained the same at over 80%, with Hong Kong contributing 53% and Taiwan and Japan over 8% and other Asia 11% in 1995.
13. For fuller discussion of the problems from the early years of Sino-Russian opening see D. Kerr, 'Opening and Closing the Sino-Russian Border, Trade, Regional Development and Political Interest in Northeast Asia', Europe-Asia Studies, 48, 6, September, 1996, pp. 931-957.
14. Author's interview, CICIR, Beijing, October 1997.
15. Russian Economic Trends, 1997, 2, p. 79.
16. Author's interview, Russian Institute, University of Heilongjiang, Harbin, October 1997.
17. The instability is reinforced by the figures for the first half of 1997, which indicate 14% decline over the period in the preceding year in Chinese exports; Russian exports are down 33%, although Chinese recorded imports are down only 14%, suggesting a further swing towards military and non-formal trade. IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics, December 1997.
18. Institut Dal'nego Vostoka, RAN, Ekonomika KNR v preddverii XXI Veka (1991-2000g) (Moscow, 1997), p. 111.
19. Author's interview, Institute of Economic Research, RAS-FEB, Khabarovsk, November, 1997.
20. Statistical Yearbook of China, 1994-95. Figures are for enterprises with independent accounting systems only.
21. ACFERT, 1996-97.
22. A. M. Mastepanov, 'Regional'naya energetika', in Mintopenergo Rossii, Regional'naya strategiya sotsial'no-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya (Ekaterinburg, 1997), p. 75.
23. For discussion see N. Lardy, Foreign Trade and Economic Reform in China, 1978-90 (CUP, 1992), pp. 39-41.
24. Statistical Yearbook of China, 1996.
25. P. A. Minakir, Regional'naya ekonomicheskaya politika: strategiya razvitiya dalnevostochnogo regiona (Khabarovsk, 1997), pp. 58-60.
26. Author's interview, Institute of Economic Research, RAS-FEB, Khabarovsk, November 1997.
27. A. S. Sheingauz, Prirodopol'zovanie rossiiskogo dal'nego vostoka i Severo-vostochnaya Azia (Khabarovsk, 1997), p. 142.
28. See N. N. Mikheeva, 'Dolgovremennaya gosudarstvennaya programma razvitiya Dal'nego Vostoka i Zabaikal'ya na 1996-2005 gody', in Dvenadtsatyi Yaponsko-Rossiiskii nauchnyi simpozium po problemam Dal'nego Vostoka (Khabarovsk, 1997) (hereafter Dvenadtsatyi simpozium).
29. V. P. Larin, 'Dal'nevostochnyi regionalizm serediny-90 kh: stimuly i prepyatstviya k uchastiyu Rossii v regional'nom vzaimodeistvii v Severo-vostchnoi Azii', in Dvenadtsatyi simpozium, p. 90.
30. Institut Dal'nego Vostoka, Ekonomika KNR ..., p. 111.
31. Author's interview, Institute of Siberian Studies, Harbin, November 1997.
32. Author's interview, Institute of Oriental Studies, Far Eastern State University, Vladivostok, November 1997.
33. 'Sovmestnoe Rossiisko-Kitaiskoe Zayavlenie', Rossiiskaya gazeta, 11 November 1997, p. 2.
34. For details of economic agreements see, 'Rossiya skreplyaet druzhbu s Kitaem s pomoshch'yu gazoprovoda', Finansovye Izvestiya, 13 November 1997.
35. Author's interview, Economic Research Centre, People's Government of Heilongjiang, November 1997.
36. Minakir, p. 45.
37. Sheingauz, p. 142.
38. Author's interview, Institute of Economic Research, RAS-FEB, Khabarovsk, November 1997.
39. Sheingauz, pp. 106-107.
40. E. Khartukhov, 'Rising gas and oil production in the Russian Far East will recast Asia-Pacific energy markets', Petroleum Economist, Supplement, September, 1994.
41. K. Fujime, 'East Asia: a new market for Russian gas', in Gas in the CIS 1996 (London, Petroleum Economist, 1996), pp. 60-65.
42. 'Looking East, looking forward', Petroleum Economist, September 1997, p. 1.
43. A. Stewart, 'Rising demand in north Asia could be met by Russian gas', in Gas in the former Soviet Union (London, Petroleum Economist, 1996), pp. 9-10.
44. Author's interview, Economics Faculty, Far Eastern State University, Vladivostok, November 1997.
45. IMF, Balance of Payments Yearbook, various issues.
46. ACFERT, 1996-1997.
47. Author's interviews, CICIR and IEERCAS, CASS, Beijing, October 1997.
48. Khartukhov, p. 47.