Economic interest groups in Finnish Foreign-trade policy decision-making in the early years of independence

Scandinavian Economic History Review

Volumn 46, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 79-96

  Lamberg, Juha Antti ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC HISTORY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; INTERNATIONAL TRADE; TRADE POLICY;

FINLAND;

EID: 0032453607     PISSN: 03585522     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03585522.1998.10414741     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. For an overview of Finnish foreign trade and foreign trade policy, see Hjerppe, Riitta, Finnish Trade and Trade Policy in the 20th century, Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 18, 1993:1, 57-76.
2. Harmaja, Leo, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen (The Effects of the World War on Economic Development in Finland), Kansantaloudellisia tutkimuksia X. Porvoo: WSOY 1940; Kuisma, Markku, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations: The Development Strategy of a Small Peripheral Nation during the Period of Crisis and Economic Disintegration in Europe (Finland 1918-1938), Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. XLI, 3:1993, 242-268; Kuisma, Markku, Metsäteollisuuden maa. Suomi, metsät ja kansainvälinen järjestelmä 1620-1920 (Land of Forest Industry. Finland, forest and the international system 1620-1920). Jyväskylä: Societas Historica Finlandiae 1993; Rantatupa, Heikki, Elintarvikehuolto ja säännöstely Suomessa vuosina 1914-1921 (Food Supply and Rationing in Finland in 1914-1921). Studia Historica Jyväskyläensia, vol. 17. Jyväskylä 1979.
3. Harmaja, Leo, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen (The Effects of the World War on Economic Development in Finland), Kansantaloudellisia tutkimuksia X. Porvoo: WSOY 1940; Kuisma, Markku, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations: The Development Strategy of a Small Peripheral Nation during the Period of Crisis and Economic Disintegration in Europe (Finland 1918-1938), Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. XLI, 3:1993, 242-268; Kuisma, Markku, Metsäteollisuuden maa. Suomi, metsät ja kansainvälinen järjestelmä 1620-1920 (Land of Forest Industry. Finland, forest and the international system 1620-1920). Jyväskylä: Societas Historica Finlandiae 1993; Rantatupa, Heikki, Elintarvikehuolto ja säännöstely Suomessa vuosina 1914-1921 (Food Supply and Rationing in Finland in 1914-1921). Studia Historica Jyväskyläensia, vol. 17. Jyväskylä 1979.
4. Harmaja, Leo, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen (The Effects of the World War on Economic Development in Finland), Kansantaloudellisia tutkimuksia X. Porvoo: WSOY 1940; Kuisma, Markku, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations: The Development Strategy of a Small Peripheral Nation during the Period of Crisis and Economic Disintegration in Europe (Finland 1918-1938), Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. XLI, 3:1993, 242-268; Kuisma, Markku, Metsäteollisuuden maa. Suomi, metsät ja kansainvälinen järjestelmä 1620-1920 (Land of Forest Industry. Finland, forest and the international system 1620-1920). Jyväskylä: Societas Historica Finlandiae 1993; Rantatupa, Heikki, Elintarvikehuolto ja säännöstely Suomessa vuosina 1914-1921 (Food Supply and Rationing in Finland in 1914-1921). Studia Historica Jyväskyläensia, vol. 17. Jyväskylä 1979.
5. Harmaja, Leo, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen (The Effects of the World War on Economic Development in Finland), Kansantaloudellisia tutkimuksia X. Porvoo: WSOY 1940; Kuisma, Markku, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations: The Development Strategy of a Small Peripheral Nation during the Period of Crisis and Economic Disintegration in Europe (Finland 1918-1938), Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. XLI, 3:1993, 242-268; Kuisma, Markku, Metsäteollisuuden maa. Suomi, metsät ja kansainvälinen järjestelmä 1620-1920 (Land of Forest Industry. Finland, forest and the international system 1620-1920). Jyväskylä: Societas Historica Finlandiae 1993; Rantatupa, Heikki, Elintarvikehuolto ja säännöstely Suomessa vuosina 1914-1921 (Food Supply and Rationing in Finland in 1914-1921). Studia Historica Jyväskyläensia, vol. 17. Jyväskylä 1979.
6. Pincus, J. J., Pressure Groups and the Pattern of Tariffs. Journal of Political Economy, vol. 83, 1975:4, 754.
7. Magee, Stephen P. & Brock, William A. & Young, Leslie, Black hole tariffs and endogenous policy theory: political economy in general equilibrum. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1989. The possibilities of political decision-makers of taking action are increased in a so-called Stackelberg leadership situation. Competition between voters and lobby groups gives the public sector a chance to take independent action. From the state's viewpoint, trade policy is that pan of economic and foreign policy intended to have an effect on foreign trade. Trade policy includes tariff policy (here, tariffs, quotas, export and import restrictions) and trade agreement policy.
8. North, Douglass C., Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1990.
9. Magee & Brock & Young, Black hole tariffs, 34.
10. Katzenstein, Peter J., Small States in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe. Ithaca: Cornell UP 1985, 32-33, 88-92.
11. Gerber, Larry G., Corporatism in Comparative Perspective: The Impact of the First World War on American and British Labor Relations, Business History Review, vol. 62, 1988:1, 98; Holland, R. F., The Federation of British Industries and the International Economy, 1929-1939. The Economic History Review, vol. XXXIV, 1981:2, 287.
12. Gerber, Larry G., Corporatism in Comparative Perspective: The Impact of the First World War on American and British Labor Relations, Business History Review, vol. 62, 1988:1, 98; Holland, R. F., The Federation of British Industries and the International Economy, 1929-1939. The Economic History Review, vol. XXXIV, 1981:2, 287.
13. Gerber, Corporatism in Comparative Perspective, 126; Holland, The Federation of British Industries, 299.
14. Gerber, Corporatism in Comparative Perspective, 126; Holland, The Federation of British Industries, 299.
15. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
16. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
17. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
18. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
19. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
20. Rothstein, Bo, State Structure and Variations in Corporatism: The Swedish Case, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 14, 1991:2, 149-171; Rothstein, Bo, Explaining Swedish Corporatism: The Formative Moment, Scandinavian Political Studies, vol. 15, 1992:3, 173-191. On the German system, see, for instance, Gillingham, John, Industry and politics in the Third Reich: Ruhr coal, Hitler and Europe. London: Methuen 1985; Schröter, H. G., Aussenpolitik und Wirtschaftsinteresse: Skandinavien im aussenwirtschaftlichen Kalkül Deutschlands und Grossbritanniens 1938-1939, Europäische Hochschulschriften Bd. 195. Frankfurt am Main: Lang 1983; Schröter, Harm, Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution. The Journal of European Economic History, vol. 25, 1996:1, 129-153. On Finnish links to German cartel studies; see Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 493.
21. Just Flemming, Agriculture and Controls in Denmark 1930-1950. Scandinavian Economic History Review, vol. XLI, 1993:3, 269-285.
22. In addition to the three committees here mentioned, there were others with trade-political functions, for instance, the committee in charge of public purchases, established in the mid-1920s.
23. There were also so-called intermediary level organisations (Valio, the Central Cooperative of Finnish Dairies; Sahanomistajayhdistys, the Association of Finnish Sawmill Owners; Finpap, the Association of Finnish Paper Mills; Fincell, the Association of Finnish Pulp Mills, etc.) In this study their activities are not separated from the top-level organisations.
24. Pro memoria of Gustaf Aminoff, 25.2.1918, D7-32, Archives of the Engineering High Command (AE), Finnish Military Archives (FMA).
25. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918 and 50/1918; Kuusi, Eino, Kauppapolitiikka. Valtiotieteiden käsikirja II (Trade Policy. Handbook of Political Science II). Helsinki: Tietosanakirja 1921, 515-518.
26. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918 and 50/1918; Kuusi, Eino, Kauppapolitiikka. Valtiotieteiden käsikirja II (Trade Policy. Handbook of Political Science II). Helsinki: Tietosanakirja 1921, 515-518.
27. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 50/ 1918.
28. A letter of the Central Chamber of Commerce to the Engineering High Command, written in April 1918, (HA2), Archives of the Trade and Industry Commission, Finnish National Archives (FNA).
29. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 318; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 486-487, 516-517; Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960). Helsinki: Otava 1961.
30. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 318; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 486-487, 516-517; Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960). Helsinki: Otava 1961.
31. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 318; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 486-487, 516-517; Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960). Helsinki: Otava 1961.
32. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 26/1918; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 318; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 486-487, 516-517; Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960). Helsinki: Otava 1961.
33. Pro memoria of the Trade and Industry Commission on the establishment of central cooperatives, July 1918, (HA3), Archives of the Trade and Industry Commission, FNA; Alfthan, Ferdinand, Finländska karteller (Finnish Cartels), Ekonomiska Samfundets Tidskrift, vol. VII, 1920-1921, 287-291, 297-306; Feldman, Gerald D., Post-1918 penetration of German enterprises, Historical studies in international corporate business, Ed. Alice Teichova et al. Cambridge:Cambridge UP 1991, 88-89;
34. Pro memoria of the Trade and Industry Commission on the establishment of central cooperatives, July 1918, (HA3), Archives of the Trade and Industry Commission, FNA; Alfthan, Ferdinand, Finländska karteller (Finnish Cartels), Ekonomiska Samfundets Tidskrift, vol. VII, 1920-1921, 287-291, 297-306; Feldman, Gerald D., Post-1918 penetration of German enterprises, Historical studies in international corporate business, Ed. Alice Teichova et al. Cambridge:Cambridge UP 1991, 88-89;
35. Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 325-328;
36. Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 495;
37. Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 517-520;
38. Rautkallio, Hannu, Kaupantekoa Suomen itsenäisyydellä: Saksan sodanpäämäärät Suomessa 1917-1918 (Finnish Independence as Merchandise: German goals of the war in Finland, 1917-1918). Helsinki:WSOY 1977, 38-41. Germany participated in the 1918 Finnish civil war on the side of the Whites. After the civil war, Finland was part of the German sphere of interest until the end of World War I.
39. Pro memoria by the Trade and Industry Commission, September 1918, (HA2), Archives of the Trade and Industry Commission, FNA. That memorandum was probably written by Aleksander Lampen, Technical Director and Managing Director of Tornator Oy, 1909-32.
40. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 123/1919; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 330-340; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 522-523; some of the functions of the Commission were transferred to the National Board of Trade and Industry, a permanent central administrative board, which was founded in 1918 under the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
41. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 123/1919; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 330-340; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 522-523; some of the functions of the Commission were transferred to the National Board of Trade and Industry, a permanent central administrative board, which was founded in 1918 under the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
42. Suomen Asetuskokoelma (Finnish Code of Statutes) 123/1919; Harmaja, Maailmansodan vaikutus Suomen taloudelliseen kehitykseen, 330-340; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 522-523; some of the functions of the Commission were transferred to the National Board of Trade and Industry, a permanent central administrative board, which was founded in 1918 under the Ministry of Trade and Industry.
43. Report dated 24 May 1918 on a business sector meeting, convened by the Trade and Industry Commission, (HA2), Archives of the Trade and Industry Commission, FNA; Kuusi, Kauppapolitiikka, 485-488.
44. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industries; Board minutes, 28 January 1921, of the Association of Finnish Import Industry; Kananen, Ilkka, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka: Elintarvikepulasta omavaraisuuteen 1917-1949 (CUAP and Finnish agricultural policy). Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä 1986, 21; Pesonen, Markku, Teollisuuden keskusliito ja sen edeltäjät 1921-1991 (The Confederation of Finnish Industry and its forerunners, 1921-1991). Helsinki: Teollisuuden Keskusliitto 1992, 10; Poukka, Pentti, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto 1918-1968 (The Confederation of the Finnish Forest Industries, 1918-1968). Metsäteollisuus itsenäisessä Suomessa, Ed. Juha Laurila et al. Helsinki: Suomen paperi-ja puutavaralehti 1968, 21.
45. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industries; Board minutes, 28 January 1921, of the Association of Finnish Import Industry; Kananen, Ilkka, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka: Elintarvikepulasta omavaraisuuteen 1917-1949 (CUAP and Finnish agricultural policy). Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä 1986, 21; Pesonen, Markku, Teollisuuden keskusliito ja sen edeltäjät 1921-1991 (The Confederation of Finnish Industry and its forerunners, 1921-1991). Helsinki: Teollisuuden Keskusliitto 1992, 10; Poukka, Pentti, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto 1918-1968 (The Confederation of the Finnish Forest Industries, 1918-1968). Metsäteollisuus itsenäisessä Suomessa, Ed. Juha Laurila et al. Helsinki: Suomen paperi-ja puutavaralehti 1968, 21.
46. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industries; Board minutes, 28 January 1921, of the Association of Finnish Import Industry; Kananen, Ilkka, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka: Elintarvikepulasta omavaraisuuteen 1917-1949 (CUAP and Finnish agricultural policy). Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä 1986, 21; Pesonen, Markku, Teollisuuden keskusliito ja sen edeltäjät 1921-1991 (The Confederation of Finnish Industry and its forerunners, 1921-1991). Helsinki: Teollisuuden Keskusliitto 1992, 10; Poukka, Pentti, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto 1918-1968 (The Confederation of the Finnish Forest Industries, 1918-1968). Metsäteollisuus itsenäisessä Suomessa, Ed. Juha Laurila et al. Helsinki: Suomen paperi-ja puutavaralehti 1968, 21.
47. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industries; Board minutes, 28 January 1921, of the Association of Finnish Import Industry; Kananen, Ilkka, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka: Elintarvikepulasta omavaraisuuteen 1917-1949 (CUAP and Finnish agricultural policy). Helsinki: Kirjayhtymä 1986, 21; Pesonen, Markku, Teollisuuden keskusliito ja sen edeltäjät 1921-1991 (The Confederation of Finnish Industry and its forerunners, 1921-1991). Helsinki: Teollisuuden Keskusliitto 1992, 10; Poukka, Pentti, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto 1918-1968 (The Confederation of the Finnish Forest Industries, 1918-1968). Metsäteollisuus itsenäisessä Suomessa, Ed. Juha Laurila et al. Helsinki: Suomen paperi-ja puutavaralehti 1968, 21.
48. Annual report of the Confederation of Finnish Industry 1922, ACFI; Ahvenainen, Jorma & Vartiainen, Henri, Itsenäisen Suomen talouspolitiikka, Suomen taloushistoria 2 (Economic policy of the independent Finland. Economic history of Finland 2), Eds. Jorma Ahvenainen, Erkki Pihkala and Viljo Rasila. Helsinki: Tammi 1982, 176-182; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 521-536.
49. Annual report of the Confederation of Finnish Industry 1922, ACFI; Ahvenainen, Jorma & Vartiainen, Henri, Itsenäisen Suomen talouspolitiikka, Suomen taloushistoria 2 (Economic policy of the independent Finland. Economic history of Finland 2), Eds. Jorma Ahvenainen, Erkki Pihkala and Viljo Rasila. Helsinki: Tammi 1982, 176-182; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 521-536.
50. Annual report of the Confederation of Finnish Industry 1922, ACFI; Ahvenainen, Jorma & Vartiainen, Henri, Itsenäisen Suomen talouspolitiikka, Suomen taloushistoria 2 (Economic policy of the independent Finland. Economic history of Finland 2), Eds. Jorma Ahvenainen, Erkki Pihkala and Viljo Rasila. Helsinki: Tammi 1982, 176-182; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 521-536.
51. Procope, Hjalmar, Några randanmarkningar till Finlands handelstraktatpolitik, Ekonomiska Samfundets Tidskrift, vol. XXVIII, 1933, 5-6. Italics by the author.
52. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industry, 1919; Kananen, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka, 18-33; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 248-249; Pesonen, Teollisuuden keskusliitto ja sen edehäjät, 10; Poukka, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto, 21 and 47.
53. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industry, 1919; Kananen, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka, 18-33; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 248-249; Pesonen, Teollisuuden keskusliitto ja sen edehäjät, 10; Poukka, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto, 21 and 47.
54. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industry, 1919; Kananen, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka, 18-33; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 248-249; Pesonen, Teollisuuden keskusliitto ja sen edehäjät, 10; Poukka, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto, 21 and 47.
55. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industry, 1919; Kananen, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka, 18-33; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 248-249; Pesonen, Teollisuuden keskusliitto ja sen edehäjät, 10; Poukka, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto, 21 and 47.
56. Annual report of the Federation of Finnish Forest Industry, 1919; Kananen, MTK ja Suomen maatalouspolitiikka, 18-33; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 248-249; Pesonen, Teollisuuden keskusliitto ja sen edehäjät, 10; Poukka, Suomen Puunjalostusteollisuuden keskusliitto, 21 and 47.
57. Huuska, Väinö, Etujärjestöjen painostuspolitiikka Suomessa 1945-1964 (Pressure Politic in Finland, 1945-1964), Politiikan tutkimuksia 9. Porvoo: WSOY 1968, 21 and 78; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 524; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 249; Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale UP 1982, 40-45.
58. Huuska, Väinö, Etujärjestöjen painostuspolitiikka Suomessa 1945-1964 (Pressure Politic in Finland, 1945-1964), Politiikan tutkimuksia 9. Porvoo: WSOY 1968, 21 and 78; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 524; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 249; Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale UP 1982, 40-45.
59. Huuska, Väinö, Etujärjestöjen painostuspolitiikka Suomessa 1945-1964 (Pressure Politic in Finland, 1945-1964), Politiikan tutkimuksia 9. Porvoo: WSOY 1968, 21 and 78; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 524; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 249; Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale UP 1982, 40-45.
60. Huuska, Väinö, Etujärjestöjen painostuspolitiikka Suomessa 1945-1964 (Pressure Politic in Finland, 1945-1964), Politiikan tutkimuksia 9. Porvoo: WSOY 1968, 21 and 78; Kuisma, Government Action, Cartels and National Corporations, 524; Kuisma, Metsäteollisuuden maa (Land of Forest Industry), 249; Olson, Mancur, The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic growth, stagflation and social rigidities. New Haven: Yale UP 1982, 40-45.
61. Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960); Valtionkalenteri (Official Directory) 1919-1939; Lamberg, Juha-Antti, Vaalirahoituksen taloushistoria (Economic History of Campaign Funding). Uusi institutionaalinen taloushistoria: Johdanto tutkimukseen (New Institutional Economic History: An introduction). Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus 1997, 150.
62. Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960); Valtionkalenteri (Official Directory) 1919-1939; Lamberg, Juha-Antti, Vaalirahoituksen taloushistoria (Economic History of Campaign Funding). Uusi institutionaalinen taloushistoria: Johdanto tutkimukseen (New Institutional Economic History: An introduction). Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus 1997, 150.
63. Kuka kukin oli 1900-1960 (Who Was Who in Finland, 1900-1960); Valtionkalenteri (Official Directory) 1919-1939; Lamberg, Juha-Antti, Vaalirahoituksen taloushistoria (Economic History of Campaign Funding). Uusi institutionaalinen taloushistoria: Johdanto tutkimukseen (New Institutional Economic History: An introduction). Jyväskylä: Atena Kustannus 1997, 150.
64. On the establishment of the Trade Agreement Committee, see Cabinet minutes, 11 December 1919; for instance, a letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to trade and industry organisations and certain ministries, of 9 October 1919, (58Da); pro.memoria by the Trade Agreement Committee to the Cabinet, 19 Septemer 1921, (58Da), Archives of the Ministery of Foreign Affairs (AMFA); Nevakivi, Ulkoasiainhallinnon historia (History of the Foreign Affairs Administration), 128.
65. On the establishment of the Trade Agreement Committee, see Cabinet minutes, 11 December 1919; for instance, a letter of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to trade and industry organisations and certain ministries, of 9 October 1919, (58Da); pro.memoria by the Trade Agreement Committee to the Cabinet, 19 Septemer 1921, (58Da), Archives of the Ministery of Foreign Affairs (AMFA); Nevakivi, Ulkoasiainhallinnon historia (History of the Foreign Affairs Administration), 128.
66. Pro memoria by the Trade Policy Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the Finnish foreign trade policy, 8 September 1921, (58Da), AMFA; Lamberg, Juha-Antti, Suomen ja Espanjan kaupalliset suhteet 1918-1939 (Trade Relationships between Finland and Spain, 1918-1939). Unpublished, Licentiate's thesis, Institute of History, University of Jyväskylä 1995;
67. Nevakivi, Ulkoasiainhallinnon historia (History of the Foreign Affairs Administration), 128.
68. A cablegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Solitander, 1929, (58B1); cablegram sent by Solitander to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1929, (58B1); cablegram from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Ambassador Wäinö Wuolijoki, 1929, (58B1), AMFA; Lamberg, Suomen ja Espanjan kaupalliset suhteet.
69. Gripenberg to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 October and 11 November 1932, (58B1); Pro memoria by Henrik Ramsay, 24 January 1933, (58B1); Finnish pro memoria addressed to Britain 24 January 1933, (58B1), AMFA; Gripenberg's diary, 22-25 January 1933, Gripenberg collections, FNA; as expected, Walter Runciman, the British representative of the Board of Trade, rejected the Finnish demands concerning tariff exemption for butter.
70. British note to Finland, 24 January 1933, (58B1); the Trade Agreement Committee to the Finnish delegation, 13 May 1933, (58B1); Gripenberg to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 May 1933, (58B1), AFMA; Ramsay to Gripenberg, 3 July and 7 July 1933, Gripenberg collections, FNA; Board minutes of the Confederation of Finnish Industry, July 1933, ACFI.
71. Pro memoria by the Trade Agreement Delegation to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 May 1933, (58Da), AMFA; Lamberg, Juha-Antti, The 1933 Finnish-British Trade Agreement, unpublished paper presented at the Further Studies Seminar at Lammi, September 1995.