Oceanic responses to gradual transitions of equator-to-pole temperature-gradients

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

Volumn 124, Issue 552, 1998, Pages 2817-2828

  Cai, W ^a  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Climate changes; Interdecadal oscillations; Multiple equilibrium; Thermohaline; Thermohaline circulation

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CLIMATE CHANGE; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; TEMPERATURE GRADIENT; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION;

EID: 0032452177     PISSN: 00359009     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1256/smsqj.55213     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Bond, G., Broecker, W., Johnsen, S., McManus, J., Labeyrie, L., Jouzel. J. and Bonani. G. 1993 Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice. Nature, 365, 143-147
2. Broecker, W. S., Peteet, D. M. and Rind, D. 1985 Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? Nature. 315,21-26
3. Bryan, K. 1969 A numerical method for the study of the circulation of the world ocean. J. Comput. Phys., f4, 347-376
4. 1984 Accelerating the convergence to equilibrium of ocean-climate models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14,666-673
5. Bryan, F. 1986 High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulation. Nature, 323,301-304
6. Bryan, F. 1987 Parameter sensitivity of primitive equation ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17,970-985
7. 2 forcing. J. Phys. Oceanozr., 18, 851-867
8. Cai, W. 1996a The stability of NADWF under mixed boundary conditions with an improved diagnosed fresh-water flux field. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26,1081-1087
9. 1996b Generation of thermal oscillations in an ocean model. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.. 122. 1721-1738
10. Cai, W. and Baines, P. G. 1996 Interactions between thermohaline and wind-driven circulations and their relevance to the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, in a coarse resolution global OGM. J. Geophys. Res.. 101. 14073-14093
11. Cai, W. and Chu, P. 1996 Ocean climate drift and interdecadal oscillation due to a change thermal dumping. J. Climate, 9,2821-2833
12. 1998 A thermal oscillation under a restorative forcing. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 124,793-809
13. 2 increase. Climate Dynamics. 14,503-516
14. Cai, W., Greatbatch, R. J. and Zhang, S. 1995 Interdecadal variability in an ocean model driven by a small, zonal redistribution of the surface buoyancy flux. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25,1998-2010
15. Cai, W., Syktus, J., Gordon, G. H. and O'Fairell, S. 1997 Response of a global coupled ocean-atmosphere-sea-ice climate model to an imposed North Atlantic high-latitude freshening. J. Climate. 10,929-948
16. Cubasch, U., Hasselmann, K., Rock, H., Maier-Reimer, E., Mikolajewicz, U., Sanier, B. D. and Sausen, R. 1992 Time-dependent greenhouse warming computation with a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. Climate Dynamics, 8,55-69
17. Duplessy, J. C., Shackleton, N. J., Fairbanks, R. G., Labeyrie, L., Oppo. D. and Kallel. N. 1988 Deep-water source variations during the last climate cycle and their impact on the global deep-water circulation. Paleoceanography. 3,343-360
18. Gordon'H. B. and O'Farrell, S. 1997 Transient climate change in the CSIRO coupled model with sea-ice dynamics. Mon. Weather Rev., 125, 875-907
19. Greatbatch, R. J. and Peterson, K. A. 1996 Interdecadal variability and oceanic thermohaline adjustment. J. Geophys. Res.. 101.20467-20482
20. Griffies, S. M. and Tziperman, E. 1995 A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8,2440-2453
21. Huang, R. X. and Chou, L. 1994 Parameter sensitivity study of the saline circulation. Climate Dynamics. 9,391-409
22. Huang, R. X., Luyten, J. R. and Stommel, H. M 1992 Multiple equilibrium states in combined thermal and saline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22,231-246
23. Lenderink, G. and Haarsma, R. J. 1994 Variability and multiple equilibria of the thermo-haline circulation, associated with deep-water formation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24,1480-1493
24. 1996 Rapid convective transitions in the presence of sea-ice. J. Phys. Oceanoer., 26.1448-1467
25. Maicr-Reimer, E. and Mikolajewicz, U. 1989 Experiments with an OGM on the cause of the Younger Dryas. Oceanography. UNAM Press, 87-100
26. Manabe, S. and Stouffer, R. J. 1988 Two stable equilibria of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 1,841-866
27. 2 on the oceanatmosphere system. Nature, 364,215-218
28. 1994 Multiple-century response of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Climate, 7, 5-23
29. 1995 Simulation of abrupt climate-change induced by fresh-water input to the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature. 378. 165-167
30. Manabe, S., Bryan, K. and Spelman, M. J. 1990 Transient response of a global ocean-atmosphere model to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 722-749
31. 2- Part I: Annual mean response. J. Climate, 4,785-818
32. Marotzke, J. 1994 'Ocean models in climate problem.' Pp. 79-109 in Ocean process in climate dynamics: Global and Mediterranean examples. Eds P. Malanatte-Rizzoli and A. R. Robinson, Kluwer Academic Publishers
33. Murphy, J. M. and Mitchell, J. F. B. 1995 Transient response of the Hadley Centre coupled oceanatmosphere model to increasing carbon dioxide. Part II: Spatial and temnoral structure of response. J. Climate. 8. 57-80
34. 2. Paleoceanograohv. 5,277-288
35. Pacanowski, R. C., Dixon, K. W. and Rosati, A. 1991 GFDL 'Modular Ocean Model Users Guide Version 1.0.' GFDL Ocean Group Tech. Rep. No. 2, GFDL/Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., USA
36. Pierce, D. W., Bamett, T. P. and Mikolajewicz, U. 1995 Competing roles of heat and fresh-water flux in forcing thermohaline oscillations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25,2046-2064
37. Rahmstorf, S. 1995a Bifurcation of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation in response to changes in the hydrological cycle. Nature, 378, 145-149
38. 1995b Multiple convection patterns and thermohalme flow in an idealized OGCM. J. Climate, 8,3028-3039
39. Rahmstorf, S. and Willebrand, J. 1995 The role of temperature feedback in stabilizing the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25,787-805
40. Raymo, M. E, Ruddiman, W. F., Shackleton, N. J. and Oppo, D. W. 1990 Evolution of Atlantic-Pacific dl3O gradients over the last 2.5 m.y. Earth Planet. Sei. Lett., 97,353-368
41. Schopf, P. S. 1983 On equatorial waves and El Niño. II: Effects of air-sea thermal coupling. J. Phvs. Oceanogr., 13.1878-1893
42. Stocker, T. F. and Wright, D. G. 1991 Rapid transitions of the ocean's deep circulation induced by changes in surface water fluxes. Nature, 351,729-732
43. Stommel, H. 1961 Thermohaline convection with two stable regimes of flow. Tellus, 13,224-230
44. 2 Nature, 89,571-586
45. Tziperman, E., Toggweiler, J. R., Feliks, Y. and Bryan, K. 1994 Instability of the thermohaline circulation with respect to mixed boundary conditions: is it really a problem for realistic models. J. Pins. Oceanosr.. 24.217-232
46. Weaver, A. J. and Hughes, T. M. C. 1994 Rapid interglacial climate fluctuations driven by North Atlantic ocean circulation. Nature, 367,447-450
47. Weaver, A. J. and Sarachik, E. S. 1991a The role of mixed boundary conditions in numerical models of the ocean's climate. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21,1470-1493
48. 1991b Evidence for decadal variability in an ocean general circulation model: an advective mechanism. Atmosphere-Ocean, 29, 197-231
49. Winton, M. 1996 On the role of horizontal boundaries in parameter sensitivity and decadal-scale variability of coarse-resolution ocean general circulation models. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26,289-304
50. 1997 The damping effect of bottom topography on internal decadalscale oscillations of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27,203-208