When is migration worthwhile for animals that walk, swim or fly?

Journal of Avian Biology

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 387-394

  Alexander, R McN ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MIGRATION;

ANIMALIA; ELAGATIS; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 0032442086     PISSN: 09088857     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3677157     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (32)

1. Alexander, R. McN. 1974. Functional Design in Fishes. 3rd edn. - Hutchinson, London.
2. Alexander, R. McN. 1992. Exploring Biomechanics: Animals in Motion. - Scientific American Library, New York.
3. Alexander, R. McN. 1996. Optima for Animals. 2nd edn. - Princeton University Press, Princeton.
4. Bagenal, T. B. 1967. A short review of fish fecundity. - In: Gerking, S. D. (ed.). The Biological Basis of Freshwater Fish Production. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 89-111.
5. Baker, R. R. 1978. The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration. - Plodder and Stoughton, London.
6. Hedenströ, A. 1993. Migration by soaring or flapping flight in birds: the relative importance of energy cost and speed. - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 342: 353-361.
7. Hedenström, A. and Alerstam, T. 1995. Optimal flight speed of birds. - Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 348: 471-487.
8. Hedenström, A. and Alerstam, T. 1997. Optimal fuel loads in migratory birds: distinguishing between time and energy minimization. - J. theor. Biol. 189: 227-234.
9. Heglund, N. C, Taylor, C. R. and McMahon, T. A. 1974. Scaling stride frequency and gait to animal size: mice to horses. - Science 186: 1112-1113.
10. Hoyt, D. F. and Taylor, C. R. 1981. Gait and the energetics of locomotion in horses. - Nature 292: 239-240.
11. Kaitala, A., Kaitala, V. and Lundberg, P. 1993. A theory of partial migration. - Am. Nat. 142: 59-81.
12. Kleiber, M. 1961. The Fire of Life. - Wiley, New York.
13. Lasiewski, R. C. and Dawson, W. R. 1967. A reexamination of the relation between standard metabolic rate and body weight in, birds. - Condor 69: 13-23.
14. Lindström, Å. 1991. Maximum fat deposition rates in migrating birds. - Ornis Scand. 22: 12-19.
15. McNab, B. K. 1969. The economics of temperature regulation in neotropical bats. - Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 31: 227-268.
16. Pennycuick, C. J. 1969. The mechanics of bird migration. - Ibis 111: 525-556.
17. Pennycuick, C. J. 1975. On the running speed of the gnu (Connochaetes taurinus) and other animals. - J. Exp. Biol. 63: 775-799.
18. Pennycuick, C. J. 1989. Bird Flight Performance: a Practical Calculation Manual. - Oxford University Press, Oxford.
19. Pennycuick, C. J. 1997. Actual and "optimum" flight speeds: field data reassessed. - J. Exp. Biol. 200: 2355-2361.
20. Peters, R. H. 1983. The Ecological Implications of Body Size. - Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. Rayner, J. M. V. 1988. Form and function in avian flight. - Current Ornithology 5: 1-66.
22. Rayner, J. M. V. 1995. Flight mechanics and constraints on flight performance. - Israel J. Zool. 41: 321-342.
23. Spedding, G. R. 1992. The aerodynamics of flight. - In: Alexander, R. McN. (ed.). Mechanics of Animal Locomotion. Springer, Berlin, pp. 51-111.
24. Stearns, S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. - Oxford University Press, Oxford.
25. Taylor, C. R., Caldwell, S. L. and Rowntree, V. J. 1972. Running up and down hills: some consequences of size. - Science 178: 1096-1097.
26. Taylor, C. R., Heglund, N. C. and Maloiy, G. M. O. 1982. Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals. - J. Exp. Biol. 97: 1-21.
27. Taylor, C. R., Maloiy, G. M. O., Weibel, E. R., Langman, V. A., Kamau, J. M. Z., Seeherman, H. J. and Heglund, N. C. 1980. Design of the mammalian respiratory system. III. Scaling maximum aerobic capacity to body mass: wild and domestic mammals. - Respir. Physiol. 44: 25-37.
28. Videler, J. J. 1993. Fish Swimming. - Chapman and Hall, London.
29. Warren, C. E. and Davis, G. E. 1967. Laboratory studies on the feeding, bioenergetics and growth of fish. - In: Gerking, S. D. (ed.). The Biological Basis of Freshwater Fish Production. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 175-214.
30. White, R. G. and Yousef, M. K. 1978. Energy expenditure in reindeer walking on roads and on tundra. - Can. J. Zool. 56: 215-223.
31. Wirtz, P. and Ries, G. 1992. The pace of life reanalyzed: why does walking speed of pedestrians correlate with city size? - Behaviour 123: 77-83.
32. Wyse, E. (ed.) 1996. The Guinness Book of Records 1997. Guinness Publishing, London.