Prognostic factors for patients with breast cancers 1 cm and smaller

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 209-225

  Chen, Yunn Yi ^a   Schnitt, Stuart J ^b  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Prognosis; Tumor size

Indexed keywords

AXILLARY LYMPH NODE; BREAST CANCER; BREAST SURGERY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER STAGING; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAMMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; TUMOR VOLUME;

AXILLA; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; MAMMOGRAPHY; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; SURVIVAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032442050     PISSN: 01676806     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1006130911110     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Miller BA, Feuer EJ, Hankey BF: Recent incidence trends for breast cancer in women and the relevance of early detection: an update. Ca Cancer J Clin 43:27-41, 1993
2. Garfinkel L, Boring CC, Heath CW: Changing trends: an overview of breast cancer incidence and mortality. Cancer 74(Suppl):222-227, 1994
3. Cady B, Stone MD, Schuler JG, Thakur R, Wanner MA, Lavin PT: The new era in breast cancer: invasion, size and nodal involvement dramatically decreasing as a result of mammographic screening. Arch Surg 131:301-308, 1996
4. Recht A, Houlihan MJ: Axillary lymph nodes and breast cancer: a review. Cancer 76:1491-1512, 1995
5. Cady B: Use of primary breast carcinoma characteristics to predict lymph node metastases. Cancer 79:1856-1861, 1997
6. American Joint Committee on Cancer: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997, pp 172-173
7. Abner AL, Collins L, Recht A, Come S, Shulman LN, Schnitt SJ, Silver B, Nixon A, Harris JR, Connolly JL: Correlation of tumor size, axillary involvement and prognosis for pathologically staged T1 breast cancer. (submitted for publication)
8. Peiro G, Abner A, Silver B, Connolly J, Harris J, Schnitt S: Discrepancies between gross and microscopic size of small breast cancers and their prognostic significance (Abstract). Mod Pathol 8:23A, 1995
9. Seidman JD, Schnaper LA, Aisner SC: Relationship of the size of the invasive component of the primary breast carcinoma to axillary lymph node metastasis. Cancer 75:65-71, 1995
10. Green I, McCormick B, Cranor M, Rosen PP: A comparative study of pure tubular and tubulolobular carcinoma of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol 21:653-657, 1997
11. Stierer M, Rosen HR, Weber R, Marczell A, Kornek GV, Czerwenka E: Long term analysis of factors influencing the outcome in carcinoma of the breast smaller than one centimeter. Surg Gynecol Obstet 175:151-160, 1992
12. Cowan WK, Kelly P, Sawan A, Cunliffe WJ, Henry L, Higgs MJ, Lunt LG, Young JR, Horne CH, Angus B: The pathological and biological nature of screen-detected breast carcinomas: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. J Pathol 182:29-35, 1997
13. Mustafa IA, Cole B, Wanebo HJ, Bland KI, Chang HR: The impact of histopathology on nodal metastases in minimal breast cancer. Arch Surg 132:384-391, 1997
14. Tan P, Cady B, Wanner M, Worland P, Cukor B, Magi-Galluzzi C, Lavin P, Draetta G, Pagano M, Loda M: The cell cycle inhibitor p27 is an independent prognostic marker in small (T1a,b) invasive breast carcinomas. Cancer Res 57:1259-1263, 1997
15. Chen YY, Connolly J, Harris J, Schnitt S: Predictors of axillary lymph node metastases (ALNM) in patients with breast cancers 1 cm or smaller (T1a,b): Implications for axillary dissection (Abstract). Mod Pathol 78:17A, 1998
16. Anderson TJ, Lamb J, Donnan P, Alexander FE, Huggins A, Muir BB, Kirkpatrick AE, Chetty U, Hepburn W, Smith A, Prescott RJ, Forrest P: Comparative pathology of breast cancer in a randomized trial of screening. Br J Cancer 64:108-113, 1991
17. Ellis IO, Galea MH, Locker A: Early experience in breast cancer screening: emphasis on development of protocols for triple assessment. Breast 2:148-153, 1993
18. Henson DE, Ries L, Freedman LS, Carriaga M: Relationship among outcome, stage of disease, and histologic grade for 22,616 cases of breast cancer: the basis for a prognostic index. Cancer 68:2142-2149, 1991
19. Rosner D, Lane WW: Should all patients with node-negative breast cancer receive adjuvant therapy?: Identifying additional subsets of low-risk patients who are highly curable by surgery alone. Cancer 68:1482-1494, 1991
20. Tabar L, Fagerberg G, Duffy SW, Day NE, Gad A, Grontoft O: Update of the Swedish two-county program of mammographic screening for breast cancer. Radiol Clin North Am 30:187-210, 1992
21. Halverson K, Taylor ME, Perez CA, Garcia DM, Myerson R, Philpott G, Levy J, Simpson JR, Tucker G, Rush C: Management of the axilla in patients with breast cancers one centimeter or smaller. Am J Clin Oncol 17:461-466, 1994
22. Silverstein MJ, Gierson E, Waisman JR, Colburn WJ, Gamagami P: Predicting axillary node positivity in patients with invasive carcinoma of the breast by using a combination of T category and palpability. J Am Coll Surg 180:700-704, 1995
23. Walls J, Boggis CRM, Wilson M, Asbury DL, Roberts JV, Bundred NJ, Mansel RE: Treatment of the axilla in patients with screen-detected breast cancer. Br J Surg 80:436-438, 1993
24. Whitten TM, Fraser HR, Christensen WN, Turk P: Axillary lymph node metastasis in stage T1a breast cancer: A pathologic review of 82 patients. Am Surg 63:144-149, 1997
25. Baily L, Scanlon EF, Reid SE, Bernstein JR, Paige M, Matsumura: Occult breast cancer: a small number behave aggressively (Abstract). Breast Cancer Res Treat 16:183, 1990
26. Ciatto S, Del Turco RD, Bonardi R, Cataliotti L, Distante V, Cardona G, Bianchi S: Non-palpable lesions of the breast detected by mammography - review of 1182 consecutive histologically confirmed cases. Eur J Cancer 30A:40-44, 1994
27. Ranaboldo CJ, Mitchel A, Royle GT, Theaker GM, Taylor I: Axillary nodal status in women with screen-detected breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 19:130-133, 1993
28. Lin PP, Allison DC, Wainstock J, Miller KD, Dooley WC, Friedman N, Baker RR: Impact of axillary lymph node dissection on the therapy of breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 11:1536-1544, 1993
29. Reger V, Beito G, Jolly PC: Factors affecting the incidence of lymph node metastases in small cancers of the breast. Am J Surg 157:501-502, 1989
30. Pandelidis S, Peters KL, Walusimbi MS, Casady RL, Laux SV, Cavanaugh SH, Bauer TL: The role of axillary dissection in mammographically detected carcinoma. J Am Coll Surg 184:341-345, 1997
31. Tinnemans JGM, Wobbes T, Holland R, Hendriks JHCL, Van der Sluis RF, De Boer HHM: Treatment and survival of female patients with nonpalpable breast carcinoma. Ann Surg 209:249-253, 1989
32. Arnesson L-G, Smeds S, Fagerberg G: Recurrence-free survival in patients with small breast cancers. Eur J Surg 160:271-276, 1994
33. Fein DA, Fowble BL, Hanlon AL, Hooks MA, Hoffman JP, Sigurdson ER, Jardines LA, Eisenberg BL: Identification of women with T1-T2 breast cancer at low risk of positive axillary nodes. J Surg Oncol 65:34-39, 1997
34. Meterissian SH, Singletary SE: Nonpalpable breast carcinoma: inability to predict axillary nodal metastases (Abstract). Breast Cancer Res Treat 27:157, 1993
35. Ahlgren J, Stal O, Westman G, Arnesson L-G: Prediction of axillary lymph node metastases in a screened breast cancer population. Acta Oncol 33:603-608, 1994
36. Giuliano AE, Barth AM, Spivack B, Beitsch P, Evans SW: Incidence and predictors of axillary metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the breast. J Am Coll Surg 183:185-189, 1996
37. Rosen PP, Groshen S: Factors influencing survival and prognosis in early breast carcinoma (T1N0M0-T1N1M0): assessment of 644 patients with median follow-up of 18 years. Surg Clin North Am 70:937-962, 1990
38. Barth AM, Craig PH, Silverstein MJ: Predictors of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with T1 breast carcinoma. Cancer 79:1918-1922, 1997
39. Chadha M, Chabon AB, Friedmann P, Vikram B: Predictors of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with T1 breast cancer. Cancer 73:350-353, 1994
40. Ptaszynski A, Van der Bogaert W, Van Glabbeke M, Pierart M, Bartelink H, Horiot JC, Fourquet A, Struikmans H, Hamers H, Muller RP, Hoogenraad WJ, Jager JJ, Van der Schueren E: Patient population analysis in EORTC trial 22881/10882 on the role of a booster dose in breast-conserving therapy. Eur J Cancer 30A:2073-81, 1994
41. White RE, Vezeridis MP, Konstadoulakis M, Cole BF, Wanebo HJ, Bland KI: Therapeutic options and results for the management of minimally invasive carcinoma of the breast: influence of axillary dissection for treatment of T1a and T1b lesions. J Am Coll Surg 183:575-582, 1996
42. Holmberg L, Lindgren A, Norden T, Adami H-O, Bergstrom R: Age as a determinant of axillary node involvement in invasive breast cancer. Acta Oncol 31:533-538, 1992
43. Schnabel FR, Estabrook A: Results of axillary lymph node dissection in early breast cancer (Abstract). Breast Cancer Res Treat 32(Suppl):40, 1994
44. Ravdin PM, De Laurentiis M, Vendely T, Clark GM: Prediction of axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients by use of prognostic indicators. J Natl Cancer Inst 86:1771-1775, 1994
45. Carter CL, Allen C, Henson DE: Relation of tumor size, lymph node status, and survival in 24,740 breast cancer cases. Cancer 63:181-187, 1989
46. McGee JM, Youmans R, Clingan F, Malnar K, Bellefeuille C, Berry B: The value of axillary dissection in Tla breast cancer. Am J Surg 172:501-505, 1996
47. Nemoto T, Vana J, Bedwani RN, Baker HW, McGregor FH, Murphy GP: Management and survival of female breast cancer: results of a national survey by the American College of Surgeons. Cancer 45:2917-2924, 1980
48. Nixon A, Schnitt S, Gelman R, Gage I, Bornstein B, Hetelekidis S, Recht A, Silver B, Harris JR, Connolly JL: Relationship of tumor grade to other pathologic features and to treatment outcome of patients with early stage breast carcinoma treated with breast-conservative therapy. Cancer 78:1426-1431, 1996
49. Silverberg SG, Chitale AR: Assessment of the significance of the proportion of intraductal and infiltrating tumor growth in ductal carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 32:830-837, 1973
50. Matsukuma A, Enjoji M, Toyoshima S: Ductal carcinoma of the breast: an analysis of the proportion of intraductal and invasive components. Path Res Prac 187:62-67, 1991
51. Silverstein MJ, Gierson ED, Waisman JR, Senofsky GM, Colburn WJ, Gamagami P: Axillary lymph node dissection for T1a breast carcinoma. Cancer 73:664-667, 1994
52. Fisher B, Redmond C: Systemic therapy in node-negative patients: updated findings from NSABP clinical trials. JNCI Monographs 11:105-116, 1992
53. Lee AKC, Loda M, Mackarem G, Bosari S, DeLellis RA, Heatley GJ, Hughes K: Lymph node negative invasive breast carcinoma 1 centimeter or less in size: clinicopathologic features and outcome. Cancer 79:761-771, 1997
54. Leitner SP, Swern AS, Weinberger D, Duncan LJ, Hutter RVP: Predictors of recurrence for patients with small (one centimeter or less) localized breast cancer (T1a,bN0M0). Cancer 76:2266-2274, 1995
55. O'Reilly SM, Camplejohn RS, Barnes DM, Millis RR, Rubens RD, Richards MA: Node-negative breast cancer: prognostic subgroups defined by tumor size and flow cytometry. J Clin Oncol 8:2040-2046, 1990
56. Huseby RA, Ownby HE, Frederick J, Brooks S, Russo J, Brennan MJ, and the Breast Cancer Study Associates: Node-negative breast cancer treated by modified radical mastectomy without adjuvant therapies: variables associated with disease recurrence and survivorship. J Clin Oncol 6:83-88, 1988
57. Moon TE, Jones SE, Bonadonna G, Valagussa P, Powles T, Buzdar A, Montague E: Development and use of a natural history data base of breast cancer studies. Am J Clin Oncol 10:396-403, 1987
58. Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saigo PE, Kinne DW, Hellman S: A long-term follow-up study of survival in stage I (T1N0M0) and Stage II (T1M1N0) breast carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 7:355-366, 1989
59. Rosner D, Lane WW: Node-negative minimal invasive breast cancer patients are not candidates for routine systemic adjuvant therapy. Cancer 66:199-205, 1990
60. Wells CA, Heryet A, Brochier J, Gatter KC, Mason DY: The immunocytochemical detection of axillary micrometastases in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 50:193-197, 1984
61. Trojani M, deMascarel I, Coindre JM: Micrometastases to axillary lymph nodes from invasive lobular carcinoma of breast: detection by immunohistochemistry and prognostic significance. Br J Cancer 56:838-839, 1987
62. Springall RJ, Rytina ERC, Millis RR: Incidence and significance of micrometastasis in axillary lymph nodes detected by immunohistochemical techniques. J Pathol 160:174A, 1990
63. International Breast Cancer Study Group: Prognostic importance of occult axillary lymph node micrometastases from breast cancers. Lancet 335:1565-1568, 1990
64. Rosner D, Lane W: Predicting recurrence in axillary-node negative breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 25:127-139, 1993
65. Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saigo PE, Kinne DW, Hellman S: Pathological prognostic factors in stage I (T1-N0M0) and stage II (T1N1M0) breast carcinoma: a study of 644 patients with median follow-up of 18 years. J Clin Oncol 7:1239-1251, 1989
66. Harris JR, Hellman S: Observations on survival curve analysis with particular reference to breast cancer treatment. Cancer 57:925-928, 1986
67. Rosen PP, Saigo PE, Braun DW, Weathers E, DePalo A: Predictors of recurrence in stage I (T1N0M0) breast carcinoma. Ann Surg 193:15-25, 1981
68. Ellis IO, Galea M, Broughton N, Locker A, Blamey RW, Elston CW: Pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. II. Histologic type. Relationship with survival in a large study with long-term follow-up. Histopathol 20:479-489, 1992
69. Neville AM, Bettelheim R, Gelber RD, Save-Soderbergh J, Davis BW, Reed R, Torhorst J, Golouh R, Peterson HF, Price KN, Isley M, Rudenstam C-M, Collins J, Castiglione M, Senn H-J, Goldhirsch A: Factors predicting treatment responsiveness and prognosis in node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 10:696-705, 1992
70. Rosen PP, Groshen S, Kinne DW, Norton L: Factors influencing prognosis in node-negative breast carcinoma: analysis of 767 T1N0M0/T2N0M0 patients with long-term follow-up. J Clin Oncol 11:2090-2100, 1993
71. Cooper HS, Patchefsky AS, Krall RA: Tubular carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 42:2334-2342, 1978
72. Baker RR: Unusual lesions and their management. Surg Clin North Am 70:963-975, 1990
73. Ciatto S, Cecchini S, Iossa A, Grazzini G, Bravetti P, Del Turco MR, Cataliotti L, Cardona G, Bianchi S: Prognosis of nonpalpable infiltrating carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet 170:61-64, 1990
74. Press MF, Bernstein L, Thomas PA, Meisner LF, Zhou J-Y, Ma Y, Hung G, Robinson RA, Harris C, El-Naggar A, Slamon DJ, Phillips RN, Ross JS, Wolman SR, Flom KJ: HER2/neu gene amplification characterized by fluorescence in situ hybridization: Poor prognosis in node-negative breast carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 15:2894-2904, 1997
75. Kerner H, Lichtig C: Lobular cancerization: incidence and differential diagnosis with lobular carcinoma in situ of breast. Histopathol 10:621-629, 1986
76. Eusebi V, Collina G, Bussolati G: Carcinoma in situ in sclerosing adenosis of the breast: an immunocytochemical study. Semin Diagn Pathol 6:146-152, 1989
77. Oberman HA, Markey BA: Noninvasive carcinoma of the breast presenting in adenosis. Mod Pathol 4:31-35, 1991
78. Youngson BJ, Cranor M, Powell C, Rosen PP: Epithelial displacement in surgical breast specimens following needling procedures. Am J Surg Pathol 18:896-903, 1994
79. Youngson BJ, Liberman L, Rosen PP: Displacement of carcinomatous epithelium in surgical breast specimens following stereotaxic core biopsy. Am J Clin Pathol 103:698-602, 1995
80. Lagios MD: Microinvasion in ductal carcinoma in situ. In: Silverstein MJ (ed) Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997, pp 241-246
81. Schuh ME, Nemoto T, Penetrante R, Rosner D, Dao TL: Intraductal carcinoma. Analysis of presentation, pathologic findings, and outcome of disease. Arch Surg 121:1303-1307, 1986
82. Rosner D, Lane WW, Penetrante R: Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion. A curable entity using surgery alone without need for adjuvant therapy. Cancer 67:1498-1503, 1991
83. Wong JH, Kopald KH, Morton DL: The impact of microinvasion on axillary node metastases and survival in patients with intraductal breast cancer. Arch Surg 125:1298-1302, 1990
84. Solin LJ, Fowble BL, Yeh I-T, Kowalyshyn MJ, Schultz DJ, Weiss MC, Goodman RL: Microinvasive ductal carcinoma of the breast treated with breast-conserving surgery and definitive irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 23:961-968, 1992
85. Patchefsky AS, Schwartz GF, Finkelstein SD, Prestipino A, Sohn SE, Singer JS, Feig SA: Heterogeneity of intraductal carcinoma of the breast. Cancer 63:731-734, 1989
86. Tavassoli FA: Pathology of the Breast. Elsevier, New York, 1992, pp 298-300
87. Silverstein MJ: Ductal carcinoma in situ with microinvasion. In: Silverstein MJ (ed.) Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1997, pp 557-562
88. Albertini JJ, Lyman GH, Cox C, Yeatman T, Balducci L, Ku N, Shivers S, Berman C, Wells K, Rapaport D, Shons A, Horton J, Greenberg H, Nicosia S, Clark R, Cantor A, Reintgen DS: Lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in the patient with breast cancer. JAMA 276:1818-1822, 1996
89. Turner RR, Ollila DW, Krasne DL, Giuliano AE: Histopathologic validation of the sentinel lymph node hypothesis for breast carcinoma. Ann Surg 226:271-278, 1997