Fear, threat, and perceptions of efficacy from frightening skin cancer messages

Public Health Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 147-174

  Stephenson, Michael T ^a   Witte, Kim ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Fear appeal messages; Persuasive communication; Skin cancer prevention

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; CANCER PREVENTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EVALUATION; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FEAR; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; NORMAL HUMAN; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN CANCER; THREAT;

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; FEAR; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MALE; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES; SUNBURN;

EID: 0032441908     PISSN: 03010422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: Issues as we approach the 21st century. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1996; 34: 839-847.
2. Crane LA, Marcus AC, Pike DK. Skin cancer prevention in preschools and day care centers. Journal of School Health 1993; 63: 232-233.
3. Cody R, Lee C. Behaviors, beliefs, and intentions in skin cancer prevention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1990; 13: 373-389.
4. Girgis A, Sanson-Fisher RW, Watson A. A workplace intervention for increasing outdoor workers' use of solar protection. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84: 77-81.
5. Boutwell WB. The Under Cover skin cancer prevention project: a community-based program in four Texas cities. Cancer 1995; 75: 657-660.
6. Newman WG, Agro AD, Woodruff SI, Mayer JA. A survey of recreational sun exposure of residents of San Diego, California. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1996; 12: 186-194.
7. Weinstock MA, Stampfer MJ, Lew RA, Willet WC, Sober AJ. Case-control study of melanoma and dietary vitamin D:implications for advocacy of sun protection and sunscreen use. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1992; 98: 809-811.
8. Lombard D, Neubauer TE, Canfield D, Winett RA. Behavioral community intervention to reduce the risk of skin cancer. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis 1993; 24: 677-686.
9. Hughes AS. Sun protection and younger children: Lessons from the "Living With Sunshine" program. Journal of School Health 1994; 64: 201-204.
10. Loescher LJ, Buller MK, Buller DB, Emerson J, Taylor AM. The evolution of skin cancer prevention education forchildren at a comprehensive cancer center. Cancer 1995; 75: 651-656.
11. Rossi JS, Blais LM, Weinstock MA. The Rhode Island sun smart project: Skin cancer prevention reaches the beaches. American Journal of Public Health 1994; 84: 672-674.
12. Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC. Toward a comprehensive model of change. In Miller WR, Heather N, eds. Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change. New York: Plenum, 1986: 3-27.
13. Janis IL, Feshbach S. Effects of fear arousal on attitude change: Recent developments in theory and experimental research. In Berkowitz L, ed. Advances in experimental social psychology, v.3. New York: Academic Press. 1953: 166-225.
14. Rogers RW, Mewborn CR. Fear appeals and attitude change: Effects of a threat's noxiousness, probability of occurrence, and the efficacy of the coping responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1976; 34: 54-61.
15. Covello V, von Winterfeldt D, Slovic P. Risk communication: A review of the literature. Risk Abstracts 1986; 3: 171-182.
16. Hale JL, Dillard JP. Fear appeals in health promotion campaigns: Too much, too little, or just right? In: Maibach E, Parrott RL, eds. Designing health messages. Thousand Oaks, CA.: Sage, 1995: 65-80.
17. Witte K. Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs 1992;59: 329-348.
18. Witte, K. The role of threat and efficacy in AIDS prevention. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1992; 12: 225-249.
19. Rogers RW. Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In: Cacioppo J, Petty R, eds. Social psychophysiology. New York: Guilford. 1983: 153-176.
20. Witte K, Berkowitz J, Cameron K, McKeon J. Preventing the spread of genital warts: Using fear appeals to promote self-protective behaviors. Health Education and Behavior 1998; 25: 571-585.
21. Witte K, Peterson T, Vallaban S, et al. Preventing tractor-related injuries and deaths in rural populations: Using apersuasive health message framework in formative evaluation research. International Quarterly of Community Health Education 1993; 13: 219-251.
22. Witte K, Berkowitz J, Lillie J, Cameron KA, Lapinski MK, Liu WY. Radon awareness and reduction campaigns for African Americans: A theoretically based formative and summative evaluation. Health Education and Behavior 1998; 25: 284-303.
23. Witte K. Preventing teen pregnancy through persuasive communications: Realities, myths, and the hard-fact truths. Journal of Community Health 1997; 22: 137-154.
24. Witte K, Cameron KA, Lapinski MK, Nzyuko S. Evaluating HIV/AIDS prevention programs according to theory: A field project along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. Journal of Health Communication 1998; 4.
25. Cameron K, Witte K, Nzyuko S. Perceptions of condoms and barriers to condom use along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. In: Elwood W, ed. Power in the blood: A handbook on AIDS, politics, and communication. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1998: 149-163.
26. Stephenson MT, Witte K. Processing fear appeals outside of conscious awareness. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Diego, CA. Manuscript under consideration for publication. 1996.
27. Boster FJ, Mongeau P. Fear-arousing persuasive messages. In: Bostrom RN, Westley BH, eds. Communication yearbook 8. Newbury Park: Sage. 1984: 330-375.
28. Witte K, Allen M. When do scare tactics work? A meta-analysis of fear appeals. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Diego, CA. 1996. Manuscript under consideration for publication.
29. Witte K. Message and conceptual confounds in fear appeals: The role of threat, fear, and efficacy. Southern Communication Journal 1993; 58: 147-155.
30. Nisbett R, Ross L. Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 1980.
31. Taylor SE, Thompson SC. Stalking the elusive vividness effect. Psychological Review 1982; 89:155-181.
32. Sherer M, Rogers RW. The role of vivid information in fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Research in Personality 1984; 18: 321-334.
33. Reyes RM, Thompson WL, Bower GH. Judgmental biases resulting from differing availabilities of arguments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1980; 39: 2-12.
34. Shedler J, Manis M. Can the availability heurist explain vividness effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1986; 51: 26-36.
35. Du Vivier, A. Atlas of skin cancer. London: Lippincott, 1991.
36. Kopf AW. Atlas of tumors of the skin. Philadelphia: Saunders. 1978.
37. Witte K. Fear control and danger control: A test of the extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs 1994; 61: 113-125.
38. Witte K. Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In: Andersen PA, Guerrero LK, eds. The Handbook of Communication and Emotion. New York: Academic. 1997: 423-450.